What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him) said: “The worst vessel that can be filled by a person is his stomach. Eat enough to maintain strength. If this is too little, then: one third [of the stomach] is for food, one third is for drinking and one third is for breathing. "

Exception is possible in some cases. For example, when a person is visiting another. Once Abu Hurayrah, being next to the Prophet, drank a lot of milk and exclaimed: "There is no more place [to drink more]!" The Companions of the Prophet at times ate their fill in his presence and he (may the Most High bless him and greet him) did not reproach them.

Scientists said: "The worst thing for the stomach is eating on top of that which has not yet been digested."

Constant overeating is extremely detrimental to both the soul of a person and his body. People who tolerate this kind of excess are passive, lazy and more prone to sins and misdeeds.

An interesting addition to the topic. Once an unbeliever came to visit the Prophet Muhammad. The Messenger of God ordered the household to milk the goat. The guest drank the milk he had milked and was not satisfied. They milked another one, but again he was not satisfied. And so it went on until this man drank as much milk as they drank from seven goats. The guest spent the night and in the morning [to the surprise of many] became a believer [radically changed and transformed]. For breakfast they brought him milk, milked from one goat. He drank. Then they brought in more, but the guest could not finish. [Everyone was amazed, but] The Prophet explained: "The believer (mu'min) eats for one person, and the unbeliever eats for seven."

Proper nutrition is a guarantee of health, strength and beauty of a person. However, many of us are prone to bad habits and are frivolous about nutrition, not understanding the enormous importance of this factor in human existence. Some believe that rational nutrition is determined only by the amount of food, others simply rely on their appetite, forgetting that food is not only a source of energy, but also the most important building material for the formation of complex structures of the body.

The lifestyle of most of our contemporaries is characterized by high neuropsychiatric stress combined with low physical activity. That is why excess high-calorie nutrition can cause irreparable harm to the body, leading to metabolic disorders, the development of atherosclerosis and other "diseases of the century."

Rational nutrition is a timely supply of the body with food containing vital nutrients in optimal quantities, taking into account the nature of a person's work and his individual characteristics: age, sex, height, weight, etc.

Eating food at a strictly defined time is very important because a conditioned reflex is developed in the activity of the digestive glands of the stomach. Food, getting into the stomach, already "prepared" for its digestion, is much better absorbed. If a person does not eat on time, then the secreted gastric juice, being in an empty stomach, adversely affects his mucous membrane.

In the development of many diseases, including gastrointestinal, not the last role belongs to eating disorders.

It is especially harmful to eat a lot at night. An overflowing stomach presses on the diaphragm, disrupting the function of breathing and the work of the heart.

Based on experimental studies and long-term observations of doctors, three or four meals a day are recommended. The amount of food and the choice of dishes for each meal depend on the age, nature of work, and also on what time of day the person works. If the work takes place in the first half of the day, then the calorie content of food is distributed as follows: first breakfast - 25-30%; second breakfast - 10-15%; lunch - 40–45%; dinner - 25-10%.

For various reasons, most people only eat three meals a day. In any case, you need to distribute food, following the rule: a hearty breakfast, a hearty lunch and a light dinner. It is not recommended to eat spicy meat dishes at night, drink coffee, cocoa, strong tea, etc. Before going to bed, it is useful to drink a glass of kefir.

Nature has given man the ability to naturally control food. This is expressed by a feeling of fullness and fullness in the stomach. But you should never eat until obvious oversaturation, in which there is a feeling of heaviness "in the stomach."

Obesity

One of the most common consequences of poor nutrition is obesity. Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in developed countries.

What is obesity?

Obesity is the excess accumulation of body fat. It can manifest itself as an independent disease or a syndrome that develops in some diseases. In the latter case, with the cure or compensation of the underlying disease, obesity is also eliminated.

Obese people are susceptible to a variety of severe ailments. It is known that hypertension develops in obese patients 2-3 times more often, and coronary heart disease, angina pectoris - 3-4 times more often than in people with normal body weight. Almost all diseases, including influenza, acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, are more severe in obese patients, require longer treatment and are more often accompanied by complications.

How to tell if you are obese?

With the help of special devices, you can accurately measure the amount of fat in the body. Typically, the percentage of body fat is taken as an indicator.

One of the methods for assessing the amount of fat was developed by the American doctors R. Schmidt and G. Tevs in 1895. With the help of an instrument called a caliper, the thickness of skin folds in four anatomical regions of the body is measured. The data is then processed and the percentage of body fat is obtained.

After determining the amount of body fat, you can use the tables to find out if you are obese.

