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    Environmental monitoring

    Environmental monitoring(environmental monitoring) is an integrated system for observing the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

    Usually, a territory already has a number of observation networks belonging to different services, and which are departmental fragmented, not coordinated in chronological, parametric and other aspects. Therefore, the task of preparing estimates, forecasts, criteria for alternatives for choosing managerial decisions on the basis of departmental data available in the region becomes, in the general case, uncertain. In this regard, the central problems of organizing environmental monitoring are ecological and economic zoning and the choice of "informative indicators" of the ecological state of territories with verification of their systemic sufficiency.

    Monitoring types

    In general, the process of environmental monitoring can be represented by the following diagram: environment (or a specific environmental object) -> measurement of parameters -> collection and transmission of information -> processing and presentation of data, forecast. Measurement of parameters, collection and transmission of information, processing and presentation of data are carried out by the monitoring system. The environmental monitoring system is intended to serve the environmental quality management system (hereinafter referred to as "management system" for short). Information about the state of the environment obtained in the monitoring system is used by the management system to eliminate the negative environmental situation or reduce the adverse effects of changes in the state of the environment, as well as to develop forecasts of socio-economic development, develop programs in the field of environmental development and environmental protection.

    In the management system, three subsystems can also be distinguished: decision making (specially authorized state body), decision implementation management (for example, enterprise administration), decision implementation using various technical or other means.

    Monitoring systems or its types differ according to the objects of observation. Since the components of the environment are air, water, mineral and energy resources, biological resources, soils, etc., the corresponding monitoring subsystems are distinguished. However, the monitoring subsystems do not have a unified system of indicators, unified approaches for territorial zoning, tracking frequency, etc., which makes it impossible to take adequate measures in managing the development and ecological state of territories. Therefore, when making decisions, it is important to focus not only on the data of "private monitoring systems" (hydrometeorological services, resource monitoring, socio-hygienic, biota, etc.), but to create on their basis integrated environmental monitoring systems.

    Monitoring levels

    Monitoring is a multilevel system. In the chorological aspect, systems (or subsystems) of the detailed, local, regional, national and global levels are usually distinguished.

    The lowest hierarchical level is the level detailed monitoring implemented within small territories (plots), etc.

    When combining detailed monitoring systems into a larger network (for example, within a district, etc.), a local level monitoring system is formed. Local monitoring is intended to provide an assessment of changes in the system over a larger area: the territory of the city, district.

    Local systems can be combined into larger - systems regional monitoring covering the territories of regions within a province or region, or within several of them. Such systems of regional monitoring, integrating data from observation networks that differ in approaches, parameters, tracking territories and frequency, allow to adequately form comprehensive assessments of the state of territories and make forecasts of their development.

    Regional monitoring systems can be combined within one state into a single national (or state) monitoring network, thus forming national level) monitoring systems. An example of such a system was the "Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring of the Russian Federation" (EGSEM) and its territorial subsystems, which were successfully created in the 90s of the twentieth century to adequately solve the problems of territorial management. However, following the Ministry of Ecology in 2002, the EGSEM was also abolished, and at present there are only departmental-scattered observation networks in Russia, which does not allow adequately solving the strategic tasks of managing territories, taking into account the environmental imperative.

    Within the framework of the UN environmental program, the task was set to combine national monitoring systems into a single interstate network - the "Global Environmental Monitoring System" (GEMS). It is supreme global level organization of an environmental monitoring system. Its purpose is to monitor changes in the environment on Earth and its resources in general, on a global scale. Global monitoring is a system for tracking the state and forecasting possible changes in global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impacts on the Earth's biosphere as a whole. While the creation of such a system in full, operating under the auspices of the UN, is a task for the future, since many states do not yet have their own national systems.

    The global system for monitoring the environment and resources is designed to solve common human environmental problems throughout the entire Earth, such as global warming, the problem of preserving the ozone layer, forecasting earthquakes, forest conservation, global desertification and soil erosion, floods, food and energy resources, etc. An example of such a system is the global Earth seismic monitoring network operating under the International Earthquake Control Program (http://www.usgu.gov/), etc.

    Environmental monitoring program

    Scientifically based environmental monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Program. The program should include the general goals of the organization, specific strategies for its implementation and implementation mechanisms.

    The key elements of Environmental Monitoring Programs are:

    • a list of objects under control with their strict territorial reference (chorological monitoring organization);
    • list of control indicators and admissible areas of their change (parametric organization of monitoring);
    • time scales - frequency of sampling, frequency and time of data submission (chronological organization of monitoring).

    In addition, the application in the Monitoring Program should contain diagrams, maps, tables indicating the location, date and method of sampling and data presentation.

    Ground-based remote observation systems

    At present, monitoring programs, in addition to traditional "manual" sampling, emphasize data collection using electronic measuring devices for remote monitoring in real time.

    The use of electronic measuring devices for remote monitoring is carried out using connections to a base station, either through a telemetry network, or through land lines, cellular telephone networks or other telemetry systems.

    The advantage of remote monitoring is that multiple channels of data can be used in a single base station for storage and analysis. This dramatically increases the efficiency of monitoring when the threshold levels of monitored indicators are reached, for example, in certain control areas. This approach allows taking immediate action based on the monitoring data if the threshold level is exceeded.

    The use of remote monitoring systems requires the installation of special equipment (monitoring sensors), which are usually masked to reduce vandalism and theft when monitoring is carried out in easily accessible locations.

    Remote sensing systems

    Monitoring programs make extensive use of remote sensing of the environment using aircraft or satellites equipped with multichannel sensors.

    There are two types of remote sensing.

    1. Passive detection of terrestrial radiation emitted or reflected from an object or in the vicinity of observation. The most common source of radiation is reflected sunlight, the intensity of which is measured by passive sensors. Sensors for remote sensing of the environment are tuned to specific wavelengths - from far infrared to far ultraviolet, including the frequency of visible light. The huge amounts of data that are collected by remote sensing of the environment require powerful computational support. This makes it possible to analyze subtle differences in the radiation characteristics of the environment in remote sensing data, to successfully exclude noise and “false color images”. With several spectral channels, it is possible to enhance contrasts that are invisible to the human eye. In particular, when monitoring biological resources, one can distinguish between subtle differences in changes in the concentration of chlorophyll in plants, revealing areas with different nutritional regimes.
    2. In active remote sensing, an energy stream is emitted from a satellite or aircraft and a passive sensor is used to detect and measure the radiation reflected or scattered by the target. LIDAR is often used to obtain information about the topographic characteristics of the study area, which is especially effective when the area is large and manual survey will be expensive.

    Remote sensing allows you to collect data on hazardous or hard-to-reach areas. Remote sensing applications include forest monitoring, the impact of climate change on Arctic and Antarctic glaciers, and coastal and ocean depth research.

    Data from orbiting platforms, obtained from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, combined with ground-based data, provide information for monitoring trends in the manifestation of long-term and short-term phenomena, natural and anthropogenic. Other applications include natural resource management, land use planning, and various fields of earth sciences.

    Interpretation and presentation of data

    The interpretation of environmental monitoring data, even from a well-designed program, is often ambiguous. There are often analyzes or “biased results” of monitoring, or a sufficiently controversial use of statistics to demonstrate the correctness of a particular point of view. This is clearly seen, for example, in the interpretation of global warming, where proponents argue that CO 2 levels have increased by 25% over the past hundred years, while opponents argue that CO 2 levels have only increased by one percent.

    In new science-based environmental monitoring programs, a number of quality indicators have been developed to integrate significant amounts of processed data, classify them and interpret the meaning of integral assessments. For example, the UK uses the GQA system. These general quality ratings classify rivers into six groups based on chemical criteria and biological criteria.

    To make decisions, it is more convenient to use the assessment in the GQA system than a set of particular indicators.

    Literature

    1. Izrael Yu.A. Ecology and control of the state of the natural environment. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, - 376 p.

    2. Izrael Yu.A. Global Observing System. Forecast and assessment of the environment. Monitoring basics. - Meteorology and Hydrology. 1974, No. 7. - P.3-8.

