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Step-by-step installation two pitched roof- home master's guide

Professionals consider the gable system the simplest and most affordable, this is partly true, but for home master self-assembly roofs of any configuration can be a problem. Therefore, further we will analyze step by step all the stages of the construction of a gable structure, starting with professional terminology and ending with the arrangement roofing cake.

Basic concepts and subtleties

Before going to the store for material and trying to do something with your own hands, it will be useful to understand what exactly you want, because gable systems are of several types. And in order to compose an elementary project, you need to know the basic principles and terminology.

What and how is it called

• Mauerlat is a bar that serves as a support for rafter legs and is mounted along the perimeter of the external load-bearing wall. The minimum section of such a bar is 100x100 mm. It can be monolithic or type-setting, that is, it consists of 2 bars of a smaller section;
• Rafter leg- this is an inclined beam with the lower side resting on the Mauerlat, and the upper connection of such beams forms a ridge, in a gable system there are 2. The minimum thickness of the rafter leg is 50 mm. The width of the beams can be from 150 mm and more;
• Farm- the connection of two rafter legs (triangle), called a truss. The number of trusses depends on the length of the structure, the minimum pitch of the trusses is 600 mm, the maximum is 1200 mm. The choice of step depends on the weight of the roofing cake, as well as on what is the snow and wind load in the area;
• Ridge- the upper line of the connection of the rafter legs and two planes of the roof, it is also called the ridge run;
• Filly- overhangs from the edge of the rafter leg to the outer load-bearing wall. A frontal board is stuffed on the front side of the overhang, which often serves as a support for the installation of roof drain gutters;

• Racks- vertical supports that take up a significant part of the weight truss structure... V small houses the rack is placed only in the center, and supports the skate. With significant roof sizes, as well as in houses with a residential attic, intermediate racks are mounted;
• Braces- small beams that are mounted at an angle and provide additional stability for the trusses;
• Tightening- a horizontal beam, pulling together 2 adjacent rafter legs. It can also be called a fight or a crossbar;
• Sill- this is to some extent an analogue of the Mauerlat, only here the beam is mounted on top of an internal load-bearing wall or several internal walls;

• Lathing- boards stuffed on top, perpendicular to the rafters. The lathing can be solid and with gaps, it all depends on the weight and device of the roofing cake;
• Run- an analogue of a ridge bar, but ordinary purlins are mounted over the entire plane of the roof, they strengthen the trusses and serve as additional support for the rafter legs.

Types of gable structures

Illustrations	Explanations
	Symmetrical system. The symmetrical rafter system is considered the most reliable and easiest to install. The loads are evenly distributed here, so the thickness of the roofing cake does not play a big role.
	Asymmetric system. Asymmetry is good not only for its original appearance, it is easier to equip a living space under such a roof. But, at the same time, much more calculations will be required, because the loads on the base and the roofing cake are very different.
	Broken roof. Formally, there are already more than 2 slopes in such a roof, but the installation procedure for broken and classic structures is similar. Therefore, they are united in one direction.

What is the difference between layered and hanging systems

If the distance between the outer walls does not exceed 10 m, and there is no main wall inside the house, then hanging rafters are installed. They lean on the Mauerlat and pull together at the bottom ceiling beams, plus in some cases additional lateral tightenings are mounted.

Installation of layered rafters can be carried out only if there are capital walls inside the house. In this case, the dimensions of the structure do not have of great importance... The overhead system is much more practical and durable, because the partition takes on a significant part of the total load.

A few words about calculations

When calculating any roof, 3 main components are taken into account - these are constant, variable and special loads.

1. Permanent loads include, first of all, the weight of the roofing and the rafter system itself. In unheated attics, this weight often does not exceed 30 kg per 1 m², and if you equip a full-fledged roofing pie with insulation, then here the weight can reach up to 50 kg;

1. The variables include snow and wind loads. To calculate, you need a wind rose and an average rainfall for the region. Here SNiP 2.01.07-85 will help you, according to which in Russia the snow load ranges from 80 to 320 kg / m². Both snow and wind loads are multiplied by a coefficient depending on the angle of inclination of the roof, and this coefficient is constant;

If your gable roof the angle of inclination is equal to or exceeds 60º, the snow load can be ignored, the snow is not kept on such a roof. But the wind pressure is much higher here.

1. TO special loads include natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Fortunately, there are few such places in our country, so they are rarely taken into account in the calculations. Below in the video in this article is given detailed instructions according to the calculation of the roof.

Stages of installation of a gable roof

The entire installation can be divided into a Mauerlat mount, then the rafters, racks and struts are laid, and everything ends with the arrangement of the roofing pie.

How the Mauerlat is mounted

Mounting the Mauerlat, first of all, depends on what material your house is built from. So if the house is brick or made of cinder block, then a couple of layers of roofing material are rolled out over the wall and the Mauerlat bar is screwed on top with anchor bolts or any other studs.

