What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Modern (synthetic)

evolution theory

Teacher Smirnova Z.M.

Modern evolutionary doctrine is a synthesis of genetics, Darwinism and other sciences,

therefore got the name "Synthetic" theory of evolution (STE).

The connection between genetics and evolution in 1926 was established by the Soviet geneticist Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov.

He showed that the first elementary evolutionary processes begin in populations.

S. S. Chetverikov

(1880 – 1959)

Modern evolutionary teaching

In STE, Charles Darwin's principles are taken as a basis, but they are significantly deepened and supplemented.

If according to Ch Darwin the process of evolution is the evolution of individuals, then according to STE:

• the basic elementary unit of evolution is the population;

• a factor that can influence the gene pool of a population - an elementary evolutionary factor .

Modern evolutionary teaching

STE studies micro- and macroevolutionary processes

Macroevolution - evolutionary process leading to formation of superspecific taxa (genders, orders, classes and even types).

The result of macroevolution is the gradual complication and increase in the organization of living things.

Microevolution - evolutionary processes occurring at the population level and leading to the formation of new species.

Microevolutionary process is adaptive .

Microevolution.

Population - an elementary unit of evolution and species

Selection begins within the population, because its individuals have different genotypes and, therefore, different traits and properties.

The collection of genes in a population is called a gene pool.

According to G. Hardy and V. Weinberg, in large populations, where there are no mutations, selection and mixing with other populations, there is a constant frequency of alleles, homo- and heterozygotes, which is expressed by the formula:

p 2 (AA) + 2pq (Aa) + q 2 (aa) = 1

Populations that satisfy these conditions are stable and do not evolve.

Speciation

(microevolution)

All facts that cause deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg law lead to a change in allele frequencies in the population, which entails an evolutionary process.

Changing the frequencies of genes in a population is an elementary evolutionary phenomenon.

Elementary factors of evolution

(processes that change the genetic makeup of the population):

Population waves

Mutational

process

Insulation

Gene drift

or (genetic-automatic processes)

Recombination of genetic material

Factors providing

material for the action of natural selection -

the main guiding factor of evolution

Mutations as a factor in evolution

Mutation process - leads to the transition of a gene from one allelic state to another (A a)

or to a change in a gene (AC) is the direct cause of a change in the frequency of a given gene in a population.

• Most mutations are recessive;
• More than 90% of mutations reduce the survival of homozygotes or lethal;
• Some mutations increase the survival rate of homozygotes or heterozygotes under certain conditions. For example, antibiotic resistant microorganisms (hospital strains).

Mutations as a factor in evolution.

Conclusions:

• The set of alleles resulting from mutations, constitutes the initial elementary evolutionary material.

• In the process of speciation, it is used as the basis of the action of other elementary evolutionary factors.

• The mutation process occurs constantly on throughout the entire period of life.

• Population gene pools experience continuous

pressure of the mutation process.

Evolutionary factors - population

waves (waves of life) -

called periodic fluctuations in the number of organisms in natural populations.

A population that has sharply decreased in number is then restored at the expense of surviving individuals, and since these separately survived individuals cannot be the custodian of the population's gene pool, the population that has recovered in numbers will have a different gene pool, as a result of which the appearance of the population changes.

Evolutionary factors - population waves

Common squirrel ( Sciuris vulgaris ) (solid line) and the yield of spruce seeds ( Picea excelsa ) (dotted line)

1930

1935

1940

At the bottom of the population curve, there is a bottleneck effect. Few individuals pass through it and in the new population the ratio of alleles will be different.

Evolutionary factors - gene drift -

change in the gene frequency of populations as a result of any random causes:

• migrations;
• natural disasters;
• waves of life.

The drift of genes leads to the fact that in a long series of generations the population becomes homozygous, this is how 100% fixation of one of the alleles of the gene occurs and

loss of the rest.

Isolation as a factor in evolution

Isolation - limiting the freedom of crossing (panmixia) of organisms

Insulation forms

Reproductive

(biological)

Geographic

(spatial)

Environmental

Genetic

Seasonal

Ethological

Morphological

Geographic (spatial) isolation

Geographic - spatial separation of populations, leading to the impossibility or difficulty of crossing between them, due to the peculiarities of the landscape within the species range - the presence of water barriers for "land" organisms, land areas for species-hydrobionts.

For example, the various species of finches that inhabit the Galapagos Islands.

Galapagos

finches

Kidneys / fruits

Leaves

Seeds

Insects

Larvae

Uses a thorn

Reproductive

(biological) isolation -

occurs due to intraspecific differences organisms and has several forms:

• Environmental - associated with the habitation of populations in different biotopes ;
• Genetic - determined by the death of zygotes after fertilization, sterility of hybrids or their reduced viability;
• Seasonal - reproduce at different times;
• Morphological - different structure of the copulatory organs;
• Morphological - different structure of copulatory organs.