    3.V. M. Syutkin Environmental monitoring of the administrative region (concept, methods, practice on the example of the Kirov region). - Kirov: VGPU, 1999 .-- 232 p.

    1. Introduction

    2. The concept of monitoring. Why is it needed?

    3. Design of monitoring systems as the basis for their effective functioning

    4. Unified state system of environmental monitoring

    5. Legal, regulatory and economic framework

    6. Conclusion

    7. References

    Introduction

    The scientific and technical activities of mankind at the end of the twentieth century have become a tangible factor in the impact on the environment. Thermal, chemical, radioactive and other environmental pollution in recent decades have been under close scrutiny of specialists and cause fair concern, and sometimes even alarm of the public. According to many forecasts, the problem of environmental protection in the 21st century will become the most significant for most industrialized countries. In such a situation, an established large-scale and effective network for monitoring the state of the environment, especially in large cities and around environmentally hazardous facilities, can be an important element in ensuring environmental safety and the key to sustainable development of society.

    In recent decades, society is increasingly using information about the state of the natural environment in its activities. This information is needed in the daily life of people, in housekeeping, in construction, in emergency situations - to notify about impending dangerous natural phenomena. But changes in the state of the environment also occur under the influence of biospheric processes associated with human activities. Determining the contribution of anthropogenic changes is a specific task.

    For more than 100 years, observations of changes in weather and climate have been carried out regularly in the civilized world. These are all familiar meteorological, phenological, seismological and some other types of observations and measurements of the state of the environment. Now it is no longer necessary to convince anyone that the state of the natural environment must be constantly monitored. The range of observations and the number of measured parameters are becoming wider, and the network of observation stations is getting denser. The problems associated with environmental monitoring are of increasing complexity.

    Monitoring concept. Why is it needed?

    The term itself "Monitoring" first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global Environment Monitoring System (Stockholm UN Environment Conference) appeared to define a system of repeated targeted observations of elements of the natural environment in space and time. However, such a system has not been created to this day due to disagreements in the volumes, forms and objects of monitoring, the distribution of responsibilities between the already existing observing systems. We have the same problems in our country, therefore, when there is an urgent need for routine monitoring of the environment, each industry must create its own local monitoring system.

    Monitoring the environment is called the regular observation of natural environments, natural resources, flora and fauna, carried out according to a given program, allowing to identify their states and processes occurring in them under the influence of anthropogenic activity.

    Under environmental monitoring one should understand organized monitoring of the natural environment, in which, firstly, a constant assessment of the ecological conditions of the human environment and biological objects (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.) is provided, as well as an assessment of the state and functional value of ecosystems, second, the conditions are created for determining corrective actions in cases where the target indicators of environmental conditions are not achieved.

    In accordance with the above definitions and the functions assigned to the system, monitoring includes several basic procedures:

    · Selection (definition) of the object of observation;

    · Examination of the selected object of observation;

    · Drawing up an information model for the object of observation;

    · Planning of measurements;

    · Assessment of the state of the object of observation and identification of its information model;

    · Forecasting changes in the state of the object of observation;

    presentation of information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.

    It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions.

    The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information:

    · About the state of the environment;

    · The reasons for the observed and probable changes in the state (i.e., the sources and factors of influence);

    · On the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole;

    · About the existing reserves of the biosphere.

    Thus, the environmental monitoring system includes observations of the state of the elements of the biosphere and observations of sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.

    Environmental monitoring of the environment can be developed at the level of an industrial facility, city, district, region, territory, republic within the federation.

    The nature and mechanism of generalization of information about the environmental situation during its movement along the hierarchical levels of the environmental monitoring system are determined using the concept of an information portrait of the environmental situation. The latter is a set of graphically presented spatially distributed data characterizing the ecological situation in a certain area, together with a map base of the area. The resolution of the information portrait depends on the scale of the used cartographic base.

    In 1975. the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) was organized under the auspices of the United Nations, but it has only recently begun to operate effectively. This system consists of 5 interconnected subsystems: the study of climatic changes, the long-range transport of pollutants, the hygienic aspects of the environment, the study of the World Ocean and land resources. There are 22 networks of operating stations of the global monitoring system, as well as international and national monitoring systems. One of the main ideas of monitoring is reaching a fundamentally new level of competence when making decisions on a local, regional and global scale.

    The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specially developed programs:

    · Impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale);

    Regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the joint impact of various factors characteristic of the regional economy);

    · Background (based on biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).

    When environmental information moves from the local level (city, district, zone of influence of an industrial facility, etc.) to the federal scale of the map base, on which this information is applied, increases, therefore, the resolution of information portraits of the environmental situation changes at different hierarchical levels of environmental monitoring. ... So, at the local level of environmental monitoring, the information portrait should include all sources of emissions (ventilation pipes of industrial enterprises, wastewater discharges, etc.). At the regional level, closely located sources of exposure “merge” into one group source. As a result, in the regional information portrait, a small city with several tens of emissions looks like one local source, the parameters of which are determined from the monitoring data of sources.

    At the federal level of environmental monitoring, an even greater generalization of spatially distributed information is observed. Industrial regions and rather large territorial formations can play a role as local sources of emission at this level. When moving from one hierarchical level to another, not only information about emission sources is generalized, but also other data characterizing the ecological situation.

    When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:

    · Sources of entry of pollutants into the environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; waste water discharges into water bodies; surface washings of pollutants and nutrients into surface waters of land and sea; introduction of pollutants and biogenic substances onto the earth's surface and (or) into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc .;

    · Transfers of pollutants - processes of atmospheric transfer; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;

    · Processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along landscape-geochemical interface, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc .;

    · Data on the state of anthropogenic sources of emission - the capacity of the emission source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions for the emission of emissions into the environment.

    In the zone of influence of emission sources, systematic monitoring of the following objects and parameters of the environment is organized.

    1. Atmosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the gas and aerosol phases of the air sphere; solid and liquid precipitation (snow, rain) and their chemical and radionuclide composition; thermal and humidity pollution of the atmosphere.

    2. Hydrosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the surface water environment (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.), groundwater, suspensions and these deposits in natural drains and reservoirs; thermal pollution of surface and ground waters.

    3. Soil: chemical and radionuclide composition of the active layer of the soil.

    4. Biota: chemical and radioactive contamination of agricultural land, vegetation cover, soil zoocenoses, terrestrial communities, domestic and wild animals, birds, insects, aquatic plants, plankton, fish.

    5. Urbanized environment: chemical and radiation background of the air in settlements; chemical and radionuclide composition of food, drinking water, etc.

    6. Population: characteristic demographic parameters (population size and density, fertility and mortality, age composition, morbidity, level of congenital malformations and anomalies); socio-economic factors.

    Monitoring systems for natural environments and ecosystems include monitoring tools: the ecological quality of the air environment, the ecological state of surface waters and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological state of the geological environment and terrestrial ecosystems.

    Observations within the framework of this type of monitoring are carried out without taking into account specific emission sources and are not associated with the zones of their influence. The basic principle of the organization is natural-ecosystem.

    Objectives of observations carried out within the framework of monitoring natural environments and ecosystems are:

    · Assessment of the state and functional integrity of the habitat and ecosystems;

    · Identification of changes in natural conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities on the territory;

    · Study of changes in the ecological climate (long-term ecological state) of territories.

    At the end of the 80s, the concept arose and quickly became widespread.

    The initial interpretation of this term was very broad. Under independent environmental review implied a variety of methods of obtaining and analyzing information (environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, independent research, etc.). Present concept public ecological expertise defined by law.

    “Environmental assessment- Establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the admissibility of the implementation of the object of expertise in order to prevent possible adverse effects of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise "

    Environmental expertise can be state and public.

    Public ecological expertise is carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local government bodies by public organizations (associations).