What is the main cause of obesity?

The main cause of obesity in both adults and children is overeating. Chronic overeating leads to disturbances in the work of the appetite center in the brain, and a normal amount of food eaten can no longer suppress hunger to the required degree. Excessive, excess food is utilized by the body and stored "in reserve" in the fat depot, which leads to an increase in the amount of fat in the body, that is, to the development of obesity. However, there are a lot of reasons forcing a person to overeat. For example, intense excitement can reduce the sensitivity of the saturation center in the brain, and a person begins to eat more food unnoticed. A similar situation can be the result of a number of psycho-emotional factors, such as feelings of loneliness, anxiety, melancholy; this is also susceptible to people suffering from neurosis such as neurasthenia. In such cases, food seems to replace positive emotions. Many people eat heavily before bed while watching TV, which also contributes to the development of obesity.

In addition, in the development of a tendency to overeat and, as a consequence of this, obesity, the appearance and smell of food is extremely important: beautifully cooked, in one of its appearance, appetite-causing, aromatic food makes a person, overcoming the feeling of satiety, continue to eat.

Age is essential in the development of obesity, which is why they even distinguish a special type of obesity - age-related. This type of obesity is associated with age-related disorders in the activity of a number of special centers of the brain, including the center of hunger and satiety. Suppressing hunger with age requires b O an increased amount of food, therefore, imperceptibly for themselves, many people begin to eat more over the years, overeat. In addition, a decrease in the function of the thyroid gland, which produces hormones involved in metabolism, plays an important role in the development of age-related obesity.

Another important factor leading to the development of obesity is low physical activity, when even a normal amount of food becomes excessive, since the calories that enter the body with food are not completely "burned" and converted into fat. Therefore, the less we move, the less we must eat in order not to get fat.

If food for you is one of the greatest pleasures in life, then, most likely, being overweight is your companion, and it will be extremely difficult to part with it without changing your worldview. The transition to a rational diet should be accompanied by a change in the amount of food consumed, a change in the choice of the products themselves and the diet.

1) Reduce your regular portions gradually. This is the first thing to do.

For starters, let's say reduce your portions by 1/4, and give yourself a chance to get used to the given volume. Further on 1/3 of the original, etc. This approach is justified from the standpoint of physiology. Our stomach is an organ that can grow and shrink. With the constant consumption of large amounts of food, it is overstretched, with small amounts - a reduction. For example, if you consume a large amount of food even once a day (most often it happens in the evening at dinner), the stomach receptors are overstretched, which transmit information related to the feeling of satiety.

2) Do not set yourself rigid prohibitions.

This leads to stress and does not give the desired result. If you are madly in love with sweets, but you understand that you need to limit it, sometimes it makes sense not to deny yourself, but just be content with a small portion. In general, it is useful to think a little before eating something - do you really want to eat at the moment or your hand out of habit reaches for a piece of something tasty.

3) The key to success is moderation in everything.

The ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the diet should be balanced. Of course, there are many different opinions about what proper nutrition should be. According to one, you cannot eat carbohydrates, according to the other - proteins, according to the third - separate meals. I think that you can eat anything, the main thing is moderation. The diet should mainly include fermented milk products (yoghurts, kefir), vegetables, fruits, lean meats, fish, although from time to time you can afford any deviations.

4) Drink plenty of fluids.

A few words about the drinking regimen. Drinking is good! Water is youth. If in adolescence the human body is 80% water, then by old age its content decreases to 60%. The recommended volume of liquid is 2-3 liters per day (in the absence of contraindications - arterial hypertension, kidney disease, etc.). Water is essential for the normal functioning of the intestines, for a healthy appearance and good skin condition.

5) Do not try to fast yourself.

In conclusion, I would like to touch on the issue of fasting. Remember that complete fasting is a rather serious undertaking that requires extensive medical knowledge. If you do not possess such knowledge, fasting should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor. I strongly recommend that you refrain from such experiments.

Given current data, this is the amount of food that provides about 2,000 calories per day. See below for details.

Hadith from al-Mikdam; St. NS. Ahmad, Ibn Majah, at-Tirmidhi, and others. See: Al-Benna A. (known as al-Saukiyati). Al-fath ar-rabbani li tartib musnad al-imam ahmad ibn hanbal ash-shaybani. T. 9. Ch. 17. P. 88, 89, chapter 46, hadith 81, sahih.

See: Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya. At-tybb an-nabawi. P. 17.

