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The great statesman, founder of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong is considered one of the theorists of communism in the 20th century, in particular, its offshoot of Maoism.

The future politician was born at the end of 1893 in the southern province of China Hunan in the town of Shaoshan. The boy's parents were illiterate peasants. Mao Shunsheng's father was a small trader who resold rice in the city, which was harvested in the village. Wen Qimei's mother was a Buddhist believer. From her, the boy adopted a craving for Buddhism, but soon after becoming acquainted with the works of leading political figures of the past, he became an atheist. As a child, he attended school, where he studied the basics of the Chinese language, as well as Confucianism.

At the age of 13, the boy dropped out of school and returned to his father's house. But his stay with his parents did not last long. Three years later, due to a disagreement with his father over an unwanted marriage, the young man leaves the house. The revolutionary movement of 1911, during which the Qing dynasty was overthrown, made its own adjustments to the life of the young man. He spent six months in the army serving as a signalman.

After the establishment of peace, Mao Zedong continued his studies, first at a private school, and then at a teacher training college. During these years he studied the works of European philosophers and great politicians. New knowledge greatly influenced the change in the youth's outlook. He creates a society for the renewal of the life of the people, based on the ideology of Confucianism and Kantianism.

In 1918, at the invitation of his teacher, the talented young man moved to Beijing to work in the capital's library and continue his education. There he met the founder of the Chinese Communist Party Li Dazhao and became a follower of the ideas of communism and Marxism. In addition to classical works on the ideology of the masses, the young man also gets acquainted with the radical works of P.A.Kropotkin, which reveal the essence of anarchism.

There are also changes in his personal life: young Mao meets a girl named Yang Kaihui, who later becomes his first wife.

Revolutionary struggle

For the next several years, Mao toured the country. Everywhere he is faced with class injustice, but it was not until the end of 1920 that it was finally established in communist ideas. Mao concludes that changing the situation in the country will require a revolution similar to the Russian October coup.

After the victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia, Mao became a follower of the ideas of Leninism. He created resistance cells in many cities in China and became the secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. At this time, the communists are actively drawing closer to the Kuomintang party, which is engaged in the propaganda of nationalism. But after a few years, the CCP and the Kuomintang are becoming irreconcilable enemies.

In 1927, in the Changsha region, Mao organized the first coup and created the Communist Republic. The leader of the first free territory relies primarily on the peasantry. He is reforming property, destroying private property, and giving women the right to vote and work. Mao Zedong becomes a great authority among the Communists and takes advantage of his position to organize the first purge three years later.

His associates, who criticize the activities of the party, as well as the rule of the Soviet leader, are subjected to repression. A case of an underground espionage organization was fabricated and many of its alleged members were shot. Then Mao Zedong becomes the head of the first Chinese Soviet Republic. The dictator's goal is now to establish Soviet order throughout China.

Great transition

A real civil war unfolded throughout the state and lasted more than 10 years until the complete victory of the communists. The opponents in it were supporters of nationalism, the propaganda of which was carried out by the Kuomintang party led by Chiang Kai-shek, and adherents of communism, relying on large ranks of the peasantry.

Several skirmishes occurred between the military units of ideological opponents in Jinggan. But in 1934, after the defeat of Mao Zedong, he had to leave this area together with a detachment of 100,000 communists.

They made an unprecedented crossing in its length, which was more than 10 thousand kilometers. During the trip through the mountains, more than 90% of the entire squadron was killed. Stopping in Shanxi Province, Mao and his surviving associates set up a new CCP department.

Formation of the PRC

Having survived the military campaign of Japan against China, in the fight against which the armies of the CPC and the Kuomintang had to join their efforts, they again continued the war among themselves. Over time, having got stronger, the army of communists defeated Chiang Kai-shek's party and drove them back to the territory of Taiwan.

Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong

This happened in the late forties, and already in 1949 the People's Republic of China was proclaimed throughout China, headed by Mao Zedong. At this time, there is a rapprochement between two communist leaders: Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin. The leader of the USSR renders all possible support to his Chinese comrades, sending the best engineers, builders, and military equipment to the PRC.

Mao's reforms

The era of his reign, Mao Zedong began with a theoretical substantiation of the ideology of Maoism, of which he was the founder. In his writings, the leader of the state describes the Chinese model of communism as a system that relies primarily on the peasants and on the ideology of Great Chinese nationalism.