With houses from cellular concrete(foam or aerated concrete) everything is a little more complicated. Neither the anchor bolt nor the stud in such a block will hold, therefore, a reinforced concrete belt is poured around the entire perimeter of the wall, into which iron studs are initially embedded under the Mauerlat mount.

V wooden houses the rafter system is mounted without a Mauerlat at all, or rather, the Mauerlat is played top bar.

Rafter legs in wooden houses are connected to the upper beam (Mauerlat) on a sliding principle, that is, not rigidly. This installation allows the rafters to move when the house shrinks.

We mount a simple truss system

Illustrations	Recommendations
	Mauerlat. In this case, the installation of the Mauerlat was performed on a built-in threaded pin, the pin is locked from above through the washer. Plus, for strength, they drove an anchor bolt.
	Extreme farms. To keep the outer trusses in the desired position, they were bolted in the center and additionally secured with struts and struts. These racks are needed only during the installation of the rafter system, then they are dismantled.
	Connection of rafters with Mauerlat. Stage 1. Vertical racks are installed first on the Mauerlat. They are cut from the same timber as the rafter legs. The extreme racks are fixed with two corners, 8 screws in each, and the middle ones are fixed in the same way, only with 1 corner.
	Stage 2. On the back of the rafter leg, exactly the same rack with a corner is installed. The rafter leg itself is connected to the racks long screws and through studs with a diameter of 12 mm.
	Stage 3. On the extreme farms, in addition to mounting on the Mauerlat, intermediate racks are also installed (they are not subsequently removed).
	Stage 4. A triangle is rigidly attached between the two racks holding the rafter legs on the Mauerlat.
	Ridge run. Stage 1. The ridge bar must run exactly under the connection of all trusses. To secure this beam on the outer farms, 2 puffs were installed, and the beam itself was screwed to the puffs with corners. Bars of this section are usually 6 m long, therefore, if necessary, they are increased. To make the connection strong, we attached the same bars on both sides and pulled all 4 with 12 mm pins.
	Stage 2. For reliability, the connections of the rafter legs were tightened with metal overlays on 6 studs 12 mm, 3 studs in each beam. If there are not enough pads with pins for each truss, then pull off at least the extreme ones, and fix the rest on both sides with plates for self-tapping screws.
	Puffs on extreme farms. On the extreme trusses, the puffs are installed inward, between the rafter legs and are fixed on both sides with metal plates.
	Tightening on intermediate trusses. Two puffs are placed on the intermediate trusses, they are applied on both sides and pulled together with two studs (12 mm) and four self-tapping screws.
	Reference point. In order to set the intermediate trusses in one plane, immediately after the installation of the extreme trusses, a cord is pulled between them and the rest of the trusses are mounted along it.
	Rafter cut. In order for the rafter legs to lean more firmly on the Mauerlat, triangular cutouts are made in them. But such cuts are made only in block houses, in wooden houses there are no cutouts, there the rafters should slide.
	Filly. From the edge of the rafter leg to the wall, there should be a minimum of 30 - 40 cm. In this case, 50 cm was made. A 10 cm tolerance was left for insulation and wall cladding with siding.
	Rafter system- the result. We got a lightweight hanging-type rafter system. We did not put the central pillars, so the attic can be made living. Puffs on medium farms are paired, and on extreme ones, single. A single ridge bar runs at the top of the trusses. Since the system is hanging, the rafter legs are double reinforced.

There is one more important point: in wooden houses, in addition to the sliding fastening of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat, it is advisable to also make the ridge connection movable. The easiest way is to fasten metal plates on both sides of the rafter leg and “sew” these plates with a central pin, as in the photo below.

How a roofing cake works

Roofing pie scheme for everyone pitched roofs is similar, but the editing technology and the sequence of actions may be slightly different. If there are enough funds for a quick arrangement, then the pie is mounted from the bottom up and the entire roof is made in a maximum of a week. But if the house is being built gradually, then they act differently.

With limited financial resources, you can first equip the roof under cold attic, and then (when money and time will appear) insulate everything with your own hands.

To begin with, a vapor barrier is mounted on top of the rafter system. The rolls are rolled out perpendicular to the rafters and cover each other from bottom to top. As the roll is rolled out, the membrane is nailed to the rafters with counter battens (50x50 mm), and on top of these bars the main batten is stuffed.

After the first roll is unrolled and secured, the next roll is rolled on top of it with an overlap of 150 mm. After that, it is also fixed with a counter lattice, on which the lathing is stuffed. It is not worth measuring the overlap of the next roll, there is a line on it for this.

The pitch of the roof lathing can be different, for example, the slats are stuffed with a gap of about half a meter under the metal tile, and if you have ceramic roof tiles, then there you need to focus on the size of the plates.