Hadith from Abu Hurayrah; St. NS. Ahmad, Muslim, at-Tirmidhi, and others. See: Al-Benna A. (known as al-Sa'amiqati). Al-fath ar-rabbani li tartib musnad al-imam ahmad ibn hanbal ash-shaybani. Vol. 9, part 17, p. 89; al-Baga M. Mukhtasar sunan at-tirmidhi. P. 251, hadiths No. 1819, 1820, "hasan, sahih"; at-Tirmizi M. Sunan at-tirmizi. 2002. S. 544, hadith no. 1824, "hasan"; al-Naisaburi M. Sahih Muslim. P. 854, hadith no. 186 (2063).

“The sources of energy necessary for the functioning, or rather the vital activity of the organism, are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Naturally, they are expressed in calories. For example, one gram of fat contains nine calories, and fat, by the way, is the most concentrated source of calories, and it strongly affects the calorie intake. One gram of protein, as well as carbohydrates, contains four calories.

How many calories does a person need per day? The most accurate number of calories is determined for each person individually, since it depends on many factors: lifestyle and lifestyle, physical activity, the level of hormones in the body and their production, physical fitness, thermogenesis associated with individual activity for each person, there are people who are inactive , restless, slow and restless. Naturally, these are not all factors affecting calorie calculation.

For those looking to lose weight, the number of calories consumed is the main factor. An organism that consumes more calories than it spends is gaining weight.

For information: the use of only 100 "extra" calories per day leads to an increase in body weight by 5 (!) Kg per year. " See: http://minus5.ru/articles/49.

Blagosklonnaya Ya. V., Babenko A. Yu., Krasilnikova EI Problems of excess weight. SPb .: Nevsky Prospect, 2001.

Muhammad is an Arab preacher of monotheism, the founder and central figure of the religion of Islam, the prophet of Muslims. According to Islamic doctrine, Allah revealed to Muhammad the holy scripture - the Koran.

The Messenger of Allah was born in Mecca on April 22, 571. An angel who came in a dream informed the mother of Muhammad about the appearance of a special child. The birth of the prophet was accompanied by amazing events. The throne of the Persian king Kisra shook under the ruler as if from an earthquake. 14 balconies collapsed in the royal hall. The boy appeared circumcised. Those present at the birth saw that the newborn raises his head and rests on his hands.

Muhammad belonged to the Quraish tribe, which was considered the elite among the Arabs. The family of the future preacher of the Qur'an belonged to the Hashemites, a clan named after Muhammad's great-grandfather - Hashim, a wealthy Arab who was honored to feed the pilgrims. The father of the prophet Abdollah is the grandson of the powerful Hashim, but he did not gain wealth like his grandfather. The small merchant barely earned his family's food. The father did not see the son, who became the greatest prophet - he died before the birth of Muhammad.

At the age of 6, the boy became an orphan - Amina, Muhammad's mother, died. The woman gave her son for a while to the education of the Bedouin Halima, who lived in the desert. The orphaned boy was taken by his grandfather, but soon Muhammad ended up in his uncle's house. Abu Talib was a kind but extremely poor man. The nephew had to get to work early and learn how to earn a living. For a penny, little Muhammad grazed goats and sheep belonging to wealthy Meccans and picked berries in the desert.

At the age of 12, the teenager plunged into the atmosphere of spiritual searches for the first time: together with his uncle, Muhammad visited Syria, where he got acquainted with the religious movements of Judaism, Christianity, and other beliefs. He worked as a camel driver, then became a merchant, but questions of faith did not leave the guy. When Muhammad turned 20, he was taken as a clerk to the house of the widowed woman Khadija. The young man, carrying out the errands of the mistress, traveled around the country, was interested in local customs and beliefs of the tribes.

Khadija, being 15 years older than Muhammad, offered a 25-year-old boy to marry her, which the woman's father did not like, but she showed persistence. The young clerk got married, the marriage was happy, he loved and respected Khadija. The marriage brought prosperity to Muhammad. He devoted his free time to the main thing that attracted him from a young age - spiritual quest. This is how the biography of the prophet and preacher began.

Preaching

The biography of the main Muslim prophet says that Muhammad moved away from the world and vanity, plunging into contemplation and meditation. He loved to retire in desert gorges. In 610, when Muhammad was in the cave of Mount Khira, the archangel Gabriel (Jibril) appeared to him. He called the young man a messenger of Allah and ordered to memorize the first revelations (verses of the Quran).

The story goes that the circle of followers of Muhammad, who preached after meeting Gabriel, grew steadily. The preacher called his fellow tribesmen to a righteous life, urged them to observe the commandments of Allah and prepare for the coming judgment of God. The Prophet Muhammad said that Almighty God (Allah) created man, and with him everything living and inanimate on earth.