In the early years of the PRC, the most popular slogans were "Three years of labor and ten thousand years of prosperity", "In fifteen years to catch up and overtake England." This era was called "One Hundred Flowers".

In his policy, Mao adhered to the total nationalization of all private property. He called for the organization of communes in which everything was common, from clothes to food. Promoting the country's rapid industrialization, home blast furnaces are being built in China to smelt metal. But this activity turned out to be a failure: the agricultural economy began to suffer losses, which led to total famine in the country. And low-quality metal, which was made in home blast furnaces, often became the cause of major breakdowns. This resulted in the death of a large number of people.

But the real state of affairs in the country was carefully hidden from the Chinese leader.

Cold war

A split begins in the highest echelons of power, which is aggravated by the death of Joseph Stalin and the cooling in relations between China and the Soviet Union. Mao Zedong harshly criticizes the government's activities, accusing the latter of manifestations of chauvinism and deviation from the course of the communist movement. And the Soviet leader, in turn, recalls all scientific personnel from China and stops financial support for the CPC.

Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong

In the same years, the PRC got involved in the Korean conflict in order to support the leader of the North Korean Communist Party, Kim Il Sung, thereby provoking US aggression against itself.

The Great Leap Forward

Following the completion of the One Hundred Flowers program, which led to the collapse of agriculture and the death of more than 20 million people from hunger, Mao Zedong begins a major purge of disaffected political and cultural figures. In the 1950s, another wave of terror swept across China. The second stage of the reorganization of the state began, which was called the Great Leap Forward. It consisted in increasing yields by all kinds of means.

The people were called upon to destroy rodents, insects and small birds, which negatively affected the safety of grain crops. But the massive destruction of sparrows led to the opposite effect: the next crop was completely eaten away by caterpillars, which led to even greater food losses.

Nuclear superpower

In 1959, under the influence of the disaffected masses, Mao Zedong gave up his place as the country's leader, Liu Shaoqi, while remaining the head of the CPC. The country began to roll back to private property, to the destruction of the achievements of the previous leader. Mao endured all this without interfering in the process. It was still popular with the general population of the country.

During the Cold War, tensions between China and the USSR intensified, despite the presence of a common adversary, the United States. In 1964, the PRC announced the creation of an atomic bomb to the whole world. And the numerous Chinese units forming on the borders with the USSR are causing great concern to the Soviet Union.

Even after the USSR gave the Republic of China Port Arthur and a number of other territories, at the end of the 60s, Mao started a military campaign to Damansky Island. The tension on the border increased on both sides, which led to battles not only in the Far East, but also on the border with the Semipalatinsk region.

The conflict was soon settled, limiting itself to a few hundred casualties on both sides. But this state of affairs was the reason for the creation of fortified military units in the USSR along the entire border with China. In addition, the USSR provided all possible support to Vietnam, which, with the help of the Soviet Union, won the war with the United States and was now opposing China from the south.

Cultural revolution

Gradually liberal reforms lead to the stabilization of the economic situation in the country, but Mao does not share the aspirations of his opponents. His authority is still high among the population, and at the end of the 60s he carried out a new round of communist propaganda, called the "Cultural Revolution".

The combat capability of his troops is still at a high level, Mao returns to Beijing. The leader of the Communist Party relies on familiarizing young people with the theses of the new movement. In the struggle against the bourgeois sentiments of a part of society, his third wife, Jiang Ching, also sided with Mao. She takes over the organization of the activities of the Red Guards.

During the years of the "cultural revolution" several million people were killed, ranging from ordinary workers and peasants to the party and cultural elite of the country. Detachments of young rebels crushed everything in a row, life in the cities came to a standstill. Pictures, books, works of art, furniture were burned.

Soon, Mao realized the consequences of his activities, but hastened to place all responsibility for what happened on his wife, thereby preventing the debunking of his personality cult. Mao Zedong, in particular, rehabilitates his former party comrade Deng Xiaoping and makes him his right-hand man. Later, after the death of the dictator, this politician will play an important role in the development of the state.

In the early 70s, Mao Zedong, being in confrontation with the USSR, approached the United States, and already in 1972 held the first meeting with the American President R. Nixon.