Natural selection is the main driving force behind evolution

Elementary factors of evolution are characterized by

not focus since they introduce random changes in the ratio of allele frequencies in populations. Those. elementary factors create the material for the action of natural selection. Selection picks up mutations that accidentally arise that are beneficial for the given environmental conditions and saturates the gene pool with them, while harmful mutations are eliminated.

This is the guiding role of selection in evolution.

Natural selection is the only creative factor in evolution, directing random hereditary changes along the path of the formation of adaptations (adaptations).

Speciation - the final stage of microevolution

Speciation is the process of the emergence of new species on the basis of hereditary variability under the influence of natural selection.

In the process of speciation, the transformation of genetically open intraspecific systems (populations) occurs

into genetically closed systems (new species).

The main methods of speciation

Sympatric (ecological)

Allopatric (geographic) speciation

Allopatric (geographic) speciation is based on spatial isolation. Occurs when a new species emerges from populations that are geographically dispersed.

Once again meeting on the same territory, the species do not interbreed.

the formation of a new species as a result of the development of a new habitat by the population within the range of this species or as a result of differences in the way of life.

Mechanisms:

• Separation of ecological niches
• Separation of ecological niches (temporal, spatial);

• Genetic
• Genetic - polyploidy (instant speciation) or interspecific hybridization in plants.

Sympatric (ecological) speciation -

Sympatric speciation is associated with ecological (eg food) specialization.

It is believed that five species of tits were formed in this way: according to the choice of feeding places, according to the composition of the feed they eat.

Blue tit

Moskovka

Great tit

Crested tit

Gaichka

Food: Small Butterflies, seeds Large Insects; Seeds

insects; wood. plants; insects; conifers;

A place End branches of trees; Branches and trunks Bark, buds Terminal

feeding: park trees; trees; branches

Sympatric speciation -

often associated with genomic and chromosomal mutations and, as a result, with genetic isolation. For example, many plant species have arisen from the original forms by polyploidy.

Haploid Diploid

Triploid Tetraploid

Teosinte plant -

descendant of the wild ancestor of corn

Crop corn

The nature of the evolutionary process

Parallel development - when exposed to similar conditions closely related organisms they develop independently similar traits.

Divergence - discrepancy process in related organisms, observable when conditions of existence change

Convergence - development process in a similar direction unrelated groups, living in similar environmental conditions

Analogues:

different origins;

one function

Homologues:

one origin;

different functions

One origin;

one function

Related species

Unrelated species

Related species

Divergence

Charles Darwin's doctrine of divergence is based on the principle of monophilia, according to which all species belonging to the same genus are descendants of one original species and genera of the same family descended from a common stem.

The only illustration for Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species ... (1859): a diagram of the divergence of species.

Divergence

The most divergent forms have greater opportunities to leave offspring and survive due to less competition among themselves. Intermediate forms die out most often.

Brown

White

Panda

Grizzly

Convergence

As a result of convergence, organs that perform the same function in different organisms acquire a similar structure.

For example, in the swimming fossils of reptiles ichthyosaurs and in mammals, dolphins, the shape of the body and forelimbs in the process of evolution acquired a convergent resemblance to the shape of the body and fins of fish.

Dolphin

ichthyosaur

shark

Parallelism

By means of parallelism, various pinnipeds (walruses, eared and real seals) developed adaptations to the aquatic lifestyle.

It is believed that the group is polyphyletic: walruses and sea lions descended from bears, and seals from weasels.

Pinnipeds: 1 - sea hare;

2 - tevyak;

3 - common seal;

4 - ringed seal;

5 - white-bellied seal;

6 - lionfish;

7 - hooded (male);

8 - hooded (female);

9 - Weddell seal;

10 - crabeater seal;

11 - leopard seal;

12 - southern sea lion;

13 - sea lion;

14 - walrus; 15 - elephant seal.

Macroevolution -

an evolutionary process leading to the formation of taxa of a supraspecific rank (genera, orders, classes, etc.).

It is carried out on the basis of microevolutionary processes.

The subject of the study of macroevolution is interspecific relations as a factor of natural selection, the conditions for the emergence, ways and patterns of the historical development of systematic groups of the supraspecific level (genera, families, orders, etc.).