It is also easy to insulate the roof from the inside. Slabs mineral wool simply inserted from below between the rafters. Further, the insulation is hemmed with another membrane, on which you can already sew fine finishing attic.

If you prefer soft bituminous shingles, then the diagram below is given step-by-step instruction her arrangement.

Output

A gable roof is a good choice for a beginner home craftsman. I tried to highlight the main stages and subtleties of its arrangement. If you still have questions, write in the comments, I will try to help.

If you want to express gratitude, add clarification or objection, ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

Any pitched roof has a ramp system. The selection and calculation of the rafter system must be done taking into account the supports required for it, as well as the type of roof, dimensions and shapes of the structures to be covered. After calculating the rafter system of a gable roof, you can choose right size rafter legs, and also ensure the high strength of the roof.

Types and device of the gable roof rafter system

This system should be selected based on the conditions and the number of supports, as well as the distance between them.

For example, layered types of rafters will rely on the load-bearing walls of structures (from the outside), as well as on additional. supports inside, if suddenly there is more than four and a half meters distance between the main ones. In the lower part, the rafter leg rests on beams that transfer weight between the roof and the wall of the structure. As for the upper end, it is connected with the ridge type of run, as well as with another rafter leg.

The hanging rafter system of a gable roof has a tightening located at the level where the lower support nodes are located, and maybe even higher than them. There are no intermediate supports here. As for the distance between the carriers from the outside, it should be up to six and a half meters. This option refers to a triangular truss, and between them the distance according to the plan is from 1.3 to 1.8 meters.

Coating

Eternit roofing types - fibrous or flat asbestos-cement sheets. They are cheap and easy to install.

Slate refers to slate roof options, they are made from natural materials layered shale. Slate also includes ondulin and euro slate.

Metal coatings are used to cover residential buildings. They will reliably protect against atmospheric influences, are lightweight and easy to install. This includes aluzinc, galvanized and corrugated board.

Roll type refers to a soft roof. It has the property of not allowing moisture to pass through, and is very resistant to negative influences environment... They are also easy to mount. This includes roofing material, bit-polymer material, membrane roofing.

Some people use wood roofing. But very rarely, since they are difficult to install.

Roofing options that transmit light are made of glass, polymer.

We bound

It is the crate that is the base of the roofs. Made from beams or wooden planks... If a wooden, metal, tile roof, a bar is selected, the section of which is:

5 by 5 cm, if the distance between the rafters is 1.1m in the range of one meter).

5 by 6 cm, if the rafter pitch is from 1.2 to 1.3 meters.

6 by 6, if the step is 1.4 or 1.5 meters.

In other cases, the boards can be up to 2.5 cm in thickness.

Log options are used from wood, which are cut literally by one edging. In order to make layered rafters, a cross-section of a round log with a diameter of 12 to 20 cm is more suitable.

How to calculate the table rafter leg?

Between the legs there can be a distance from a meter to one and a half. Their cross section must be determined in accordance with the calculations. For this, the strength and rigidity of structures is recognized. Therefore, you need to find out what is the constant load on the rafter, which includes regular loads and snow, for each running meter.

To carry out calculations, you need to know such data as:

• The step with which the rafter legs are installed
• At what angle is the roof tilted?
• What are the dimensions of the roof

Which parameters will be chosen and, in general, many coefficients, depends on the selected material for the roof and its detailed composition.

It should be borne in mind that there must be a reliable pairing between the girders and the rafter legs. Thanks to this, the walls of the structures will not be destructively ripped apart. If you have wooden structures, they need to be periodically inspected.

Gable roof options are quite common today. But having properly arranged the roof, you will have a solid, beautiful and very durable housing!

You will be able to build a reliable house if you build a high-quality roof for it. To do this, choose good project, calculate how many materials will be needed for the construction of this or that part of the house. Fastening the rafters of your gable roof do it conscientiously.

Do not forget that you will need to make high-quality waterproofing throughout the house and on the roof, insulate your home. Choose the best roofing material you can afford. For each type of roof, the rafters are made in their own way.

There is no need to build as you see fit. There are certain, proven technologies for building houses. Study the instructions, buy the necessary materials and start on your own or with assistants to the construction of your home.

For example, according to the norms, the rafter system is considered reliable when it can withstand a pressure of 200 kg per m2. First, decide what kind of roof you will make over the house, and then study the features of installing rafters for it.

In this article

How to give strength to the rafter system?

Perfect when you've built country cottage with his own hand. You can choose the project of the house and the layout of the rooms as you like. You will personally choose and order high-quality material and take part in all stages of construction, and then the arrangement of your home. In such a house, where every corner is familiar, it will be pleasant to live.

About rafter legs

A large load falls on the rafters - the severity of the roof. They must be of high quality, reliable and well attached.