Personal life

The biography of the Chinese leader is replete with an abundance of love affairs and official marriages. Mao Zedong promoted free love and abandoned the ideals of the traditional family. But this did not stop him from marrying four times and having a large number of children, many of whom died in childhood.

Mao Zedong with his first wife Luo Yigu

The first wife of the young Mao was his second cousin Luo Igu, who, at 18, was 4 years older than the young man. He opposed the choice of his parents and ran away from home on their wedding night, thereby disgracing his bride.

Mao Zedong with his second wife Yang Kaihui

Mao met his second wife 10 years later during his studies in Beijing. The young man's beloved was the daughter of his teacher Yan Changji Yang Kaihui. She reciprocated his feelings and soon after she joined the CCP, they got married. Mao's party associates considered this marriage to be an ideal revolutionary alliance, since young people went against the will of their parents, which was still considered unacceptable at that time.

Yang Kaihui not only gave birth to the communist's three sons Anying, Anqing and Anlong. She was his assistant in party affairs, and during the military conflicts between the CCP and the Kuomintang in 1930, she showed great courage and loyalty to her husband. She, along with the children, was captured by a detachment of opponents and, after torture, without abandoning her husband, was executed in front of her sons.

Mao Zedong with his third wife He Zizhen

Perhaps the suffering and death of this woman was in vain, since for more than a year her faithful had been living in a free marriage with a new passion, He Zizhen, who was 17 years younger than him and served in the communist army as the head of a small intelligence unit. The brave woman conquered the heart of the windy Zedong, and soon after the death of his wife, he announced her as his new wife.

During several years of marriage, which took place in difficult conditions, He gave birth to five children to Mao. The spouses were forced to give two kids to strangers during fierce battles for power. A difficult life and her husband's betrayal undermined the woman's health, and in 1937 the Chinese leader of the CCP sent her to the USSR for treatment. There she was kept in a psychiatric clinic for several years. After that, the woman remained in the Soviet Union and even made a good career, and then moved to Shanghai.

Mao Zedong with Jiang Qing's last wife

The last of Mao's wives was the dubious Shanghai artist Lan Ping. In addition to several marriages, by the age of 24, she had countless lovers among directors and actors. The young beauty conquered Mao, performing in the Chinese opera, where she played one of the leading roles. In turn, the leader of the Communist Party called her to his speeches, where she proved herself to be a diligent student of the great leader. Soon they began to live together and the actress had to change not only the name of Lan Pin to Jiang Qing, but also her role as a fatal beauty for the image of a diligent quiet housewife.

In 1940, a young wife gave birth to a daughter to the CCP leader. Jiang Qing truly loved her husband, she adopted his two children from her previous marriage into her family and never grumbled about the difficult living conditions.

Death

The 70s were overshadowed by the illness of the “great helmsman”. His heart began to falter. Ultimately, Zedong's death was caused by two heart attacks, which significantly undermined his health.

The weakness of the leader of the Communist Party no longer gave him the opportunity to control the events taking place in power. For the right to stand at the helm, two groups of Chinese politicians started a struggle. The radicals were run by the so-called Gang of Four, which included Mao's wife. The leader of the opposite camp was Deng Xiaoping.

After the death of Mao Zedong, which occurred in the early fall of 1976, a political movement unfolded in China against Mao's wife and her accomplices. They were sentenced to death, but for Jiang Qing they made relief by placing her in an asylum. There she committed suicide a few years later.

Despite the fact that the image of Mao's wife was tainted by terror, the name of Mao Zedong remained bright in the memory of the people. More than a million Chinese citizens attended his funeral, and the body of the "helmsman" was embalmed. A year after his death, the mausoleum was opened, which became Mao Zedong's last refuge. In more than 20 years of existence, the Mao Zedong tomb has been visited by about 200 million Chinese citizens and tourists.

Of the surviving descendants of the CCP leader, one child remained from each of his spouses: Mao Anqing, Li Ming, and Li Na. Zedong kept his children strict and did not allow the use of the famous surname. His grandchildren do not hold high government ranks, but one of them, Mao Xinyu, became the youngest general in the Chinese army.

Kong Dongmei's granddaughter was included in the list of the richest women in China, but this was due in part to her wealthy husband, whom Kong Dongmei married in 2011.

The name Tse-tung, consisting of two hieroglyphs, was translated as "Grace to the East." Giving this name to their son, the parents wished him the very best fate. They hoped that their offspring would become a necessary person for the country. This eventually came true.