Quillfish -

coelacanth

Main directions and ways of evolution

A.N. Severtsov and I.I. Schmalhausen developed the doctrine of the main directions of evolution - biological progress and regression and the ways of their implementation - aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration

Directions of the evolutionary process

Biological regression

Biological progress

• characterized by a decrease

level of adaptability to

living conditions, in

resulting in:

• the number is decreasing

individuals of the species;

• its area is shrinking;
• the number decreases and

the diversity of its populations.

Biological regression leads to the extinction of the species.

• characterized by an increase

fitness of organisms

to the environment,

as a result:

• the number of

individuals of the species;

• its area is expanding;
• new populations are formed,

views.

Ways to achieve biological progress

Arogenesis -

characterized by the emergence of aromorphoses - the complication of the structure and functions of the organism, increasing the general level of organization and expanding the habitat of this group of organisms. Aromorphoses. increasing the vital activity of organisms, cause their relative independence from environmental conditions.

Allogenesis -

way of development without raising the general level of the organization. associated with the emergence of idioadaptations - private adaptations to certain environmental conditions.

Catagenesis -

Zenkina Victoria Gennadievna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor

Lecture plan

1. Definition of the concept of "evolution". The essence of creationism and transformism 2.The theory of evolution by J. B. Lamarck

3. Evolutionary factors according to Charles Darwin

4. SSTE (modern synthetic theory of evolution)

5. The concept of macro - and microevolution

6. Biological species. Population structure of the species. Ideal population

7. The teachings of A.N. Severtsov on morphophysiological progress - the main direction of the evolutionary process.

8. Biogenetic law and the teaching of A.N. Severtsova on phylembryogenesis

9.Population structure of humanity. Demos and isolates. The influence of the mutation process, migration, isolation, gene drift, selection on the human population

10. Genetic polymorphism. Genetic aspects of disease susceptibility

Evolutionary doctrine

the science of the historical development of groups of organisms related in origin, i.e. evolution (from lat. deployment)

for the first time the term “evolution” was used in biology by the Swiss naturalist and philosopher C. Bonnet in 1762

evolution is an irreversible process that occurs in time, as a result of which there is something new, heterogeneous at a new stage of development

Creationist concept

The emergence of the living as a result of the act of creation, the constancy and immutability of everything that exists (K. Liney, J. Cuvier)

Heraclitus, Empedocles, Democritus and Lucretius (BC)

During the Middle Ages, the dominance of theistic views

During the Renaissance - an increase in interest in the natural sciences, including biology. But ideas about the lowlands of wildlife dominated

In the XV-XVIII centuries. - rapid development of production and various

areas of science a number of discoveries that contributed to the rapid progress of evolutionary theory (the invention of the microscope - the cellular structure of all organisms, indicating the unity of their origin)

The theory of transformism

transform - transform, transform

The theory was based on the variability of living organisms in the course of their historical existence.

Transformism is a materialistic concept of evolution that rejects the idea of ​​a deity

Life arose from the smallest corpuscles, as a result of the transformation of the first living beings and the emergence of more perfect organisms

R. Hooke, E. Darwin, D. Diderot, J. Buffon, E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. Goethe, A. A. Kaverznev and

C.F.Roulier

The main provisions of Lamarck's theory:

1. Species variability- all nature consists of a continuous series of individuals, species do not really exist, but they can change. New species arise from the smooth transformation of old forms.

2. Graduation principle- the possibility of arranging living bodies on the steps, depending on the degree of complexity of their organization

Evolution factors according to Lamarck:

Internal desire of organisms for self-improvement

Active influence of environmental factors

Lamarck's laws of evolution

I. In every animal, frequent and longer use of organs leads to their increase, non-use - to a decrease or disappearance

II. Everything that is acquired under the influence of external conditions, as a result of exercise or lost due to disuse, is inherited by descendants

Thus, the key point of Lamarck's theory was the inheritance of acquired traits.

Lamarck correctly considered evolution as a progressive process of increasing the complexity of an organization, which has an adaptive nature.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

"The origin of species by natural selection":ideas about the variability of organisms

Darwin identified two main forms of variability - definite (group) and indefinite (individual)

gene drift and founder principleare the reasons for the formation of neutral signs;

a species is a system of populations reproductively isolated from populations of other species, and each species is ecologically isolated;

speciation consists in the emergence of genetic isolating mechanisms and is carried out mainly in conditions of geographical isolation

The hierarchical system of the living. Selection. Energy search engine optimization process. Microevolution. Reconstruction of the mechanism of biological evolution according to Charles Darwin. Random search mechanisms. On the relationship of the theory of evolution. Live nature. Elementons. Minimizing the criterion is equivalent to maximizing. Interpretation of functioning. Regulatory mechanism of population evolution. Bioobjects. Continuous pursuit of core components.