    Objects of state ecological expertise are:

    · draft master plans for the development of territories ,

    · all types of urban planning documentation(e.g. master plan, development project),

    · draft schemes for the development of sectors of the national economy ,

    · projects of interstate investment programs ,

    · projects of integrated schemes for the protection of nature, schemes for the protection and use of natural resources(including land use and forest management projects, materials justifying the transfer of forest lands to non-forest lands),

    · draft international treaties ,

    · justification materials for licenses to carry out activities that can have an impact on the environment ,

    · feasibility studies and projects for construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of organizations and other objects of economic activity, regardless of their estimated cost, departmental affiliation and forms of ownership ,

    · projects of technical documentation for new equipment, technology, materials, substances, certified goods and services.

    Public ecological expertise can be carried out in relation to the same objects as the state ecological expertise, with the exception of objects, information about which constitutes state, commercial and (or) other secrets protected by law.

    The purpose of the ecological expertise is to prevent possible adverse impacts of the planned activity on the environment and associated socio-economic and other consequences.

    Foreign experience testifies to the high economic efficiency of ecological expertise. The US Environmental Protection Agency performed a sample analysis of the environmental impact reports. In half of the cases studied, a decrease in the total cost of projects was noted due to the implementation of constructive environmental protection measures. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a possible increase in the cost of projects associated with an environmental impact assessment and subsequent consideration of environmental restrictions in working projects pays off in an average of 5-7 years. According to Western experts, the inclusion of environmental factors in the decision-making process at the design stage is 3-4 times cheaper than the subsequent installation of treatment equipment.

    Experiencing the results of the destructive action of water, wind, earthquakes, avalanches, etc., people have long implemented monitoring elements, accumulating experience in predicting weather and natural disasters. This kind of knowledge has always been and still remains necessary in order to minimize the damage caused to human society by adverse natural phenomena and, what is especially important, to reduce the risk of human losses.

    The consequences of most natural disasters need to be assessed from all angles. Thus, hurricanes that destroy buildings and lead to human casualties, as a rule, bring heavy rainfall, which in arid regions give a significant increase in yields. Therefore, the organization of monitoring requires in-depth analysis, taking into account not only the economic side of the issue, but also the characteristics of historical traditions, the level of culture of each specific region.

    Moving from contemplation of environmental phenomena through the mechanisms of adaptation to a conscious and increasing impact on them, a person gradually complicated the technique of observing natural processes and, willingly or unwittingly, was involved in the pursuit of himself. Even ancient philosophers believed that everything in the world is connected with everything, that careless interference in the process, even of seemingly secondary importance, can lead to irreversible changes in the world. Observing nature, for a long time we evaluated it from a philistine standpoint, without thinking about the expediency of the value of our observations, that we are dealing with the most complex self-organizing and self-structuring system, that man is just a particle of this system. And if in Newton's time mankind admired the integrity of this world, now one of the strategic thoughts of mankind is the violation of this integrity, which inevitably follows from the commercial attitude to nature and the underestimation of the globality of these violations. Man changes landscapes, creates artificial biospheres, organizes agro-natural and completely man-made biocomplexes, rebuilds the dynamics of rivers and oceans, and changes climatic processes. Moving in this way, until recently he used all his scientific and technical capabilities to the detriment of nature and, ultimately, to himself. The negative feedbacks of living nature are increasingly resisting this onslaught of man, the discrepancy between the goals of nature and man is becoming more and more apparent. And now we are witnessing the approach to the crisis line beyond which the genus Homo sapiens will not be able to exist.

    The ideas of the technosphere, noosphere, techno-world, anthroposphere, etc., which were born at the beginning of this century, in the homeland of V.I. Vernadsky, were received with great delay. The entire civilized world is now looking forward to the practical implementation of these ideas in our country, with its size and power of energy potential capable of turning back all progressive initiatives beyond its borders. And in this sense, monitoring systems are the cure for insanity, the mechanism that will help prevent humanity from sliding towards disaster.

    A companion of human activity are catastrophes that are growing in power. Natural disasters have always happened. They are one of the elements of the evolution of the biosphere. Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest fires, etc. cause enormous material damage every year and consume human lives. At the same time, the anthropogenic causes of many disasters are gaining momentum. Regular accidents of oil tankers, the Chernobyl disaster, explosions in factories and warehouses with emissions of toxic substances and other unpredictable disasters are the reality of our time. The growing number and power of accidents demonstrates human helplessness in the face of an impending environmental catastrophe. It can only be set aside by the rapid large-scale implementation of monitoring systems. Such systems are being successfully implemented in North America, Western Europe and Japan.

    In other words, the answer to the question about the need for monitoring can be considered positively resolved.

    Monitoring systems design as the basis for their effective functioning.

    The publications of recent years have noted the great importance of the design (or planning) stage for the effective operation of the monitoring system. It is emphasized that the schemes or design structures proposed in them are relatively easy to apply for simple, local monitoring systems, at the same time, the design of national monitoring systems faces great difficulties associated with their complexity and inconsistency.

    The essence of designing a monitoring system should be in creating a functional model of their work or in planning the entire technological chain of obtaining information, where the quality of water is from setting tasks to issuing information to the consumer for making decisions. Since all the stages of obtaining information are closely related to each other, insufficient attention to the development of any stage will inevitably lead to a sharp decrease in the value of all information received. Based on the analysis of the construction of national systems, we have formulated the basic requirements for the design of such systems. In our opinion, these requirements should include the following five main stages:

    1) defining the tasks of water quality monitoring systems and the requirements for the information necessary for their implementation;

    2) creation of the organizational structure of the observation network and the development of principles for their conduct;

    3) building a monitoring network;

    4) development of a system for obtaining data / information and providing information to consumers;

    5) creation of a system for checking the received information for compliance with the initial requirements and revising, if necessary, the monitoring system.

    When designing monitoring systems, it should be remembered that its results largely depend on the volume and quality of the initial information. It should include as detailed as possible data on the spatial and temporal variability of indicators of water quality, biota, bottom sediments, should contain detailed information on the types and volumes of economic activities in the watersheds, including data on pollution sources. In addition, it is necessary to rely on all legislative acts related to the control and management of water quality, take into account financial capabilities, the general physical and geographical situation, the main methods of water quality management and other information.

    1. Define the objectives of water quality monitoring systems and the information requirements for their implementation. The role of the first stage is currently underestimated, which is the reason for many of the disadvantages noted above.

    To determine the requirements for information on water quality, a great deal of detail and coordination of tasks is required. An example is the water quality monitoring program developed in Canada. An important role in this is played by the formulation of as clear as possible the idea of ​​water quality and how to evaluate it.

    On the basis of clearly formulated objectives, as well as taking into account previously accumulated data on water quality, information requirements should be determined, including the type, form and timing of its presentation to consumers, as well as suitability for water quality management. At the first design stage, the main statistical methods of data processing should be selected, since the frequency and timing of observations, as well as the requirements for the accuracy of the obtained values, largely depend on them.

    2. Creation of the organizational structure of the observation network and the development of principles for their conduct. This is the main and most difficult stage, at which, taking into account the tasks set and the existing experience in the functioning of the monitoring system, the structural basic subdivisions of the observation network are determined, including the central and regional (and / or problematic) ones, with an indication of their main tasks. Measures are envisaged to maintain an optimal balance between the types of observation networks, including observations at fixed sites operating for a long time according to a relatively unchanged program, regional short-term surveys to identify spatial aspects of pollution, as well as intensive local observations in areas of greatest interest. At this stage, the question of the feasibility and scale of using automated, remote and other subsystems for monitoring water quality is being resolved. In the second stage, general ones are also developed. Principles for conducting observations. They can introduce themselves; in the form of guidelines or guidelines for a number of activities:

    Organization of spatial aspects of observations (selection of the locations of control points, their category depending on the importance of the object and its condition; determination of the location of observation points, verticals, horizons, etc.);

    Drawing up an observation program (it is planned which indicators, in what time frame and with what frequency to observe, while giving recommendations on the ratio of physical, chemical and biological indicators for typical situations);

    Organization of a control system for the correctness of work and the accuracy of the results obtained at all stages. At the same time, it is assumed that there are unified guidelines for the collection and conservation of samples of water, bottom sediments, biota, guidelines for the chemical analysis of waters, bottom sediments, etc.