The Messenger of Allah called his predecessors Musa (Moses), Yusuf (Joseph), Zakariya (Zachariah), Isa (). But a special place in the sermons of Muhammad was given to Ibrahim (Abraham). He called him the forefather of the Arabs and Jews and the first to preach monotheism. Muhammad saw his mission in restoring the faith of Ibrahim.

The aristocrats of Mecca saw in the sermons of Muhammad a threat to power and conspired against him. Companions persuaded the prophet to leave the dangerous land and temporarily move to Medina. He did just that. Hundreds of companions followed the preacher to Medina (Yathrib) in 622, forming the first Muslim community.

The community grew stronger, and as a punishment for the Meccans for having expelled the preacher and his associates, it attacked caravans leaving Mecca. The funds from the robbery were directed to the needs of the community.

In 630, the previously persecuted prophet Muhammad returned to Mecca, solemnly entering the holy city 8 years after his exile. Merchant Mecca met the prophet with crowds of admirers from all over Arabia. The procession of Mohammed through the streets was magnificent. The Prophet, dressed in simple clothes and a black turban, sitting on a camel, was accompanied by tens of thousands of pilgrims.

The saint entered Mecca as a pilgrim, not a triumphant. He went around holy places, performed rituals and made sacrifices. The Prophet Muhammad traveled around the Kaaba 7 times and touched the sacred Black Stone the same amount. In the Kaaba, the preacher declared that “there is no God but the one Allah” and ordered the destruction of 360 idols that stood in the temple.

The neighboring tribes did not immediately convert to Islam. After bloody wars and thousands of human sacrifices, they recognized the Prophet Muhammad and accepted the Koran. Soon Mohammed became the ruler of Arabia and created a powerful Arab state. When Muhammad's henchmen and commanders appeared in Mecca, he returned to Medina, visiting the grave of Amina's mother. But the prophet's joy from the triumph of Islam was clouded by the news of the death of his only son, Ibrahim, on whom his father had pinned his hopes.

The sudden death of his son crippled the preacher's health. Feeling the approach of death, he again moved to Mecca to pray for the last time in the Kaaba. Hearing about the intentions of the prophet and wishing to pray with him, 10 thousand pilgrims gathered in Mecca. Prophet Muhammad traveled around the Kaaba on a camel and sacrificed animals. The pilgrims with heavy hearts listened to the words of Muhammad, realizing that they were listening to him for the last time.

In Islam, for believers, the name is endowed with a sacred meaning. Muhammad is translated as "praiseworthy", "praised". In the Quran, the name of the prophet is repeated four times, in other cases Muhammad is called Nabi ("prophet"), Rasul ("messenger"), Abd ("servant of God"), Shahid ("witness") and several other names. The full name of the Prophet Muhammad is long: it includes the names of all his ancestors in the male line, starting with Adam. Believers call the preacher Abul-Kasim.

The day of the Prophet Muhammad - Mawlid al-Nabi - is celebrated on the 12th day of the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar Rabi al-Awal. Muhammad's birthday is the third most honored date for Muslims. The first and second places are taken by the holidays of Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Adha. During his lifetime, the prophet celebrated only them.

The day of the Prophet Muhammad is celebrated by descendants with prayers, good deeds, stories about the miracles of the saint. The Prophet's birthday was celebrated 300 years after the arrival of Islam. The life story of Muhammad (Mohammed, Magomed, Mohammed) is sung in the book of the Azerbaijani writer Huseyn Javid. The drama is called The Prophet.

More than a dozen films have been shot about the central figure of Islam. In the mid-1970s, Mustafa Akkad's American-Arabic film The Message (Muhammad is the Messenger of God) was released. In 2008, viewers saw the 30-episode series "The Moon of the Hashim Clan", filmed by film studios in Jordan, Syria, Sudan and Lebanon. The film "Muhammad - Messenger of the Most High" directed by Majid Majidi, which premiered in 2015, was made about the life and character of the saint.

Personal life

Khadija surrounded the young husband with maternal care. Muhammad, freed from troubles and trade affairs, devoted time to religion. The union with Khadija turned out to be generous to the children, but the sons died. After the death of his beloved wife, Muhammad married several times, but the sources say the number of the prophet's wives is different. In some, 15 are indicated, in others - 23, of which Muhammad had physical relations with 13.

British Arabist and professor at the University of Edinburgh, William Montgomery Watt, in his works on the history of Islam, reveals the reason for the different number of the prophet's wives: the tribes, claiming kinship with the saint, attributed to Muhammad the wives of their tribesmen. The Prophet Muhammad entered into marriages before the Quranic prohibition, which allowed marrying four times.