"Development of evolutionary ideas" - K. Linnaeus. Pre-Darwinian period. Ancient scientists. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. J. Buffon. J. B. Lamarck. Steps of evolutionary ideas. Plant classification scheme according to Linnaeus. Ladder of creatures according to Lamarck. Biological evolution. Stage of evolutionary views. Scheme of classification of animals according to K. Linnaeus. The stage of evolutionary ideas. Ladder of beings according to Aristotle. Evolutionary biology.

"Theories of the evolution of the organic world" - Human development. The law of embryonic similarity. Comparison of flora and fauna. Family tree of anthropoids and hominids. Geochronological scale. The evolution of the organic world. Mesozoic era. Atavisms. Relics. Phylogenetic series. The theory of spontaneous generation. The limbs of mammals. Fundamental differences. Coelacanth. Palaeozoic. The process of the creation of the world. Tuatara. Homology of organs. Cenozoic era.

"History of Evolutionary Doctrine" - What are the Species Criteria. Macroevolution. Struggle for existence. Individuals most adapted to these conditions. Definition of the population. The history of evolutionary doctrine. Object of study. Scientific prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin's theory. In reality, the species exists in the form of populations. The significance of the works of the English geologist C. Lyell. Definition. Irreversibility of evolution. Evolution of large systematic groups.

"A History of Evolutionary Ideas" - Biogeographic Evidence. Biogenetic Law of Haeckel-Müller. 7 - 8 lectures on the theory of evolution. Population-specific level of life organization. Evidence for Evolution: In the 19th Century. Clinton Richard Dawkins. The current state of the theory of evolution. Struggle between creationists and transformists. Alfred Russell Wallace. Morphological evidence for evolution. Darwin (Galapagos) finches. Charles Robert Darwin.

"Modern concepts of evolution" - Stabilizing selection. Life. Highly organized forms. Fight between different species. Disruptive (cut-off) selection. Evolution concepts. Aristotle. Survival process. Group adaptation. Lamarck. Evolution. Macroevolution and microevolution. Traditional biology. Aromorphosis. Key points. Struggle for existence. Factors and driving forces of evolution. Synthetic theory of evolution. The principle of Darwin's theory.

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Slide captions:

Modern doctrine of evolution

Lesson objectives: To form knowledge about the development of the doctrine of evolution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; To form the ability to analyze and evaluate the contribution of various fields of biology to the creation of a synthetic theory of evolution, to characterize the modern theory

Problem What achievements of biology can serve as the basis for the modern theory of evolution?

Wilhelm Ludwig Johansen Coined the term "population" in 1903

A.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky In 1910 he defines the concept of "subspecies"

Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov In 1926 he published an article “On some aspects of the evolutionary process from the point of view of modern genetics”, the data of genetics should be the basis of the theory of variability and become the key to understanding the evolutionary process. Chetverikov proved that mutations in natural animal populations do not disappear, they can accumulate in a latent (heterozygous) state and provide material for variability and natural selection. Thus, he was able to connect the evolutionary teachings of Darwin and the laws of heredity established by genetics.

Ronald Fisher John Haldane Julian Huxley Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Dubinin Nikolai Petrovich

Modern theory of evolution developed thanks to Darwinism, genetics, taxonomy, cytology, morphology, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, ecology Based on the population idea

George Simpson First used the expression "synthetic theory of evolution" in a precise application to this theory in 1949.

The population is considered to be the elementary unit of evolution of the STE position; the material for evolution is mutational and recombination variability; natural selection is considered as the main reason for the development of adaptations, speciation and the origin of supraspecific taxa; gene drift is the cause of the formation of neutral traits; a species is a system of populations reproductively isolated from populations of other species, and each species is ecologically isolated; speciation consists in the emergence of genetic isolating mechanisms and is carried out mainly in conditions of geographical isolation.

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Technological map for studying the topic "Fundamentals of the doctrine of evolution" (methodical development of lessons) for the course "Biology. Introduction to general biology and ecology" for grade 9. V.V. Pasechnik's line

Technological map for studying the topic "Fundamentals of the doctrine of evolution" in the course of biology for grade 9. (Methodical development of lessons). Textbook "Biology. Introduction to General Biology and Ecology "for 9kl ....

synthetic theory of evolution
Synthetic theory of evolution (STE) -
modern evolutionary theory,
which is a synthesis of various
disciplines, primarily genetics and
Darwinism and relies on
paleontology, taxonomy,
molecular biology.
All supporters of the synthetic theory
recognize participation in the evolution of three
factors:
Mutational
Recombination
Breeding
Generating new
gene variants
Defining
correspondence
given conditions
a habitat
The creator
new phenotypes
individuals

Speciation is a qualitative stage in the evolutionary process.