The assessment of Mao Zedong's activities for the Chinese people is ambiguous. On the one hand, there are more literate Chinese in the percentage than at the beginning of the century. This number has increased from 20% to 93%. But the massive repression, destruction of cultural and material values, as well as the ill-conceived policy of the agrarian revolution of the 50s cast doubt on Mao's merits.

Thanks to the "cultural revolution", the personality cult of Mao Zedong has grown to the maximum. Each citizen of the PRC could observe a small red book of sayings and quotes of the leader of the people. In each room, a portrait of Mao Zedong was to be hung on the wall. Historians often associate the cult of the Chinese dictator with the personality cult of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

The fight against sparrows, unfolded in the late 50s, left in history the sad experience of the imaginary victory of man over nature. With the help of special devices, small birds were not allowed to land on the ground, forcing them to fly for more than 20 minutes. Then they fell exhausted. A year after the destruction of all the sparrows, a large number of people died of hunger. The entire crop was now destroyed by insects, which previously were dealt with by birds. I had to urgently import them from abroad in order to restore balance in nature.

Mao Zedong never brushed his teeth. His method of maintaining oral hygiene was to rinse the mouth with green tea and then eat all the tea leaves. This popular method led to the fact that all the dictator's teeth were covered with a green coating, but this did not prevent him from smiling in all the photos with his mouth closed.

Stalin, Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek

At the end of World War II, Stalin linked the future of China with Chiang Kai-shek. At the same time, he believed that all the vital arteries of China, both in the field of politics and economy, and in the military sphere, were in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, who enjoyed the support and assistance of the United States.

At the same time, in practice, Stalin continued to provide all-round assistance to the CPC and Mao Zedong. The USSR then remained a reliable rear and arsenal for the armed forces of the CPC.

In relation to Chiang Kai-shek, Stalin then pursued a policy that was a combination of maneuvers in relations with both Washington and Nanking.

Stalin assured Washington that Moscow did not consider Mao Zedong a leader capable of taking over all of China. Stalin assured his American partners of his desire to deal with Chiang Kai-shek. Thus, he kept the United States from interfering in the internal struggles in China.

Stalin's policy today seems to be the only possible one under the conditions of that time and mainly contributed to the build-up of his forces by Mao Zedong, which contributed to the success of the CPC in its struggle against the Kuomintang, which to a certain extent neutralized the actions of the United States.

Stalin's policy made it possible to maintain normal peaceful relations between Russia and China and at the same time remain in the position of one who does not directly interfere in the struggle of forces in China, retaining the possibility, at any turn of events in China, to be needed by both opposing forces.

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Questions and tasks:

1. What are the main results of the Kemalist revolution in Turkey?

Establishment of the regime of a presidential republic in accordance with the constitution of 1924, proclamation of fundamental democratic rights and freedoms.

The assertion of the secular nature of the state and society, the restriction or abolition of religious norms that then prevailed in all spheres of life of the Turks, the abolition of Islamic Sharia courts, the jurisdiction of the state, etc.

Strengthening the position of the state in the economic sphere, liquidating concessions, the construction of railways and a number of large industrial enterprises came under the control of the state.

Restricting the activities of the opposition, many political parties, especially the communist, were periodically banned.

In general, the Kemalist revolution led to the modernization of the country, its more dynamic development.

2. What internal and external factors influenced the deployment and victory of the revolution in Mongolia?

The beginning of the revolution in Mongolia was greatly influenced by the revolution in China in 1912, as a result of which the Qing empire fell. Mongolia turned out to be practically not subordinate to anyone. In 1919, Chinese militarists invaded the country and occupied its capital, Urgu (now Ulan Bator). Then the White Guard units of Ungern appeared here, driven out of Russia. The people rose up to fight against foreign invasion. The leaders of the liberation movement were Sukhe-Bator. In 1920 he visited Russia, where he met with V. I. Lenin. They used his advice to determine the main tasks and tactics of their movement. The Provisional People's Government, created on the liberated territory, turned to Soviet Russia for help. In the summer of 1921, Mongolian troops and units of the Red Army entered Urga. The formation of the new state was completed in 1924, when a republic was proclaimed and a constitution was adopted.

Thus, the revolution in Mongolia won thanks to the military and political support of the Soviet Union.