The layered rafters include the following materials:

• Beds;
• Rafter legs;
• Racks;
• Braces.

Rafter legs are of medium thickness bars. They are installed along the slopes. It is the rafters that keep the roof from deflection in one place or another. The weight of the roofing is also distributed to other parts of the roof.

Structures are made layered when there are too large girders between the posts located vertically. When you are provided with a project, the step between the rafters will already be calculated there. The fastening of rafters on a gable roof should be such that the roof remains strong after installation and serves for a long time. There are struts that support the roof in the same way.

Types of rafters

The rafters are included in the roof frame and can be on their own. characteristics oblique and hanging. Let's take a closer look at each type:

• The layered ones have supports under 2 heels and they are reliable. The fastening of the rafters to the Mauerlat is such that the lower end abuts against the Mauerlat or the upper crown of the frame located on the ceiling. The lower one can rest on another rafter located in the girder. This beam is horizontal and lies under the ridge. In the first case, the rafter system is spacer, in the second, it is non-spacer.
• The hanging rafters rest against one another with their top. And the bottom is located on another beam, which is called a puff. It connects the heels located below the 2 rafter legs. It turns out a triangle, which is called a rafter truss. Due to the tightening, there is no strong stretching of the materials. This means that the load on the walls will only go from top to bottom. This design of rafters is called a spacer. Its advantage is that it does not create additional stress on the walls of the house.

When you purchase beams for rafters, do not be too lazy to drive up to the warehouse. The tree should be mature, not wet, even and chipped, with no signs of mold or a bug. Buy only high-quality material, discard the bad. Then treat the bars with an antiseptic composition so that they do not become moldy or spoiled by insects.

We fix the roof bars

The beds serve as a support for the bars and so the girder is supported. The rafter's legs will rest against the Mauerlat with one of the ends, and with the second against the girders. They are attached to the latter.

The struts are made so that the rafter legs become even more stable.

Make sure that the connections between the parts are strong and secure. Attach parts to each other:

• Insert method;
• Nails;
• Anchor bolts;
• Self-tapping screws are used.

Fastening methods

When you just start roofing, you need to attach the Mauerlat around the perimeter of your walls. What it is? A large bar, it is attached to the load-bearing walls of the house using anchor bolts. Mauerlat is the basis for roof rafters.

Before assembling the truss, you must carefully trim all planks with joists and bars. They are cut obliquely.

At the top, where the base of the Mauerlat is, the rafters need to be fastened end-to-end using screws. Do you want to avoid cracks? Drill a hole slightly smaller than the screw itself.

The most popular wood slings. They are preferred by the overwhelming majority of those under construction. The material is lightweight but durable. He will be able to work with him as experienced builder, and a beginner who decided to build a house on his own.

We install the rafters on the gable roof ourselves

Many people make such a design when the rafter legs hang down. The system is good for both home and sauna. Some work can be done on the ground, and then the bonded material can be lifted to the installation site. There is relatively little lumber for such a structure, which will allow you to save money.

1 triangle of rafters is required, which is made according to precise dimensions and adhering to the rules. The made rafters, which will have well-measured and fastened crossbars with ties, are pulled to the roof. Here they need to be placed in certain places vertically and very evenly. Attach them to the ridge with a Mauerlat.

If the slopes at the roof are longer than 4.5 m, then in order for the system to be stable and more reliable, you need to install the racks in a vertical position. One end of them will support the rafter leg, 2 will rest directly on the beam located on the ceiling.

Do this and it doesn't matter what kind of rafters you installed: layered or hanging. When slopes are added to the structure, it becomes stiffer. Do not forget that the rafters are most often attached to a ridge beam with a Mauerlat. A reliable gable house will come out.

How to avoid additional payments?

Entrust a professional to create a project at home. He will tell you what diameter in the section the beams are needed, the length of the slats and other details. After all, the specialist knows that the roof is supported by the rafter system. It carries the greatest load and needs correct calculations, high-quality building materials.

It is better not to ask advice from such housebuilders as yourself. Yes, they built their house, but how sturdy is it? Not known.

It is best to contact a familiar foreman and ask him good advice... After all, he owns the documentation. There are clear norms for the permissible load per 1 m2, which must be adhered to when building a house. The documentation states what kind of load is given and what material can handle it.

Take a notebook with a pen to the meeting with the foreman and immediately write down his advice. So, you will definitely not forget anything, you will not mix it up. Build as he competently recommends.

For gable roofs, most owners make rafters from wood. Choose the one that has matured. Now handle it carefully so that mold does not start, the bug cannot undermine it.

When assembling the structure, make sure that the angle between the strut with the struts is no more than 45 degrees. Timber beams must be cut obliquely so that the construction truss tilts at an angle of 40 degrees.