    3. Building a monitoring network. This stage provides for the implementation, on the basis of the proposed organizational structure of the network, of the previously developed principles for conducting observations, taking into account the specifics of local (regional) conditions. The ratio of types of observational networks is specified, the locations of points in the stationary network are established, areas of intensive observation are identified, and the frequency of inspection of water bodies is planned for a possible revision of the observational network. Specific programs are drawn up for each point and type of observation, regulating the list of the studied indicators, the frequency and timing of their observation. In the presence of automated and / or remote monitoring of water quality, the programs of their work are specified.

    4. Development of a data acquisition system! information and presentation of information to consumers. At this stage, the features of the hierarchical structure of receiving and collecting information are determined: observation points - regional information centers - national information center. It is planned to develop data banks on water quality, and determine the types and conditions for the provision of information services performed with their help. A detailed description of the main information forms published in the form of reports, reports, reviews and describing the state of water quality in the country for a certain period of time is given. There are also procedures for monitoring the accuracy and correctness of data acquisition at all stages of work.

    5. Creation of a system of verification of the received information for compliance with the initial requirements and revision, if necessary, of the monitoring system. After the creation of the monitoring system and the start of its operation, it becomes necessary to check whether the information received meets the initial requirements for it, is it possible to effectively manage the quality of water bodies on the basis of this information? For this, it is necessary to establish interaction with organizations that manage water quality. If the information received meets the requirements for it, the monitoring system can be left unchanged. If these requirements are not met, as well as when new tasks appear, the monitoring system needs to be revised.

    Unified state system of environmental monitoring

    In the state system of environmental management in the Russian Federation, an important role is played by the formation of a unified state system of environmental monitoring (EGSEM).

    EGSEM includes the following main components:

    · Monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment;

    · Monitoring of pollution of the abiotic component of the environment;

    · Monitoring of the biotic component of the natural environment;

    · Social and hygienic monitoring;

    · Ensuring the creation and functioning of ecological information systems.

    In this case, the distribution of functions between the central bodies of the federal executive power is carried out as follows.

    State Committee for Ecology (formerly the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia): coordination of the activities of ministries and departments, enterprises and organizations in the field of environmental monitoring; organization of monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment and areas of their direct impact; organization of monitoring of flora and fauna, monitoring of terrestrial fauna and flora (except for forests); ensuring the creation and functioning of environmental information systems; maintaining with interested ministries and departments data banks on the environment, natural resources and their use.

    Roshydromet : organization of monitoring of the state of the atmosphere, surface waters of the land, marine environment, soils, near-earth space, including integrated background and space monitoring of the state of the environment; coordination of the development and functioning of departmental subsystems for background monitoring of environmental pollution; maintaining the state fund of data on environmental pollution.

    Roskomzem : land monitoring.

    Ministry of Natural Resources (including the former Roskomnedra and Roskomvoz): monitoring of subsoil (geological environment), including monitoring of groundwater and hazardous exogenous and endogenous geological processes; monitoring of the aquatic environment of water management systems and structures in the catchment areas and wastewater discharge.

    Roskomrybolovstvo : monitoring of fish, other animals and plants.

    Rosleskhoz : forest monitoring.

    Roscartography : implementation of topographic, geodetic and cartographic support of the USEM, including the creation of digital, electronic maps and geographic information systems.

    Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia : coordination of the development and functioning of subsystems for monitoring the geological environment associated with the use of subsoil resources at enterprises of the extractive industries; monitoring of industrial safety (except for facilities of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy).

    State Committee for Epidemiological Supervision of Russia : monitoring the impact of environmental factors on the health status of the population.

    Ministry of Defense of Russia : monitoring of the natural environment and sources of impact on it at military facilities; providing EGSEM with means and systems of military equipment of dual use.

    Goskomsever of Russia : participation in the development and functioning of the EGSEM in the regions of the Arctic and the Far North.

    Technologies for unified environmental monitoring (UEM) cover the development and use of tools, systems and methods of observation, assessment and development of recommendations and management impact in the natural and technogenic sphere, forecasts of its evolution, energy-ecological and technological characteristics of the production sector, medico-biological and sanitary hygienic conditions of human and biota existence. The complexity of environmental problems, their multidimensionality, the closest connection with key sectors of the economy, defense and ensuring the protection of the health and well-being of the population requires a unified systematic approach to solving the problem.

    The structure of a unified environmental monitoring can be represented by the spheres of receiving, processing and displaying information, the spheres of assessing the situation and making decisions.

    The structural links of any EEM system are:

    · Measuring system;

    · Information system, which includes databases and data banks of legal, biomedical, sanitary and hygienic, technical and economic orientation;

    · Systems for modeling and optimization of industrial facilities;

    · Systems for restoration and forecasting of fields of environmental and meteorological factors;

    · Decision-making system.

    The construction of the measuring complex of EEM systems is based on the use of point and integral measurement methods using stationary(stationary observation posts) and mobile(laboratory vehicles and aerospace) systems. It should be noted that aerospace assets are used only when it is necessary to obtain large-scale integral indicators of the state of the environment.

    Information is obtained by three groups of instruments that measure: meteorological characteristics (wind speed and direction, temperature, pressure, atmospheric humidity, etc.), background concentrations of harmful substances and concentrations of pollutants near sources of environmental pollution.

    The use of modern controllers in the measuring complex that solve the issues of collecting information from sensors, primary processing and transmission of information to the consumer using modem telephone and radio communications or through computer networks, significantly increases the efficiency of the system.

    The regional subsystem of the UEM assumes working with large arrays of various information, including data: on the structure of energy production and energy consumption in the region, hydrometeorological measurements, on the concentration of harmful substances in the environment; based on the results of mapping and aerospace sensing, on the results of biomedical and social research, etc.

    One of the main tasks in this direction is the creation of a single information space, which can be formed on the basis of the use of modern geoinformation technologies. The integration nature of geographic information systems (GIS) makes it possible to create on their basis a powerful tool for collecting, storing, organizing, analyzing and presenting information.

    GIS has such characteristics that rightfully allow this technology to be considered. basic for the purposes of processing and managing monitoring information. GIS tools far exceed the capabilities of conventional cartographic systems, although, of course, they include all the basic functions of obtaining high-quality maps and plans. In the very concept of GIS, there are comprehensive possibilities for collecting, integrating and analyzing any data distributed in space or tied to a specific place. If you need to visualize the available information in the form of a map with graphs or diagrams, create, supplement or modify a database of spatial objects, integrate it with other databases - the only correct solution would be to turn to GIS.

    Only with the advent of GIS is the possibility of a holistic, generalized view of complex problems of the environment and ecology fully realized.

    GIS is becoming the main element of monitoring systems.

    The system of unified environmental monitoring provides not only for monitoring the state of the environment and public health, but also for the possibility of actively influencing the situation. Using the upper hierarchical level of the EEM (decision-making sphere), as well as the subsystem of ecological expertise and environmental impact assessment, it becomes possible to manage pollution sources based on the results of mathematical modeling of industrial facilities or regions. (Mathematical modeling of industrial facilities refers to the modeling of a technological process, including a model of environmental impact.)

    The system of unified environmental monitoring provides for the development of two-level mathematical models of industrial enterprises with different depth of elaboration.

    First level provides detailed modeling of technological processes, taking into account the impact of individual parameters on the environment.

    Second level mathematical modeling provides equivalent modeling based on the general performance of industrial facilities and the degree of their impact on the environment. Equivalent models must be available primarily at the level of the regional administration in order to promptly predict the environmental situation, as well as to determine the amount of costs for reducing the amount of harmful emissions in the environment.

    Modeling the current situation makes it possible with sufficient accuracy to identify foci of pollution and develop an adequate control impact at the technological and economic levels.

    In the practical implementation of the concept of unified environmental monitoring, one should not forget: about the indicators of the accuracy of assessing the situation; information content of measurement networks (systems); on the need to separate (filter) into separate components (background and from various sources) pollution with a quantitative assessment; about the possibility of taking into account objective and subjective indicators. These problems are solved by the system of restoration and forecasting of the fields of environmental and meteorological factors.