3. Describe the role of political parties, leaders and the masses in the Chinese revolution of 1925-1927.

The role of political parties and their leaders in the Chinese revolution of 1925-1927 was huge. It was the leader of the Kuomintang party, Chiang Kai-shek, who organized the Northern Expedition, as a result of which several provinces, the large cities of Wuhan, Shanghai, and Nanjing were under the control of the National Government. Assigning the laurels of the winner, Chiang Kai-shek openly aspired to sole power.

On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek was opposed by another political party - the communists led by Mao Zedong and the left wing in the Kuomintang. Then, with the help of detachments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, he organized the persecution and massacres of communists in Shanghai. In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek announced the creation of his government, but it soon fell apart. After several months of bitter struggle in the Kuomintang, he headed the new National Government (1928), whose power was gradually recognized by all political forces except the communists. The revolution is over.

But, despite the defeat and heavy losses, the communists did not abandon their further struggle. In 1927, the first units of the Chinese Red Army were created. They were based in a number of rural areas of South and Central China, where the people's power in the form of soviets was established (these areas were called Soviet).

4. Make up the characteristics of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. What are the features of the political career of each of them? Was there anything in common?

Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975) was born into the family of a merchant. In his youth, he chose a military career. He studied in Japan, where he joined the "Tongmenghui" society organized by Sun Yat-sen. During the revolution of 1911 - 1913. joined the Kuomintang. On the instructions of Sun Yat-sen in 1923, he was sent to Moscow to study the experience of the political work of the RCP, but found this experience unsuitable for China. A career in the Kuomintang army did not prevent him from maintaining ties with Shanghai entrepreneurs and mafia groups. Chiang Kai-shek was an ambitious and unprincipled man, but for the time being he knew how to hide his career aspirations.

Mao Zedong (1893 - 1976) was born into a wealthy peasant family. Graduated from a pedagogical school. While working at Peking University, he joined the communist circle. In the 1920s, he was a member of the CPC Central Committee. In 1931 he was elected chairman of the government of the Chinese Soviet Republic. Since 1943 - Chairman of the CPC Central Committee.

A common desire in these two leaders to be in power, but they had different ideological preferences, which led to a clash and conflict between them and the parties they lead.

5. Trace how the relations between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party were built in the 1920s - 1930s (you can draw up a table by highlighting the stages 1921 - 1925, 1925 - 1927, 1927 - 1937).

6. Make a comparison table:

7. Explain what ideas and principles were the basis of the teachings and social activities of MK Gandhi. What set him apart from other political leaders of the time?

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi developed a teaching about serving the truth called satyagraha. It was based on the idea of non-violent resistance to evil, which was reflected in the influence of the views of L. N. Tolstoy. The main idea of "satyagraha" is in the desire to influence the prudence and conscience of the enemy through:

Non-violence (ahimsa)

Willingness to endure pain and suffering

The goal of satyagraha is to transform the adversary into an ally and friend - it is believed that appeal to conscience is more effective than threats and violence. According to Gandhi's theory, violence sooner or later leads to an increase in violence, while nonviolence interrupts the spiral of evil and makes it possible to turn the enemy into a like-minded person. Gandhi sees satyagraha not as a weapon of the weak, but on the contrary, as a weapon of the strongest in spirit.

The main thing that distinguished the teachings and activities of M.K. Gandhi is love for people and an attempt to resolve issues peacefully.

7. * Why do you think the struggle of the people of India was not kept within the framework of "non-violent resistance"?

Because the British authorities did not know how to relate to such a strategy of the Indians. The only way to stop them and to punish them they saw in the force of arms. And then the Indian people also began to respond to the violent actions of the authorities with force. An example is the "Amritsar massacre", when on April 13, 1919 in the city of Amritsar, on the orders of the British General Dyer, a peaceful demonstration was shot, as a result of which about a thousand people died, including women and children. This was followed by other "pacifying" measures on the part of the British: public humiliation and beatings of Indians, etc. The "Amritsar massacre" caused a wave of indignation in the country. Spontaneous uprisings intensified, railway tracks were destroyed in a number of places, peasants attacked landlord estates

8. * Express your attitude to the ideas and tactics of "non-violent resistance to evil." What, from your point of view, are their advantages and disadvantages? Do you think they can be effective in modern society?