The rafters can be attached to each other not only with brackets, but also with corners. Purchase metal corners of a suitable size in order to attach the rafters to the Mauerlat. The latter in any part must be strong and reliable. Parts of the system can be connected together with nails with cutouts, corners with screws, and other devices.

When you build a roof, do not fuss. Everything needs to be done soundly and thoroughly. Even wooden frame houses cost at least 50 years, and log cabins for 100.

Your task is to adhere to technologies, not to make mistakes anywhere, so that the roof does not warp after a year or 5. Consult with craftsmen and experienced comrades who have already made roofs for themselves or to order and are building a roof little by little.

In order for the constructed building to serve for more than one year, it needs both a solid foundation and a strong roofing system that withstands the vicissitudes of the weather. The roof must withstand heavy loads with dignity: heavy snowfalls, sudden gusts of wind, heavy rainfall. The roof rafter system is best suited for this.

Roof trusses and its types

The rafter system is the basis of the roof, which focuses on the supporting elements of the structure and also serves as a frame for different types materials for the roof: insulation, waterproofing, various coatings.

The dimensions and design of the rafters depend on:

• purchased material;
• the size of the building;
• dimensions of the house;
• building material for rafters;
• individual customer preferences;
• roof loads relevant for a particular region.

The rafter system has:

• crate - beams that fit in the perpendicular direction on the rafter legs;
• screeds that absorb tensile forces;
• upright wooden racks;
• mauerlat - a bar, the installation of which is carried out along the wall, the rafters are emphasized on it;
• rafter legs are a kind of wood beams that take on the main load of the roof.

Each of the above factors is very important, since it is necessary to understand which type of rafter system will be optimal for a particular situation.

When it comes to low-rise buildings, then the most common are wood structures. In many cases, three types of trusses are used: hanging rafters, layered rafters and a mixed rafter system.

Characteristic of hanging rafters

Hanging rafters are the most elementary type of rafter systems, their characteristics:

If the roof of the house is of a complex structure, the types of rafters can be alternated. For example, if there are supports or an average main wall, layered rafters are installed, and in the absence of such elements, hanging rafters.

Features of layered rafters

For a layered rafter system, the house must be additionally equipped with a load-bearing wall located in the middle. Distinguish layered rafters on the following grounds:

The design of the combined system is the most complex, since it includes parts of two other types of rafters - hanging and layered. It is used for mansard roofing. The walls of the rooms, which are located on the second floor, are formed by vertical supports, these supports are also intermediate posts for rafter beams.

The part of the rafters that connect one end of the racks functions as a crossbar for the slopes located on the side, and for the upper part of the structure, they are tightening.

At the same time, the horizontal bars perform the following functions: for the upper slopes - the Mauerlat, for the side ones - the ridge bar. To increase the strength of the roof, struts are mounted that connect the side slopes and vertical posts.

Combined system The sling to manufacture is the most difficult and time-consuming, but these disadvantages are fully compensated by an increase in the load-bearing qualities of the roof in the absence of unnecessary supports, especially when there is a need to cover significant spans in the building.

Roof trusses for different roof types

During the construction of a certain building, rafter systems of one kind or another are necessarily used, and the type of roof will completely depend on the project of the future structure.

Gable roof truss

A gable roof is a common roof construction for residential buildings that are no more than three stories high. Preference is given to just such a design due to technical characteristics the inclined shape of the rafter system, and also due to the fact that assembly work are carried out easily and simply.

The structure of the rafter system gable roof includes two rectangular inclined planes. The upper part of the building looks like a triangle from the front side. The main components of the gable roof are the Mauerlat and the rafter legs. In order to properly distribute the load on the rafters and walls, struts, crossbars and racks are mounted, thanks to which you can create a durable, rigid, elementary and easy installation scheme for a structure for a gable roof.

On top of the rafters, you can mount a sparse or solid lathing, and then attach a bituminous coating, tiles or some other type of material to it. The rafters and the sheathing itself are usually made of beams or planks, which are fastened with nails, bolts or metal fittings. Metal profiles can be used as rafters, thereby overlapping significant spans. In this case, you do not need to use extra stands and struts.

The device of the rafter system for a gable roof allows you to evenly distribute all the existing load along the perimeter of the building. The lower ends of the system focus on the Mauerlat. They are fixed with fasteners or metal brackets. By the angle of inclination of the rafter bars, you can determine at what angle the roof slopes will be inclined.

Hip roof rafter system

When arranging a system for a hip roof, installation will be required different types rafters:

• wives (shortened);
• lateral;
• hip main;
• oblique (diagonal elements that form a ramp in the shape of a triangle).

The rafter legs located on the side are made from planks, and they are mounted identically to the details of a traditional pitched roof with a layered or suspended structure. Hip main rafters are layered parts. Planks or bars are used for the handicraftsmen, which are attached not only to the Mauerlat, but also to the diagonal beams.