    Thus, the unified state system of environmental monitoring, despite the known difficulties, provides the formation of a data array for compiling environmental maps, developing GIS, modeling and forecasting environmental situations in various regions of Russia.

    Legal, regulatory and economic framework.

    Legal support for the protection of the environment and human health from the effects of pollutants is implemented by various branches of legislation: constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative, health care, environmental protection, natural resources, as well as regulatory legal acts, international conventions and agreements ratified by Russia.

    The Russian Constitution enshrines the right of every citizen to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense.

    The fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens of July 22, 1993, along with the regulation of administrative relations, ensure the protection of the environmental rights of citizens: they guarantee the right to health protection of citizens, the right to information about factors affecting health. The rights of citizens to health protection in disadvantaged areas and the rights of citizens to appeal against actions of state bodies and officials in the field of health protection are especially enshrined.

    The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" dated April 19, 1991 regulates relations to ensure such a state of health and the environment of people (working conditions, study, life, rest, living, etc.), in which there is no harmful the influence of environmental factors on the human body and favorable conditions for its life have been created. The main responsibility for this rests with the state, represented by the legislative and executive branches. However, the law also proceeds from the fact that ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is an integral part of the administrative, social and production activities of all state bodies, enterprises, and public associations.

    The law imposes on enterprises the obligation to carry out production, sanitary and environmental control in order to prevent environmental pollution, ensure safe working conditions, release products that do not harm human health, etc.

    The Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" dated February 7, 1992 gives the consumer the right to ensure that goods, works, services under normal conditions of their use, storage and transportation are safe for his life, health, environment; establishes property liability for harm caused as a result of defects in goods (work, services).

    The system of environmental legislation is headed by the Law of the RSFSR "On Environmental Protection" of December 19, 1991. For the first time in the history of Russian legislation, this law proclaims the right of citizens to health protection from adverse environmental impacts caused by economic or other activities, accidents, disasters, natural disasters. Enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens that have caused harm to the environment, health and property of citizens, the national economy by environmental pollution, damage, destruction, damage, irrational use of natural resources, destruction of natural ecological systems and other environmental offenses are obliged to compensate it in in full.

    The Federal Law "On Ecological Expertise" of July 19, 1995 is aimed at realizing the constitutional right of Russian citizens to a favorable environment by preventing the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

    The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Basics of Urban Development in the Russian Federation" dated July 14, 1992 establishes the purposeful activity of the state to form a favorable environment for the population and provides for the main directions of urban planning activities: its organization taking into account the state of the environment; ecologically safe development of cities, other settlements and their systems, ensuring the realization of citizens' rights to health promotion, harmonious physical and spiritual development; rational land use, nature protection, resource conservation, protection of the territory from hazardous technogenic processes.

    The main legislative act governing water use and conservation of water bodies is the Water Code of the Russian Federation of October 18, 1995 No.

    The Russian Federation still has the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" dated July 14, 1982, which in many respects contradicts the new Russian environmental legislation and cannot be a means used to resolve the problems of atmospheric air pollution in Russia.

    The Land Code of the Russian Federation sets as its task the regulation of land relations for the rational use of lands and their protection, reproduction of soil fertility, preservation and improvement of the natural environment. The concept of "land protection" includes, among other things, the protection of land from pollution by industrial waste and chemical substances.

    Certain aspects of environmental protection and public health are reflected in the federal laws of the Russian Federation "Fundamentals of forest legislation of the Russian Federation", "On the animal world", "On specially protected natural areas", "On the continental shelf", "On land reclamation", "On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts. "

    The Administrative Code of the Russian Federation establishes administrative responsibility for various violations in the field of environmental protection: exceeding the MPE standards or temporarily agreed emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere; exceeding the standards of maximum permissible harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air; emission of pollutants into the atmosphere without the permission of specially authorized state bodies, etc.

    The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, adopted on June 13, 1996 and enacted from January 1, 1997, provides for criminal liability for environmental crimes.

    The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that "the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by law, then the rules of the international treaty are applied."

    Among the most important international agreements ratified by Russia are the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979) and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). In accordance with the Law "On Ratification of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal" dated November 25, 1994, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 1, 1995 No. 670 "On Priority Measures to Implement the Federal Law" On Ratification Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal ", Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 1, 1996 No. 766" On State Regulation and Control of Transboundary Movements of Dangerous Goods ", which approved the Regulation on State Regulation of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes, Russia banned the import and transit of wastes containing lead compounds, and the transboundary transportation of the removal of lead, lead ash, sludge of lead and lead-containing waste and the export of wastes containing lead compounds are subject to state regulation.

    Materials to prevent the effects of emissions from vehicles running on leaded gasoline appeared almost half a century ago. In 1947, the All-Union State Inspectorate approved the "Rules for the storage, transportation and use of leaded gasoline".

    Pollution charges are collected from users of natural resources (enterprises, institutions, organizations and other legal entities), regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, carrying out the following types of environmental impact:

    Emission of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources;

    Discharge of pollutants into surface and underground water bodies, as well as any underground disposal of pollutants;

    Waste disposal.

    Basic rates of payment for emissions and discharges of specific pollutants are defined as the product of specific economic damage within the permissible standards of emissions and discharges by the indicators of the relative hazard of a particular pollutant for the environment and public health (Table 6). The basic standards of payment for waste disposal are the product of the unit costs for the placement of a unit (mass) of waste of IV toxicity class by indicators that take into account the toxicity class of the waste.

    Conclusion.

    Conservation of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have emerged.

    However, the human impact on the environment has become rampant. To fundamentally improve the situation, you need purposeful and thoughtful actions. A responsible and effective policy in relation to the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to Nature by humans.

    Bibliography:

    1. "Environmental law in Russia" - BV Erofeev

    2. "Ecology, health and nature management in Russia" - Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V.

    3.http: //www.energia.ru/energia/convert/ecology/ecology.shtml

    4. ECOLINE Methodological Center http://www.cci.glasnet.ru/books

    5. Economics of Natural Resources / Under. Ed. T.S.Khachaturova

    Of great importance in the organization of rational environmental management is the study of environmental management problems at the global, regional and local levels, as well as the assessment of the quality of the human environment in specific territories, in ecosystems of various ranks.

    Monitoring Is a system of observation, assessment and forecasting, which allows to identify changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activity.

    Along with a negative impact on nature, a person can, as a result of economic activities, have a positive impact.

    The monitoring includes:

    monitoring changes in the quality of the environment, factors affecting the environment;

    assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;

    forecast of changes in the quality of the environment.

    Observations can be carried out according to physical, chemical and biological indicators; integrated indicators of the state of the environment are promising.

    Types of monitoring. There are global, regional and local monitoring. (What is the basis of this selection?)

    Global monitoring makes it possible to assess the current state of the entire natural system of the Earth.

    Regional monitoring is carried out at the expense of the stations of the system, where information about the territories exposed to anthropogenic influence is collected.

    Rational use of natural resources is possible with the availability and correct use of information provided by the monitoring system.

    Environmental monitoring Is a system for monitoring, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic impact.

    Monitoring tasks are:

    Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of air, surface waters, climatic changes, soil cover, flora and fauna, control of effluents and dust and gas emissions at industrial enterprises;

    Making a forecast about the state of the environment;

    Informing citizens about changes in the environment.

    Forecast and forecasting.

    What is forecasting and forecasting? In different periods of the development of society, the ways of studying the environment have changed. Forecasting is currently considered one of the most important "tools" for nature management. Translated into Russian, the word "forecast" means foresight, prediction.

    Therefore, a forecast in natural resource management is a prediction of changes in the natural resource potential and demand for natural resources on a global, regional and local scale.

    Forecasting is a set of actions that make it possible to make judgments about the behavior of natural systems and are determined by natural processes and the impact of humanity on them in the future.

    The main purpose of the forecast is to assess the expected response of the environment to direct or indirect human impact, as well as to solve the problems of future rational nature management in connection with the expected states of the environment.