The idea of "non-violent resistance to evil" is very correct and in line with universal human values. Its advantages are the absence of a large number of victims, and most importantly, the upbringing in a person of a feeling of love and respect for another. But the downside is that it takes a long time for a tactic to be successful.

Yes, I believe that the tactics of "non-violent resistance to evil" are relevant today as well, since universal human values should always be in vogue.

After the collapse of the ancient empire, China was ruled by warring cliques and Japanese invaders for a long time. Later, the country was able to unite the communists, but their social experiments led to complete devastation and impoverishment of the people.

Power struggle
Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary organization that came out of the underground became the National Party (Kuomintang), but the nationalists did not have the strength to fight the Yuan, and he ruled as a dictator until his death in 1916. Sun tried to create a government in the south of the country in Canton (Guangzhou), but by that time almost all of China had been under the control of local military leaders for a dozen years. In pursuit of nationalist and political goals, Sun Yat-sen was no stranger to the ideas of socio-economic transformation. In 1921, a group of activists, which included the humble assistant librarian Mao Tse-tung, founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shanghai. At first, the nationalists and communists, who were at odds with each other, entered into an alliance in 1923, when Sun Yat-sen realized that only the USSR was ready to help the Kuomintang in state building.
In 1925, in the midst of preparations for the "northern campaign" against the Manchu military clique, Sun Yat-sen died, but his successor Chiang Kai-shek completed this plan and seized Shanghai without much difficulty. Promising Chan financial support, local industrialists persuaded him to get rid of unwanted allies, and in April 1927, thousands of communists fell victims of massive repression, and the weakened CCP was driven underground.
Inspired by his success, Chiang took Nanking and established a republican regime headed by himself. However, his power, acquired only through deals with local militarists, was very shaky even before the open armed confrontation with the communists and the Japanese.

The rebirth of the communists
Meanwhile, in the mountainous areas on the border of the provinces of Hunan (the homeland of Mao) and Jiangxi, the Communists were gradually preparing for a retaliatory strike. Convinced that the peasant masses should become the driving force of the Chinese revolution, Mao, together with his associates, created a communist state and a new "Red Army" here.
In the eyes of the peasants, the nationalists, steeped in corruption, were hopelessly losing to the honest administration and land reforms of the communists. In an effort to "suppress the bandits", Chan conducted several punitive operations against them. In 1930-34, despite the effective guerrilla tactics of the communists, about a million people died in the area, and during the fifth campaign, government forces closed a circle around the communist base in Jiangxi. In October 1934, the Red Army broke through the ring and fought to the northwest.
Thus began the epic 9,600 km long march across mountains and rivers, in which the Red Army, with exhausting battles, fought its way to the northwest, to the special region of Yan'an. Of the 100,000 who set out on the road, only about 10,000 hardened fighters survived. The chief strategist of the legendary Great Crusade, Mao Zedong, became the indisputable leader of the CCP, and Zhou Enlai became its right-hand man. Obsessed with finishing off the communists, Chiang Kai-shek turned a blind eye to all other problems, including the growing Japanese threat.
Meanwhile, it was the Japanese who thwarted all of Chan's plans. After capturing Manchuria and invading Chinese territory in a number of places, they provoked an armed incident in 1937, which grew into a full-scale, albeit undeclared war. By the end of 1937, the Japanese had taken Beijing and Nanjing, subjected many cities to brutal bombing, and committed monstrous atrocities against civilians.
The whole country rose to fight the invaders, and Chan went to reconciliation with the communists in order to fight the aggressor with a united front. Under the onslaught of the Japanese army, armed to the teeth, the Chinese had to retreat, and the invaders occupied the entire eastern coast, although they were not able to capture the inland regions. However, in 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor radically changed the situation, and China became one of the theaters of World War II.
At the end of the war, Chan seemed to have all the trump cards in his hands - a large and well-equipped army, control of cities, and generous financial assistance from the United States. However, in the outbreak of civil war, powerful popular support, high morale and tactical superiority quickly brought success to the Communists.