To install this type of structure, the angle of inclination is accurately calculated, as well as the cross-section of the support beams. The dimensions of the parts also depend on the length of the span.

Observe symmetry when installing diagonal rafter beams, otherwise the roof will deform from a significant load.

Sloped roof rafter system

A sloping roof is a structure with rafters, which consist of several separate elements. Moreover, they should be located at different angles relative to the horizon. And since the lower rafter part is almost vertical, the attic room of the building receives additional space, so that it can be used as a living room. The device of this type of roof is carried out during the construction of a four- or gable structure of rafters.

Professionals need to calculate the four-slope rafter system, but the gable broken roof you can do it yourself, since its installation is very simple. To do this, it is necessary to install a support frame, which should consist of purlins, as well as racks. The horizontal parts are fixed with hanging rafters. But the supports of the broken roof are fixed to the Mauerlat with the shortened legs of the rafters.

"Cuckoo" in the truss farm

The so-called cuckoo on the roof is a small ledge that is located on attic floor... There is a window here for better illumination. attic room... Installation of the "cuckoo" is carried out carefully, while controlling the parameters of the entire structure: the depth of the cut, the angle of inclination and other factors. However, before that, the necessary measurements are made.

The first stage of work begins with the installation of the Mauerlat (a beam with a section of 10x10 cm, which is needed to support the slings). The rafter system acts as a skeleton for roofing material... To give the structure rigidity, spacers are used, which are mounted between the two legs of the rafters.

After the installation of the truss is completed, the crate is laid, the type of which depends on the purchased roof covering. Installation of the lathing is done solid or with a certain step. For it, boards, OSB and plywood sheets are usually used. In addition, the installation of the roofing material must be identical throughout the entire roof.

The main difficulty in installing such a rafter system is the location of the inner corners. Snow can accumulate in these places, which means that the load will increase, which is why they are made solid crate.

Chalet roof truss roof truss

The peculiarity of the device of this design is the removal of visors, as well as overhangs outside the house. In addition, there should be roof rafters and beams extending up to three meters along the sides of the building. Each of these elements is fixed with a bracket to the building wall at the bottom. Next, the edges of the beams are tied. They serve as a support for covering the roof of the building.

But creating large overhangs, it is necessary to install the reinforced belt in parallel with the installation of the Mauerlat studs. It is necessary to make anchors to help secure the consoles. In this case, the rafters are perfectly secured with anchors and, moreover, with tie-ins.

To take out the side cornices, a ridge bar is made, after which beams are brought out at the level of the Mauerlat, which should be identical to the length of the ridge. The truss is based on these structural details, and in the future - the building material for the roof.

When designing a building, the angle of the roof-chalet is calculated based on the characteristics of the local climate and other factors. With a slope angle of about 45 °, the load from the snow is not taken into account, since with this option it will not linger on the roof. At the same time, the sloping roof will withstand the load from the snow, however, it is necessary to install a reinforced truss truss. Before installing the chalet roof, a building project is being prepared, because the originality of the roof itself, as well as long cornices and its overhangs, oblige this.

Roof truss designed for a soft roof

A soft roof is made in various ways, however, there are technological methods for its construction. General characteristics... Initially, you need to prepare. When equipping a roof for a house made of foam concrete or other material, a Mauerlat is first installed, then a cut is made in the upper rims of the building under the ceiling beams in increments of up to one meter. The distance between the boards is calculated based on the type of rafter structure.

1. Separate parts of the rafter system are mounted. To completely eliminate the risk, the boards of the rafter legs are attached to the ground with screws. After creating the truss, it is lifted to the top of the building.
2. All elements of the rafters are fixed with ceiling overlap, internal boards, jibs, as well as crossbars. Further, this base for the roof will become a single whole structure.
3. The next stage is the crate, which is installed under the soft roof with little or no gaps. Gaps of no more than 1 cm are allowed. Quite often, leveling plywood is installed on top of the boards. Her sheets are laid according to the method brickwork... The resulting joints are not aligned with the gaps between the plywood and the board.

If the length of the crate boards is not enough, then the joints of the parts must be located in different places. In this way, you can correctly distribute the areas that have been weakened.

Self-made rafter system

Before the installation of the rafter system is started, the Mauerlat must be fixed to the longitudinal walls with anchors. Next, you need to decide on the desired section of the legs for the rafters, depending on the distance and their length. If there is a need to increase the length of the rafters, then connect them with various fasteners.

When using different insulation, you need to choose the ideal distance between the rafter elements in order to reduce the amount of insulation scraps.

Installation of the rafter system must be done in the following order:

1. A template is made according to which the farm is assembled. 2 boards are taken, corresponding to the length of the rafters, and connected to each other from one edge only with a nail.