Researchers agree that the prophet had 13 wives. The list is headed by Khadija bint Huwaylid, who married Muhammad against her parental will. Historians claim that none of the subsequent wives of the prophet took the place in his heart that went to Khadija.

Of the 12 wives who appeared after the first one, the beloved is called Aisha bint Abu Bakr. This is the third wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Aisha is the daughter of the Caliph and is called the greatest of the seven Islamic scholars of her time.

All the children of the prophet, except for the son of Ibrahim, gave birth to Khadija. She gave her husband seven children, but the boys died in infancy. The daughters of Muhammad lived to see the start of their father's prophetic mission, converted to Islam and moved from Mecca to Medina. All, except Fatima, died before their father. Daughter Fatima died six months after the death of the great father.

Death

The health of the Prophet Muhammad deteriorated after the farewell Hajj to Medina. The Messenger of Allah, having gathered the remaining forces, visited the graves of the martyrs and performed the funeral prayer. Returning to Medina, the prophet retained a clear mind and memory until the last day. He said goodbye to his family and followers, asked for forgiveness, distributed his savings to the poor and released the slaves. The fever intensified, and on the night of June 8, 632, the Prophet Muhammad died.

The wives were not allowed to wash the body, the deceased was washed by male relatives. They buried the Messenger of Allah in the clothes in which he died. For three days the believers said goodbye to the Prophet Muhammad. The grave was dug in the place where he died - in the house of Aisha's wife. Later, a mosque was erected over the ashes, which became the shrine of the Muslim world.

A pilgrimage to Medina, where Muhammad is buried, is considered a godly deed. The believers make their journey to Medina together with the pilgrimage to Mecca. The mosque in Medina is inferior in size to the mosque in Mecca, but it is striking in beauty. It is built of pink granite and decorated with gold, embossing and mosaics. In the center of the mosque there is an adobe hut where the prophet Muhammad slept, and the grave of the saint.

Quotes

"Leave the doubt that inspires you and turn to that which does not cause doubts in you, because the truth is calmness, and a lie is doubt."
"May your tongue continually enjoy the remembrance of Allah."
"The most beloved of good deeds before God is that which is permanent, even if it is insignificant."
"Religion is lightness."
"As you are, such are those who rule over you."
"Those who show excessive scrupulousness and excessive severity will perish."
“Woe to you! Hold on to your mother's feet, there is Paradise! "
"Paradise is in the shadow of your swords."
"My Allah, I resort to You from useless knowledge ...".
"A man with someone he loved."
"The believer will not be stung twice from the same burrow."

The words “If the mountain does not go to Mohammed, then Mohammed goes to the mountain” have no relation to the activities of the Prophet Muhammad. The expression is based on the story about Khoja Nasreddin. The British scientist and philosopher in his book "Moral and Political Essays" replaced Hodja with Muhammad, submitting his own version of the story about Hodja.
The London Time Out magazine named the Prophet Muhammad the first ecologist.
The kefir fungus was previously called the Prophet's Millet. According to legend, under this name Muhammad gave the secret of its cultivation to the inhabitants of the Caucasus.

Muhammad, presumably, suffered from epilepsy with seizures and dimness. The Qur'an reports that the unbelievers called the prophet possessed. But the Qur'an also says that "Muhammad, by the grace of the Lord, is a prophet and is not possessed."
The footprint of the Prophet Muhammad, imprinted in the stone, is kept in the Türba - mausoleum in Eyup (Istanbul).

Muslim theologians consider the Koran to be the main miracle of Muhammad. Despite the fact that the authorship of the Quran in non-Muslim sources may be attributed to Muhammad himself, the hadith devotees say that his speech was not similar to the Quranic.
The outstanding artistic merit of the Koran is recognized by all experts in Arabic literature. According to Bernhard Weiss, mankind in all its medieval, modern and contemporary history has not been able to write anything like the Koran.
There is a tradition of bread in the Qur'an, similar to the story of how Jesus fed five thousand people with five loaves and two fish.

Name

The name Muhammad means "Praised", "Praiseworthy". In the Quran, he is called by name only 4 times, but he is also called the Prophet (al-Nabi), Messenger (Rasul), servant of God (Abd), messenger (Bashir), warning (Nadhir), reminder (Mudhakkir), witness (Shahid) who called to God (Da'i), etc.

According to Muslim tradition, after pronouncing or writing the name of the Prophet Muhammad, it is always said "Solla Llahu alayhi wa sallam"(Arab. صلى الله عليه وسلم ) - that is "Allah bless him and greet him".