People's republic
By mid-1949, Beijing, Nanjing and Shanghai had fallen, and at the end of the year Chiang fled to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, with a huge crowd of people in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Mao and Zhou Enlai solemnly proclaimed the People's Republic of China.
Having inherited a country ravaged by wars, the communists quickly put things in order and began to restructure the economy. Despite the hostile attitude towards private property, the party initially pursued a moderate policy that promised all classes broad participation in the development of society. The most radical and popular step among the people was the Agrarian Law (1950), which broke the dominance of the landowners and distributed land to the peasants. It was a period of real success, despite huge losses in the Korean War (1950-53), in which Chinese "volunteers" fought on the side of North Korea against the United States and other Western countries.
In 1950-51. the Chinese occupied Tibet. The establishment of the new regime was accompanied by massive repression, and thousands of Tibetans followed their spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, into exile.
Meanwhile, successes in the field of economics pushed Mao to declare a course for an accelerated transition to socialism. Private enterprises and companies were nationalized, and agricultural cooperatives were established in the villages. The move sparked strong resentment among the peasants, who had only recently received land under the 1950 law.
The first setbacks only spurred Mao to a radical transformation of Chinese society, the complete elimination of bourgeois vestiges and "reactionary ideology." Farther apart from his Soviet allies, he firmly decided not to allow the Chinese Communist Party to become a privileged caste of bureaucrats in the image and likeness of the CPSU. A broad mobilization of the masses began to fight against "unstable elements", corruption and, along the way, against Mao's opponents in the CCP leadership, who advocated moderate reforms.

The Great Leap Forward
In 1958, Mao announced that in three years the country should make a "great leap" from socialism straight to communism. The country was divided into village communes, in which incomes were equally distributed among all members. Everywhere, like mushrooms after rain, small enterprises with a primitive level of production sprang up, and a million yard steel-making furnaces became the real crown of the absurd.
Relations between the USSR and the PRC deteriorated sharply, and in 1960 the USSR recalled its specialists, which caused hundreds of projects to stall. The Great Leap Forward ended in complete failure.
In the 1960s, when moderate pragmatists took the lead in the party, the Chinese economy began to gradually get out of the crisis. However, Mao, who had stepped into the shadows for a while, still remained a "great helmsman", and in 1966, relying on the army and its commander Lin Biao, he undertook a new coup - "the great proletarian cultural revolution."
Cultural revolution
The Cultural Revolution has dealt a crushing blow to all traditional values and authorities, from university professors to senior party leaders. The main weapon in the hands of Mao was the "red guards" (hungweipings) from among the student youth, who traveled around the country, held rallies, demonstrations and mercilessly dealt with "class enemies" - representatives of the intelligentsia, those who had connections with the West and unwanted party members. Their "revolutionary" fervor was constantly fueled by Chairman Mao, whose red quotation book was printed in millions of copies and became something of a Chinese Bible.
The chaos that gripped the country was aggravated by open internal party struggles in cities and towns. The riots reached such proportions that the army was ordered to pacify the "red guards". In September 1971, Lin Biao was accused of conspiring against the leader and tried to escape, but his plane crashed in Mongolia.
Meanwhile, it was time to think about a successor to the completely decrepit Mao, and a complex struggle for power between pragmatists led by Premier Zhou Enlai and the radical "gang of four", whose leader was the leader's wife, Jiang Qing, unfolded in the party.
After Zhou's death in January 1976, the little-known Hua Kuo-feng succeeded him, and when Mao himself died in September of the same year, no one knew how events would unfold. However, a month later, Hua did not hesitate to arrest all the members of the Gang of Four, and the long-awaited end came to the general jubilation of the Cultural Revolution.

New generation
Hua Guofeng was soon ousted by the rehabilitated pragmatist leader Deng Xiaoping. During the years of the Cultural Revolution, he was persecuted, but did not lose heart and, having come to power, paved a completely new course for China. Until his death in 1997, Deng pursued unswervingly a policy of state-controlled reform. Fenced off from the whole world, communist China is a thing of the past.
Jiang Zemin, who became president of the country in 1993, directed all his influence and forces on economic reforms. He also carried out a number of measures that allowed China to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2001 and enter the largest international markets in a new capacity.
In 2003, Zemin handed over power to Vice President Hu Jintao (born 1942), the youngest of the country's top leaders. Despite his reputation as a liberal, he, judging by his track record, does not stop in case of need before tough measures. It was Jintao who imposed martial law in Tibet in response to local protests against the Chinese occupation.
In foreign policy, Jintao clearly seeks to maintain good relations with the United States and Russia, but vigorously defends China's claims to the oil-rich Spratly Islands, contested by almost all countries in the South China Sea, and continues a verbal squabble with Taiwan, which the PRC has always considered its territory.
In 2003, resource-rich China continues to experience an economic boom. Many experts predict his leading role in the world in a few decades.