    In connection with the reassessment of the value system, the change in technocratic thinking to the ecological one, there are also changes in forecasting. Modern forecasts should be carried out from the standpoint of universal human values, the main ones of which are a person, his health, the quality of the environment, the preservation of the planet as a home for mankind. Thus, attention to wildlife, to humans makes forecasting tasks ecological.

    Types of forecasts. According to the lead time, the following types of forecasts are distinguished: ultra-short-term (up to a year), short-term (up to 3-5 years), medium-term (up to 10-15 years), long-term (up to several decades in advance), super-long-term (for millennia and more -lighter forward). The time ahead of the forecast, that is, the period for which the forecast is given, can be very different. When designing a large industrial facility with a service life of 100–120 years, it is necessary to know what changes in the natural environment can occur under the influence of this facility in 2100–2200. No wonder they say: "The future is controlled from the present."

    According to the coverage of the territory, global, regional, local forecasts are distinguished.

    There are forecasts in specific branches of science, for example, geological, meteorological forecasts. In geography, it is a complex forecast, which many consider to be general scientific.

    The main functions of monitoring are quality control of individual components of the environment and identification of the main sources of pollution. Based on the monitoring data, decisions are made to improve the environmental situation, construct new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the land, atmosphere and water, change the felling systems and plant new forests, introduce soil-protective crop rotations, etc.

    Monitoring is most often carried out by regional committees for hydrometeorological service through a network of points conducting the following observations: surface meteorological, heat balance, hydrological, marine, etc.

    For example, monitoring of Moscow includes continuous analysis of the content of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, the amount of nitrogen oxides, ozone and dust. Observations are carried out by 30 stations operating in automatic mode. Information from sensors located at the stations flows to the information processing center. Information about the excess of the maximum permissible concentration of pollutants is submitted to the Moscow Committee for Environmental Protection and to the government of the capital. Industrial emissions from large enterprises and the level of pollution of the Moscow River water are automatically monitored.

    Currently, there are 344 water monitoring stations in the world in 59 countries, which form a global system for monitoring the environment.

    Environmental monitoring

    Monitoring(lat.monitor observing, warning) - a complex system of observation, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the biosphere or its individual elements under the influence of anthropogenic influences

    The main tasks of monitoring:

    observation of sources of anthropogenic impact; monitoring the state of the natural environment and the processes occurring in it under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

    forecast of changes in the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors and assessment of the predicted state of the natural environment.

    Monitoring classifications based on:

    Control methods:

    Bioindication - detection and determination of anthropogenic loads based on the reactions of living organisms and their communities to them;

    Remote sensing methods (aerial photography, sounding, etc.);

    Physicochemical methods (analysis of individual samples of air, water, soil).

    Wednesday. This system is administered by UNEP, a special body for the protection of the environment at the United Nations.

    Types of monitoring. In terms of the scale of generalization of information, they are distinguished: global, regional, impact monitoring.

    Global monitoring- This is the tracking of world processes and phenomena in the biosphere and the implementation of the forecast of possible changes.

    Regional monitoring covers individual regions in which processes and phenomena are observed that differ from natural in their natural character or due to anthropogenic impact.

    Impact monitoring is carried out in especially hazardous areas directly adjacent to sources of pollutants.

    According to the methods of maintenance, the following types of monitoring are distinguished:

    Biological (using bioindicators);

    Remote (aviation and space);

    Analytical (chemical and physicochemical analysis).

    According to the objects of observation, the following are distinguished:

    Monitoring of individual components of the environment (soil, water, air);

    Biological monitoring (flora and fauna).

    A special type of monitoring is basic monitoring, that is, tracking the state of natural systems, which are practically not superimposed on regional anthropogenic impacts (biosphere reserves). The whole of baseline monitoring is to obtain data against which the results obtained by other types of monitoring are compared.

    Control methods. The composition of pollutants is determined by methods of physical and chemical analysis (in air, soil, water). The degree of stability of natural ecosystems is carried out by the method of bioindication.

    Bioindication- this is the detection and determination of anthropogenic loads based on the reactions of living organisms and their communities to them. The essence of bioindication is that certain environmental factors create the possibility of the existence of a particular species. The objects of bioindication studies can be individual species of animals and plants, as well as entire ecosystems. For example, radioactive contamination is determined by the condition of coniferous trees; industrial pollution - for many representatives of soil fauna; air pollution is very sensitive to mosses, lichens, butterflies.

    Species diversity and high abundance or, conversely, the absence of dragonflies (Odonata) on the shore of the reservoir indicate its faunistic composition: many dragonflies - the fauna is rich, few - the aquatic fauna is depleted.

    If lichens disappear on tree trunks in the forest, it means that sulfur dioxide is present in the air. Caddis larvae (Trichoptera) are found only in clean water. But the small-bale worm (Tubifex), chironomid larvae (Chironomidae) live only in heavily polluted water bodies. Many insects, green unicellular algae, crustaceans live in slightly polluted water bodies.

    Bioindication allows to identify in time a not yet dangerous level of pollution and take measures to restore the ecological balance of the environment.

    In some cases, the bioindication method is preferred because it is simpler than, for example, physicochemical methods of analysis.

    For example, British scientists have found several molecules in the liver of a flounder - indicators of pollution. When the total concentration of life-threatening substances reaches critical values, a potentially carcinogenic protein begins to accumulate in the liver cells. Its quantitative determination is simpler than chemical analysis of water, and provides more information about its danger to human life and health.

    Remote sensing methods are used mainly for global monitoring. For example, aerial photography is an effective method for determining the magnitude and degree of contamination from an oil spill at sea or on land, that is, in a tanker accident or pipeline rupture. Other methods in these extreme situations do not provide comprehensive information.

    OKB im. Ilyushin, the aircraft builders of the Lukhovitsky plant designed and built the Il-10Z, a unique aircraft for performing almost any tasks of state environmental and land monitoring. The aircraft is equipped with control and measuring and telemetry equipment, satellite navigation system (СРS), satellite communication system, interactive onboard and ground measuring and recording complex. The plane can fly at altitudes from 100 to 3000 m, stay in the air for up to 5 hours, consumes only 10-15 liters of fuel per 100 km and takes on board two specialists in addition to the pilot. The new Il-103 aircraft of the Aviation Center for Special Environmental Purpose, based at the Myachikovo airfield near Moscow, perform remote monitoring for environmentalists, aviation forestry, emergency services and oil and gas pipeline transport.

    Physicochemical methods are used to monitor individual components of the natural environment: soil, water, air. These methods are based on the analysis of individual samples.

    Soil monitoring provides for the determination of acidity, loss of humus, salinity. The acidity of soils is determined by the value of the hydrogen index (pH) in aqueous solutions of the soil. The pH value is measured using a pH meter or potentiometer. The humus content is determined by the oxidizability of organic matter. The amount of oxidizing agent is estimated by titrometric or spectrometric methods. Salinization of soils, that is, the content of salts in them, is determined by the value of electrical conductivity, since it is known that salt solutions are electrolytes.

    Water pollution is determined by chemical (COD) or biochemical (BOD) oxygen consumption - this is the amount of oxygen consumed for the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances contained in polluted water.

    Atmospheric pollution is analyzed by gas analyzers, which provide information on the concentration of gaseous pollutants in the air. They use "multicomponent" methods of analysis: C-, H-, N-analyzers and other devices that give continuous time characteristics of air pollution. Automated instruments for remote analysis of atmospheric pollution, combining a laser and a locator, are called lidars.

    Environmental quality assessment

    What is grading and grading?

    An important direction of monitoring research is the assessment of the quality of the environment. This direction, as you already know, has received a priority value in modern nature management, since the quality of the environment is associated with the physical and spiritual health of a person.

    Indeed, a distinction is made between a healthy (comfortable) natural environment, in which a person's health is normal or improving, and an unhealthy one, in which the health of the population is impaired. Therefore, to maintain the health of the population, it is necessary to monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental quality- this is the degree to which natural conditions correspond to the physiological capabilities of a person.

    There are scientific criteria for assessing the quality of the environment. These include standards.

    Environmental quality standards. Quality standards are subdivided into environmental and production-economic.