   
   A rafter template called "scissors" will help you quickly assemble the entire roof truss system

2. The result is a structure called "scissors". Its free edges are placed on supports at the contact points of the rafter legs. As a result, the final angle should be obtained, that is, the angle at which the roof slope will be inclined. It is fixed with several long nails and transverse planks.
3. A second template is made, thanks to which the cuts are installed on the rafters. It is made of plywood.
4. On the rafters, special assembly cuts are cut out (a prepared template is used for this purpose) and they are connected at an angle of inclination of the slope. You should get a triangle going up the stairs to the roof. Next, it must be attached to the Mauerlat.
5. Initially, two side gable rafters are mounted. Their correct installation in the vertical and horizontal plane is due to temporary struts attached to the rafters.

   
   For the correct installation of the entire rafter system, the first pair of rafters is installed on the roof

6. A cord is pulled between these tops of the rafters. It will indicate the future ridge and the level of other rafters located in the gap.
7. Raise and mount the remaining rafters at the initially calculated distance, which should be at least 60 cm from each other.
8. If a bulky rafter structure is provided, then it is additionally reinforced with struts, supports, and so on.

   
   The bulky structure of the rafters is additionally reinforced with struts and supports

9. A ridge bar is installed on special supports, to which not only short, but also diagonal and intermediate rafter elements are attached.

   
   Correct fastening of the ridge bar ensures the reliability of the entire rafter system

Typical nodes of a standard rafter system

The structural strength of the rafters depends on the perfectly matched section of the boards, as well as on High Quality truss knots. The connection of parts for the roof structure is done according to the established rules.

The main typical nodes in the rafter system:

• support node of the rafters on the Mauerlat;
• ridge;
• unit for combining the upper puffs and the entire rafter system;
• fastening the brace, rack, as well as rafters and beams.

After the design of the rafter system has been chosen, it is necessary to draw up a plan in which all the nodes are highlighted. In each structure, they are made in different ways, since it depends on different nuances: the type of roof, its size, the angle of inclination.

Rafters from a profile pipe are a metal structure that is assembled using lattice rods. The very production of such farms is a very time consuming process, but also more economical. For the manufacture of rafters, paired material is used, and kerchiefs are connecting elements. The structure of rafters from shaped pipes is assembled on the ground, while riveting or welding is used.

Thanks to such systems, any spans are covered, but the correct calculation must be made. Provided that all welding work will be done with high quality, in the future it remains only to transfer the structural elements to the top of the building and assemble them. Bearing rafters from a profile pipe have many advantages, such as:

Crossbar in the rafter system

The crossbar is a fairly broad concept, but in the case of roofs, it has a certain meaning. The crossbar is a horizontal bar that connects the rafters. Such an element does not allow the roof to "expand". It is made of wood, reinforced concrete, as well as metal - it all depends on the type of structure. And the crossbar serves to distribute the load that the rafter system has.

It can be fixed in various places between the legs of the sling. There is a direct pattern here - if the crossbar is fixed higher, then the timber for its installation must be selected with a large section.

There are many ways to fix the crossbar to the rafter system:

• bolts;
• nuts;
• studs with washers;
• special fasteners;
• nails;
• mixed bindings when applied in parallel different types fasteners.

The mount exists with a tie-in or overhead. In general, the crossbar is a design unit, as well as the entire roof slings system.

Fastening the rafter system

To ensure the reliability of the rafter system, it is necessary to first find out how they are fastened to the supporting roof and ridge. If fastening is made to prevent deformation of the roof during shrinkage of the house, then from above the rafters are fixed with a hinge plate or nut and bolt, and from below - sliding bearing.

Hanging rafters need a tighter and more reliable fastening in the ridge, so in this case you can apply:

• overhead metal or wooden plates;
• cutting method;
• connection with long nails.

In the layered system, the rafter legs are not interconnected, since they are attached to the ridge run.

The rafters are fastened to the Mauerlat by the cutting method, which is done in the rafter leg. Thanks to this method of fastening, the roof support will not weaken. Cutting is also done when installing the rafters on the floor joists. In this case, an incision is made in the support beam.

Video: how to make rafters with your own hands

Thus, a perfectly matched rafter system and their design characteristics will help create the foundation for a reliable roof for your home.

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When building private households, projects of houses with a gable roof are considered the most popular, they can be seen in the photo. The design of such roofs is simpler in comparison with hipped roofs (they are also called hip roofs). To create a gable roof frame, use wooden beams and boards, the low weight of which allows you to build a rafter system with your own hands.