In February 1912, the last emperor of the Manchu dynasty abdicated and China became a republic, but in April the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was forced to transfer presidential powers to the military dictator Yuan Shikai. No one doubted that it would be very difficult to transform a huge country with 400 million peasants into a modern state.
Power struggle
Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary organization that came out of the underground became the National Party (Kuomintang), but the nationalists did not have the strength to fight the Yuan, and he ruled as a dictator until his death in 1916. Sun tried to create a government in the south of the country in Canton (Guangzhou), but by that time almost all of China had been under the control of local military leaders for a dozen years. In pursuit of nationalist and political goals, Sun Yat-sen was no stranger to the ideas of socio-economic transformation. In 1921, a group of activists, which included the humble assistant librarian Mao Tse-tung, founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shanghai. At first, the nationalists and communists, who were at odds with each other, entered into an alliance in 1923, when Sun Yat-sen realized that only the USSR was ready to help the Kuomintang in state building.
In 1925, in the midst of preparations for the "northern campaign" against the Manchu military clique, Sun Yat-sen died, but his successor Chiang Kai-shek completed this plan and seized Shanghai without much difficulty. Promising Chan financial support, local industrialists persuaded him to get rid of unwanted allies, and in April 1927, thousands of communists fell victims of massive repression, and the weakened CCP was driven underground.
Inspired by his success, Chiang took Nanking and established a republican regime headed by himself. However, his power, acquired only through deals with local militarists, was very shaky even before the open armed confrontation with the communists and the Japanese.
The rebirth of the communists
Meanwhile, in the mountainous areas on the border of the provinces of Hunan (the homeland of Mao) and Jiangxi, the Communists were gradually preparing for a retaliatory strike. Convinced that the peasant masses should become the driving force of the Chinese revolution, Mao, together with his associates, created a communist state and a new "Red Army" here.
In the eyes of the peasants, the nationalists, steeped in corruption, were hopelessly losing to the honest administration and land reforms of the communists. In an effort to "suppress the bandits", Chan conducted several punitive operations against them. In 1930-34, despite the effective guerrilla tactics of the communists, about a million people died in the area, and during the fifth campaign, government forces closed a circle around the communist base in Jiangxi. In October 1934, the Red Army broke through the ring and fought to the northwest.
Thus began the epic 9,600 km long march across mountains and rivers, in which the Red Army, with exhausting battles, fought its way to the northwest, to the special region of Yan'an. Of the 100,000 who set out on the road, only about 10,000 hardened fighters survived. The chief strategist of the legendary Great Crusade, Mao Zedong, became the indisputable leader of the CCP, and Zhou Enlai became its right-hand man. Obsessed with finishing off the communists, Chiang Kai-shek turned a blind eye to all other problems, including the growing Japanese threat.
Meanwhile, it was the Japanese who thwarted all of Chan's plans. After capturing Manchuria and invading Chinese territory in a number of places, they provoked an armed incident in 1937, which grew into a full-scale, albeit undeclared war. By the end of 1937, the Japanese had taken Beijing and Nanjing, subjected many cities to brutal bombing, and committed monstrous atrocities against civilians.
The whole country rose to fight the invaders, and Chan went to reconciliation with the communists in order to fight the aggressor with a united front. Under the onslaught of the Japanese army, armed to the teeth, the Chinese had to retreat, and the invaders occupied the entire eastern coast, although they could not capture the inland regions. However, in 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor radically changed the situation, and China became one of the theaters of World War II.
At the end of the war, Chan seemed to have all the trump cards in his hands - a large and well-equipped army, control of cities, and generous financial assistance from the United States. However, in the outbreak of civil war, powerful popular support, high morale and tactical superiority quickly brought success to the Communists.
People's republic
By mid-1949, Beijing, Nanjing and Shanghai had fallen, and at the end of the year Chiang fled to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, with a huge crowd of people in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Mao and Zhou Enlai solemnly proclaimed the People's Republic of China.

A remarkable moment, after the fall of the puppet regime of Emperor Pu Yi, one opposition in the country represented by Chiang Kai-shek was supported by the capitalist West, the United States, the other opposition, represented by Mao Zedong, was supported by the communist USSR.