The full name of Muhammad includes the names of all his known ancestors in the direct male line starting from Adam, and also contains kunya by the name of his son Kasim (this name means "Divider"; during the life of Muhammad, no one could call his son Kasim, since this kunya was assigned to Muhammad). Completely it looks like this Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (name Abd al-Muttalib - Shayba) ibn Hashim (name of Hashim - Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (name Abd Manafa - al-Mugira) ibn Qusayyah ibn Qilab ibn Murra ibn Looey ibn Fihr ibn Malik ibn An-Nadr ibn Qinana ibn Khuzaimah ibn Mudrik (Mudriki's name is Amir) ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Madd ibn Adnan ibn Adad (also pronounced - Udad ibn Ybn Mukah ibn ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim (Khalil ar-Rahman) ibn Tarikh (this is Azar) ibn Nahur ibn Sarug ibn Shalikh ibn Irfhashad ibn Sam ibn Nuh ibn Lamk ibn Mattu Shalah ibn Ahnuh (this is, according to the human race, he was the first prophet of the human race; he was the first prophet of the human race; who was given a prophecy and who wrote with a reed pen) ibn Yard ibn Mahlil ibn Kaynan ibn Ianish ibn Shit ibn Adam.

Place of Muhammad among the Prophets of Islam

Seal of Prophecy

Prophecies about the coming of Muhammad in the Bible

The Islamic religion, recognizing the Bible as the Holy Scripture, often indicates that, among other things, the Bible speaks of the Prophet Muhammad as God's Messenger. In addition, Muslims talk about the distortion of the current version of the Bible, which, based on hadith, also affected the part that speaks of Muhammad. Christians do not recognize Muhammad as a prophet. Even those Christians who agree that the Bible is distorted completely reject the position of the Muslims.

Arab world before Muhammad

Main article: Arab world before Muhammad

Arabia and Mecca under Muhammad before Islam

Religion

It should be noted that the pagan Quraysh, like other pagan Arabs, despite their pagan religious beliefs, believed in Allah, swore by Him, asked Him, but at the same time they also worshiped idols. The Qur'an says that the pagans believed that idols would bring them closer to Allah: “Indeed, pure faith can be dedicated to Allah alone. they brought us closer to Allah as close as possible. ”According to Islamic historiography, at first the Arabs (the descendants of Ismail, the son of Ibrahim) were monotheists, but then they borrowed idols from the“ Amaliks. At the same time, they continued to read the Kaaba. Most of them were extremely conservative in relation to their religion, finding the reasons for such conservatism in the fact that their fathers believed in the same idols. Also among the Arabs there was blood feud (Islam abolished it), there was a tradition to bury newborn girls alive, or to bury newborn children if they were afraid not to feed them (Quranic forbidden.

Economy

Mecca, where Muhammad lived, was the commercial and financial center of Arabia. The city was located at the intersection of routes from Yemen to Syria and from Ethiopia (Abyssinia) to Iraq.

Climate

Mecca was located among barren rocks, agriculture in it was impossible. Agriculture was spread only in oases, one of which was Yathrib (Medina). There is an opinion that the spread of Islam and Arab expansion into Persia, Syria and North Africa was due to the draining of the Arab steppes and, as a result, famine. At the same time, there is no reliable information about any significant climate changes, which casts doubt on such conclusions. In addition, there is information that Muslims returned to the desert after conquering campaigns.

Politics

Within Mecca, there was a constant struggle for power. The Arab sources contain a lot of information about family and tribal strife, but some Western critics emphasize the legendary character of these traditions. Due to the fact that Mecca was a large trading city, the political groups that gained power were involved in relationships with various Arab tribes, as well as the states with which the Mecca trade was associated.

Nomad lifestyle

Elephant year

Biography of Muhammad

Muhammad's family

Prophet Muhammad was from the Quraish tribe, which had a very high position in the Arab environment. He belonged to the Hashim clan (Hashemites). The clan received this name in honor of Muhammad's great-grandfather - Hashim. During his lifetime, Hashim had the right to collect cattle to feed the pilgrims and the right to own the Zamzam spring. He was a rich man. He got his nickname "Hashim" (his name was Amr) because he broke bread into pieces for pilgrims who came to Hajj in Mecca ("hashima" - to break bread for the turi). After his death, the right to feed and drink the pilgrims passed to his brother, al-Muttalib, whom the Quraysh called al-Fayda - "generosity itself." Hashim had a son, Abd al-Muttalib, who was named Shuaiba. He was highly revered among his people.