    Environmental standards establish the maximum permissible norms of anthropogenic impact on the environment, the excess of which threatens human health and is detrimental to vegetation and animals. Such norms are established in the form of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants (MPC) and maximum permissible levels of harmful physical impact (MPL). Remote controls are installed, for example, for noise and electromagnetic pollution.

    MPC is the amount of a harmful substance in the environment, which for a certain period of time does not affect human health and does not cause adverse consequences in his offspring.

    Recently, when determining the MPC, not only the degree of influence of pollutants on human health, but also the impact of these pollutants on natural communities in general is taken into account. Every year more and more MPCs are established for substances in air, soil, water.

    Industrial and economic standards for the quality of the environment regulate the environmentally safe mode of operation of production, public utilities and any other facility. The production and economic standards for environmental quality include the maximum permissible emission of pollutants into the environment (MPE). How to improve the quality of the environment? Many experts are thinking about this problem. Environmental quality control is carried out by a special state service. Measures to improve the quality of the environment. They are combined into the following groups. The most important are technological measures, which include the development of modern technologies that ensure the integrated use of raw materials and waste disposal. Choosing a fuel with a lower combustion product will significantly reduce emissions into the atmosphere. This is also facilitated by the electrification of modern production, transport and everyday life.

    Sanitary engineering measures contribute to the purification of industrial emissions using various designs of treatment facilities. (Are there treatment facilities at the nearest enterprises of your settlement? How effective are they?)

    The set of measures to improve the quality of the environment includes architectural and planning activities that affect not only physical but also spiritual health. They include combating dustiness, rational placement of enterprises (they are often taken out of the territory of a settlement) and residential areas, greening of populated areas, for example, with modern urban development standards for cities with a population of one and a half million, 40-50 m2 of green space is needed , it is obligatory to allocate sanitary protection zones in the settlement.

    TO engineering and organizational measures include a decrease in parking at traffic lights, a decrease in the intensity of traffic on congested highways.

    To legal measures include the establishment and observance of legislative acts to maintain the quality of the atmosphere, water bodies, soil, etc.

    Requirements related to the protection of nature, improvement of the quality of the environment are reflected in state laws, decrees, and regulations. World experience shows that in the developed countries of the world, the authorities solve problems related to improving the quality of the environment through legislative acts and executive structures, which are called upon, together with the judicial system, to enforce laws, finance large environmental projects and scientific developments, control compliance with laws and financial costs.

    There is no doubt that the improvement of the quality of the environment will be carried out at the expense of economic activities. Economic measures are associated, first of all, with the investment of funds in the change and development of new technologies that ensure energy and resource conservation, and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment. Funds of the state tax and pricing policy should create conditions for the inclusion of Russia in the international system for ensuring environmental safety. At the same time, in our country, due to the economic downturn, the volume of introduction of new environmental technologies into the industry has significantly decreased.

    Educational measures aimed at the formation of the ecological culture of the population. The quality of the environment largely depends on the formation of new value and moral attitudes, the revision of the priority, needs, methods of human activity. In our country, within the framework of the state program "Ecology of Russia", programs and manuals have been developed for environmental education at all stages of acquiring knowledge from preschool institutions to the advanced training system. An important tool in the formation of ecological culture is the mass media. In Russia alone, there are over 50 titles of environmental periodicals.

    All measures aimed at improving the quality of the environment are closely interconnected and largely depend on the development of science. Therefore, the most important condition for the existence of all measures is the conduct of scientific research that improves the quality of the environment and the ecological sustainability of both the planet as a whole and individual regions.

    However, it should be noted that the measures taken to improve the quality of the environment do not always bring a noticeable effect. An increase in the incidence of the population, a decrease in the average life expectancy of people, an increase in mortality indicate the development of negative environmental phenomena in our country.

    14.1 The concept of environmental monitoring. Classification.

    14.2 Assessment of the actual state of the environment

    14.1 The concept of environmental monitoring. Classification

    To identify changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of human activity, an observation system is required. This system is now commonly referred to as monitoring.

    Monitoring is a system of repeated observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and in time with specific goals and in accordance with a previously prepared program. The concept of environmental monitoring was first introduced by R. Menn in 1972 at the UN Stockholm Conference.

    Monitoring includes the following main directions activities:

      Observing the factors affecting the natural environment and the state of the environment;

      Assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;

      Forecast of the state of the natural environment. And an assessment of this state.

    Thus, monitoring is a multi-purpose information system for observing, analyzing, diagnosing and forecasting the state of the natural environment, which does not include environmental quality management, but provides the necessary information for such management.

    Environmental monitoring tasks

      Scientific and technical support for observation, assessment of the forecast of the state of the environment;

      Monitoring the sources of pollutants and the level of environmental pollution;

      Identification of sources and factors of pollution and assessment of the degree of their impact on the environment;

      Assessment of the actual state of the environment;

    Forecast of changes in the state of the environment and ways to improve the situation.

    Monitoring classification.

      By the scale of observation;

      Objects of observation;

      By the level of pollution of objects of observation;

      By factors and sources of pollution;

      By observation methods.

    By the scale of observation

    Level name

    monitoring

    Monitoring organizations

    Global

    Interstate monitoring system

    environment

    National

    State system of environmental monitoring of the territory of Russia

    Regional

    Regional, regional environmental monitoring systems

    Local

    City, district environmental monitoring systems

    Detailed

    Environmental monitoring systems for enterprises, fields, factories, etc.

    Detailed monitoring

    The lowest hierarchical level is the level of detailed environmental monitoring, implemented within the territories and scales of individual enterprises, factories, individual engineering structures, economic complexes, fields, etc. Detailed environmental monitoring systems are the most important link in a higher-ranking system. Their integration into a larger network forms a local monitoring system.

    Local monitoring (impact)

    It is carried out in highly polluted places (cities, settlements, water bodies, etc.) and is focused on the source of pollution. V

    Due to the proximity to pollution sources, all the main substances that make up air emissions and discharges into water bodies are usually present in significant quantities. Local systems, in turn, are combined into even larger - regional monitoring systems.

    Regional monitoring

    It is carried out within a certain region, taking into account the natural character, type and intensity of technogenic impact. Regional environmental monitoring systems are combined within one state into a single national monitoring network.

    National monitoring

    Monitoring system within one state. Such a system differs from global monitoring not only in scale, but also in that the main task of national monitoring is to obtain information and assess the state of the environment in national interests. In Russia, it is carried out under the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Within the framework of the UN environmental program, the task was set to combine national monitoring systems into a single interstate network - the "Global Environmental Monitoring Network" (GEMS)

    Global monitoring

    The purpose of GEMS is to monitor changes in the environment on Earth as a whole, on a global scale. Global monitoring is a system for tracking the state and forecasting possible changes in global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impact on the biosphere as a whole. GEMS deals with global warming, ozone layer problems, forest conservation, drought, etc. ...

    Objects of observation

      Atmospheric air

      in settlements;

      different layers of the atmosphere;

      stationary and mobile sources of pollution.

      Underground and surface water bodies

      fresh and salt water;

      mixing zones;

      regulated water bodies;

      natural reservoirs and watercourses.

      Geological environment

      soil layer;

      Biological monitoring

      plants;

      animals;

      ecosystems;

      Snow monitoring

      Background radiation monitoring.

    The level of pollution of objects of observation

      Background (basic monitoring)

    These are observations of environmental objects in conditionally clean natural zones.

    2. Impact

    Focused on a source of pollution or a separate polluting effect.

    By factors and sources of pollution

    1. Ingredient monitoring

    It is a physical impact on the environment. These are radiation, heat, infrared, noise, vibration, etc.

    2. Ingredient monitoring

    This is the monitoring of an individual pollutant.

    By observation methods

    1. Contact methods

    2. Remote methods.

    By the XXI century, man has achieved a lot: he is surrounded by roads, skyscrapers, cars, functional devices. These things, however, cannot completely alienate people from nature, powerful and rebellious, it will always have an impact on society. A person can only learn to predict her behavior and build his plans in accordance with it. For this purpose, environmental monitoring was specially created.