Elements of gable roofs

The gable roof design includes the following elements:

• rafters ... They consist of inclined struts and vertical struts;
• rafter leg ... For its manufacture, boards are needed with a section of 100x150 or 50x150 millimeters. With the help of rafter legs, a triangular contour of a gable roof is formed. The loads resulting from weather conditions and the weight of the roofing are transferred by the rafter legs to the Mauerlat, and that to the load-bearing walls of the structure. When a gable roof of a house is being installed, the step of installing the rafter legs should be at least 60 centimeters, and a maximum of 120 centimeters. The heavier the roof covering, the more often they should be installed;
• struts ... Such an element from a trim board is mounted at a certain angle and thereby transfers the load to the load-bearing elements down from the rafter legs. The rafters, several struts and the tightening are all integral parts of the rafter truss, which withstands loads and transfers them in the presence of wide spans to the walls;
• racks ... They are vertical rafter elements that transfer the load from the roof ridge to the load-bearing internal walls of buildings. They are made from a bar with a section of 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters;
  

  
  

• mauerlat ... This is what they call wooden beam, which is installed and secured to load-bearing walls on threaded rods or on anchors embedded in the surface. it is necessary to transfer loads from the rafter legs to the load-bearing walls. As a material of manufacture, they use a bar made of coniferous sawn timber and having a square section measuring 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters. Mauerlat beams on opposite walls should be parallel so that the dimensions of the rafter legs are of the same length;
• skate ... This horizontally located element is necessary to connect the slopes in their upper part. It is formed by connecting the rafter legs at the highest point when a gable roof is being installed;
• filly ... They are used if the length of the rafter legs is not enough to create an overhang on the roof. are a part of a board that has a smaller section than that of the boards that were used in the manufacture of rafter legs. The installation of a gable roof can be greatly facilitated if you use this element, since then legs are made of shorter length for the rafter structure;
• sill ... It is a horizontally fixed bar with a section of 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters. It is located on an internal load-bearing wall and its function is to distribute the loads from the roof posts after;
• tightening. This is one of the elements of a hanging rafter structure, which with rafter legs forms a geometric figure - a triangle - and thus helps them stay in place, and not disperse to the sides;
• eaves ... It is necessary to protect the walls from getting wet as a result of rainfall, its outer edge should protrude at least 40 centimeters;
  

  
  

• lathing ... The device of a gable roof involves the installation of roofing material, for its installation you need to make a crate. To do this, the bars or slats are attached to the rafter legs perpendicular to their direction. Due to the presence of the lathing, the load from natural phenomena and the own weight of the roof is evenly distributed on the rafter legs. Also, the lathing, which can be solid or sparse, holds the legs of the rafters together. For soft roof, for example, from bituminous tiles, this element is made from sheets of moisture-resistant plywood.

The roof of the house is created using sawn softwood, and so that they do not become unusable during operation due to decay, before building a gable roof, they are first treated with antiseptic compounds.

Roof systems: their types and differences

Rafter systems are of two types: hanging and layered.

Hanging rafters, together with floor beams, are used as puffs to build an attic, when a gable roof of a house is being built with your own hands (read: ""). In addition to the lower tightening, the upper tightening is also required at a distance of at least 50 centimeters from the ridge. Hanging truss systems are created when the distance between two outer walls is no more than 10 meters, and there is no internal load-bearing wall dividing the inner space of the building into two halves.

Inclined rafters are installed when there is a support beam that transfers the weight of the roof from the ridge to the load-bearing wall located in the middle between the outer walls of the house. If instead of the carrier inner wall there are columns, different types of rafters alternate. Layered rafters will rest on the columns, and they will be mounted between the columns.

Installation of gable roof rafters, detailed video:

Features of creating a gable roof

For competent construction, use the drawings of a gable roof and project documentation, in which all its sizes are indicated (in more detail: "").

When the walls of the house are built of logs or beams, the upper beam performs the function of the Mauerlat. But, if the walls of the building are made of bricks, for attaching the Mauerlat to the supporting base before the gable or hipped roof, metal at least 10 mm threaded rods are mounted in the masonry and bolts with washers are used. When performing, an interval of 1-1.5 meters is observed between adjacent fasteners. To avoid wetting the walls, waterproofing is laid from two layers of roofing material.

The types of gable roofs are diverse, but in any case, the slope angle of the slopes on them should be 15-20 degrees in areas with strong winds, and where there is a large amount of precipitation, 35-40 degrees, then snow and water will quickly roll off the roof surface. These nuances must be taken into account even before.

When using layered rafters, first of all, a bed is installed, and supports are mounted on it, on which a ridge bar is placed. Jibs are used to secure the structure. Then the rafter legs are mounted on the ridge beam, while their length should be slightly more than necessary, so that after twisting two rafters together, the protruding ends can be cut off. The use of this technology allows you to significantly speed up the work on the construction of a gable roof.

After the installation of the rafter system is completed, the gables and overhang are sewn up and the installation of the roof covering is started. To purchase material, you need to know how to calculate the area of ​​a gable roof and thus not be mistaken with its quantity. For this, the area of ​​each of the two slopes is determined by multiplying its length (height) by the width (length of the ridge). Note that it is very important to initially calculate correctly.