Birth and childhood

Prophet Muhammad was born, according to a number of scholars, on April 20 or 22, 571 according to the Gregorian calendar, in the year of the elephant, before dawn, on Monday. Also, many sources indicate the year 570. According to some legends, this happened on the 9th day of the month of Rabi al-Awal in the year of the Elephant, in the year of Abrahi's unsuccessful campaign against Mecca, or in the 40th year of the reign of the Persian Shah Anushirvan.

Muhammad's father Abd Allah died shortly before his birth (two months) or a few months after the birth of Muhammad. The name of Muhammad's mother is Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab... Name Muhammad which means "Praised" was given to him by his grandfather Abd Al-Muttalib.

Muhammad was handed over according to custom to the nurse Halima bint Abi Zu "ayb, and for several years he lived in her family in the nomadic Bedouin tribe Banu S" ad. At the age of 4, he was returned back to his family. At the age of 6, Muhammad lost his mother. He went with her to Medina to the grave of her father, she was accompanied by the guardian Abd al-Muttalib and the servant Umm Ayman. On the way back, Amina fell ill and died. Muhammad was taken by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, but two years later he also died. After the death of Abd al-Muttalib, Muhammad was taken by his paternal uncle Abu Talib, who was very poor. At the age of 12, Muhammad tended Abu Talib's sheep, then began to participate in his uncle's trade affairs.

Some legends related to the birth, childhood and adolescence of Muhammad are of a religious nature and for an atheist scientist ideologically have no actual historical value. However, these legends for Muslim biographers of Muhammad, in particular the first centuries of Islam, many of whom collected material themselves and checked it for reliability, whose colossal works constitute the main historical source for today's Orientalists, are no less important and reliable (if this reliability is proved ), like others generally recognized by non-Muslim scholars.

As a child, Muhammad had an incident when a Nestorian monk named Bakhira predicted a great destiny for him. Abu Talib went with a caravan to Syria, and Muhammad, who was then still a boy, became attached to him. The caravan stopped in Busra, where the monk Bakhira, who was a Christian scholar, lived in a cell. Earlier, when they drove past him, he did not speak to them and did not appear at all. It is said that at first the monk saw Muhammad, above whom there was a cloud covering him with its shadow and making him stand out from the rest. Then he saw that the shadow of a cloud fell on the tree, and the branches of this tree bent over Muhammad. After that Bahira showed hospitality to the Quraysh, surprising them with this. When he looked at Muhammad, he tried to see features and signs that would tell him that he was indeed a future prophet. He asked Muhammad about his dreams, appearance, deeds and all this coincided with what Bahir knew from the description of the prophet. He also saw the seal of the prophecy between the shoulders exactly in the place where, according to his information, it should have been. Then the monk told Abu Talib that he should protect Muhammad from the Jews, because if they find out about what he himself learned, they will have hostile actions.

Muhammad before the age of forty

In this period, the following can be distinguished:

Marriage to Khadija

At the age of 25, Muhammad was hired by one of the most noble and wealthy women of the Quraish tribe, Khadija bint Huwaylid, to travel to Syria. She traded and hired men to run her business. Khadija's servant, Maysara, went with him. According to the hadiths, Khadija made a great profit from that trip and, having heard from Maysara about the qualities of Muhammad, she decided to marry him. He was twenty-five years old, she was, according to most sources, forty years old (according to other sources, Khadija was twenty-eight years old. Other information is also given). ... However, this age, according to M. Watt, may be exaggerated. Before Muhammad she was married twice. Muhammad felt strong love for her both during life, there and after her death, as many hadiths say, when he slaughtered a sheep, sent some of the meat to her friends. In addition, he said that the best woman in Isa's mission was Maryam (Mary is the daughter of Imran, the mother of Jesus), and the best woman in his mission was Khadija. Aisha said that she was jealous of Muhammad only for Khadija, although she was not alive, and once, when she exclaimed “Khadija again?” Muhammad was displeased and said that the Almighty endowed him with strong love for her. ... In general, this is recognized by those who are quite critical of the activities of Muhammad and selfish goals, as a rule, are not indicated by them as a reason for marriage.

The beginning of a prophetic mission

When Muhammad was 40 years old, his religious activity began (in Islam, the prophetic mission, the messenger mission). First, Muhammad had a need for asceticism, he began to retire in a cave on Mount Hira, where he worshiped Allah. He also began to have prophetic dreams. On one of these nights of solitude, the angel Jabrail, sent by Allah, appeared to him with the first verses of the Koran.