    What do we know about the word "monitoring"?

    The word "monitoring" originated in Latin, then migrated to English, and later became established in the Russian dictionary. So, monitor means “reminding”, “supervising”, “warning” and is interpreted as a whole complex of regular observations, assessments and forecasts of an object, in order to control and, if possible, optimize the processes taking place with its participation.

    And what is environmental monitoring?

    If we are talking about environmental monitoring (hereinafter referred to as MOS), then it is clear that the object of research in this case will be nature and its state, as well as changes that occur in it both naturally and as a response to human activity.

    Where did this concept come from?

    Officially, what is environmental monitoring, it was decided in 1971 at a UNESCO meeting before the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference, which was precisely devoted to this issue. It was then that the term was first used.

    However, in the world, professional tracking of fluctuations in climate, weather, its phenomena was carried out long before that - about a hundred and a half years. These include the well-known meteorology, seismology and other types of observations and measurements. In our time, the range of research is rapidly expanding, the number of measured parameters is growing, and a network of special stations is developing. At the same time, there is an assertion by those involved in environmental monitoring that these activities, along the way, complicate problematic issues that require immediate resolution.

    Monitoring one or several of them?

    Monitoring can be very diverse; to create a complete picture of a given subject, it will be useful to get acquainted with its various types.

    Based on the goals and objects, they distinguish sanitary-hygienic, environmental and climatic monitoring.

    1. The sanitary and hygienic one is primarily concerned with monitoring environmental pollution and comparing its quality with the hygienic standards of MPC (maximum permissible concentrations) identified for the protection, health and protection of a favorable living environment of the population.

    2. Environmental monitoring plays an important role in the global environmental monitoring system. It focuses primarily on renewable resources and analyzes the anthropogenic impact on ecosystems and their response to human stimuli. This is the main purpose of this type of monitoring. The task is to study the typical, most common response effects not of individual organisms, but of their communities (ecosystems).

    This type of monitoring includes the following types of control:

    For atmospheric air. It is characterized by the fact that a complex of program observations is aimed at accumulating data for their subsequent assessment and use as a basis for predicting possible changes in the future.

    Behind the hydrosphere. Its peculiarity is that it monitors the state of affairs in waters of different levels, we are talking about surface and underground.

    For the lands (soils). Observations are carried out over the state of land cover and soil composition, in accordance with which decisions are made on measures to protect the land from the negative impact of external factors.

    For radiation. Accordingly, the status and conditions of the radiation background are assessed.

    3. Climate monitoring is an environmental service that, as usual, is engaged in monitoring and forecasting changes and climate fluctuations. It looks like an ecological one, but the subject of its jurisdiction is not within the entire biosphere, but only in that part that affects the formation of the climate. As you know, these are the atmosphere, surface waters, snow masses, etc. Climate monitoring is closely related to hydrometeorological observations.

    Other classifications of monitoring can also be cited.

    So, depending on the scale, there are:

    • Biosphere, it is also global. It monitors general global processes in the biosphere of the planet in order to predict and warn of emerging emergencies and extreme threats.
    • Impact. Works at a smaller scale - local points (district or even an enterprise). Informs about anthropogenic influences (industrial facilities or individual sources) and emergency situations (in the event of disasters, accidents, disasters, epidemics).
    • Biological. Narrowly focused observation of biological resources - plants and animals. Bioindicators are used for these measures. Research is carried out on the territories of reserves or in other nature protection zones.

    Environmental monitoring

    A prerequisite for high-quality management of environmental properties is the correct organization of the monitoring system.

    The MOS system includes four main blocks:

    1. Observation (this means obtaining data on the general state of objects under observation). They are carried out at regular intervals, at clearly defined intervals, which is very important to get a complete and clear picture. Observations can be made both by individual stations (pointwise), and by their whole network. In order to separate anthropogenic and natural (natural) modifications from each other, it is necessary to store data for past years for comparison with previous indicators. This will make it possible to more accurately calculate the intensity of processes and predict their consequences.
    2. Assessment of the present state. The information obtained from the previous stage is analyzed by specialists who are able to determine with high accuracy the degree of deterioration or, conversely, the well-being of the state of the object, to establish the reasons for this, to outline trends in the subsequent variation of its state.
    3. Condition forecast. At this stage, not only the future is assumed, but also attempts are made to support the hypotheses with certain evidence (calculations, indicators, etc.).
    4. Assessment of the forecast. The results are evaluated again and then conveyed to the audience in one format or another.

    GEMS

    The authorities responsible for the country are most concerned about the state of the environment, they are the ones who organize activities for the study and protection of nature in order to provide citizens with comfortable living conditions. Such activity in government structures is usually called state environmental monitoring (GEMOS).

    Legal regulation of GEMS

    Being extremely important, this activity of the state is fully regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. This area is devoted to such legal acts as the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", the Water and Forest Codes, the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" and a number of others.

    In addition, all natural resource and other normative legal acts have regulatory articles on MOS. For example, the sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies carry out their work on social and hygienic monitoring, on the basis of the Regulation on such monitoring.

    Who carries out environmental monitoring in Russia

    The legislator has exhaustively established the entities that organize and carry out environmental monitoring of the environment in Russia. First of all, the entire system of authorized bodies is headed by the Government of the Russian Federation. Its structure includes the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and their subordinate federal environmental monitoring services and agencies competent in the area under consideration. For example, these include: the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography; The center for environmental monitoring and hydrometeorology is the Federal Service of the Russian Federation of the same name, including Rybnadzor, as well as other government authorities.

    What is environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation

    At the state level, GEMS is designated, firstly, as an integrated system for monitoring the natural environment and its state, assessing and predicting its changes under the influence of factors of natural and anthropogenic properties. And secondly, as environmental monitoring carried out by federal government bodies and the authorities of the subjects.

    From the history

    The activities on GEMS began in the 30s back in the USSR. Then, in connection with the problem of water consumption, research and control of surface and underground water bodies were relevant.

    In the 50s, the first tests of nuclear weapons were carried out, so it became necessary to identify and organize the fight against radiation pollution of the natural environment.

    The year 1972 was marked by the creation of a number of special organizations, departments and services performing similar functions of environmental monitoring, therefore, their preservation in the renewed Russia was considered inappropriate. Therefore, in 1993, the Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring of Russia (EGSEM) was created, and ensuring the safety and protection of the environment was set as the main goal. The tasks were observation, storage and processing of information about the status of the environment, as well as research and comprehensive analysis of the identified data and subsequent informing of citizens and stakeholders in this area. However, this attempt turned out to be weak, the environmental monitoring system survived only until 2003. Since her concept stopped in development, and the goal was not achieved. To date, there is a new decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on the organization and implementation of GEMS.

    Environmental monitoring functions in the Russian Federation

    Among the large number of them, the main ones can be distinguished:

    • Monitoring the state of the environment in the locations of the factors of anthropogenic influence.
    • Analysis, assessment and identification of trends in modifications of the state of the natural environment under the influence of both biological and anthropogenic phenomena.
    • Providing the needs of the state as a whole, its officials, organizations and citizens with full, competent, reliable information about the state of the natural environment. This is important because it is necessary to prevent or reduce the negative consequences of adverse changes.

    Features of the organization of GEMS in the Russian Federation

    A certain Soviet tempering in Russia led to the construction of a GEMOS, the activities of which are strictly regulated. In our country, the GOSTs (state standards), SanPiNs (sanitary norms and rules), RD (governing documents) and OND (all-Union normative documents), adopted in the days of the USSR, are in force. State ecological monitoring of the environment is carried out with the help of special observation stations connected into a network and information resources of the state data fund (hereinafter - GFD). The named elements are parts of the USEM.

    State data fund

    For the implementation of better and more mobile monitoring, the GFD is of great importance. It must be said that until 2013, many competent authorities carried out environmental control in the country. As a result, the research data was isolated separately at the locations of ministries, services and departments, and their interchange is difficult.

    The salvation was the creation of such a valuable resource as a foundation. This is a unified information system where all the data obtained during the monitoring is collected, which, of course, solved the above problem.

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