People began to gradually enter Islam, at first they were the wife of Muhammad Khadija and eight more people, including the future caliphs Ali and Uthman. Then people began to accept Islam in groups, both men and women, and the Prophet Muhammad began to openly call for Islam (613). Before that, for three years, he had been preaching in secret. The Qur'an says about this: Proclaim what you are commanded and turn your back on the polytheists.

The Quraysh began to engage in hostile actions against Muhammad and the Muslim converts. Muslims could be insulted, beaten, subjected to hunger, thirst, heat, and death threats. All this prompted Muhammad to make a decision on the first resettlement of Muslims.

Resettlement to Ethiopia

Location of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

Then there was a verse:

Fight with them until the temptation disappears and until the whole religion is dedicated to Allah. But if they stop, then they should be at enmity only with the wicked.

Muhammad's Letter to Al-Mukaukas, Egyptian Prince, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul

Hijri from Mecca to Medina

Military campaigns of Muhammad

Battle of Badr

The first major battle between Muslims and Quraysh took place in the second year of Hijri on the seventeenth of Ramadan on Friday morning (March 17, 624) in Hijaz (west of the Arabian Peninsula). A major military victory for the Muslims and, in fact, a turning point in their struggle against the Quraysh. It should be noted that, despite the enormous significance of this battle, among almost 1000 (G. Le Bon indicates the number of 2000) Meccans, the number of deaths was 70 (Ibn Ishaq says that the total number of killed Quraysh, whom they listed, was 50) people, and out of a little more than 300 Muslims - 14, thus only 6.4% of those who participated in the battle were killed. Muhammad, having learned that people from Banu Hashim and some others opposed their will, not wanting to fight against Muslims, forbade them to be killed. For the same reason, he forbade the killing of his uncle. Among those forbidden to kill was Abu al-Bakhtariyah, who refrained from attacking Muhammad and Muslims during the Meccan period. However, he insisted on fighting an ally of the Ansar and was killed.

After the Battle of Badr

Battle of Uhud

After the battle of Uhud

Battle of the Moat

The battle of the moat took place on March 31, 627. This was an attempt, mainly by the Quraysh, to gain the upper hand over Muhammad. The total number of pagans was 10,000 people in three armies, which also included the tribes of Gatafan and Sulaim. The number of Muslims was 3000. The Muslims dug a moat around Medina, which was first used in the Arabian Peninsula. It was dug for six days. The battle ended with the disintegration of the pagan coalition. The battle never took place, although there was a blockade, archery and an unsuccessful attempt by the horsemen to cross the moat.

Hike to Banu Quraiza

After the battle at the moat

Trekking to al-Khudaibiya and truce

Hike to Khaybar

Hike to Mutu

End of the truce and the conquest of Mecca

Acceptance of Islam by Abu Sufyan

Children of Muhammad

All the children of Muhammad, except for Ibrahim, were from Khadija. The first child from Khadija is al-Qasim, then at-Tahir, at-Tayyib, Zainab, Rukaiya, Umm Kulthum, Fatima were born. The boys died in early childhood. The girls lived to see the beginning of Muhammad's mission, everyone accepted Islam, everyone moved from Mecca to Medina. All died before Muhammad's death, except Fatima. She died six months after his death.

Muhammad's wives

Muhammad in the Quran

The name Muhammad is used in the Qur'an only four times (for comparison, Isa (Jesus) is mentioned 25 times, the same number is mentioned Adam, Musa (Moses) - 136 times, Ibrahim (Abraham) - 69, Nuh (Noah) - 43). It is mentioned in 3: 144, 145, 33:40, 47: 2, 48:29 Also Sura 47 is called "Muhammad".

Miracles of Muhammad

By miracle (in Arabic this word is “mu'jaza”, it is he who is translated as “miracle.” It is derived from the verb “a'jaza” and means “to make incapable (weak, powerless)”) should be understood as something that not able to make an ordinary person. If a miracle should testify in favor of the fact that a person is a prophet, then this miracle should be directly related to this person, that is, for example, a fountain that gushed out of a rock in the middle of the desert is a miracle, but it cannot always serve as evidence, but if this happens when the prophet hits the rock with his staff, then this can already be considered a sign. The main miracle of Muhammad is undoubtedly the Koran. Despite the fact that the authorship of the Koran in non-Muslim sources can be attributed to Muhammad himself, it is theoretically impossible to prove this, since he himself, being the only transmitter of the Koran, rejected its human origin (and accordingly, his own authorship), he did not leave any written works after himself because he was illiterate. The narrated hadiths indicate that his speech was not similar to the Quranic. The Qur'an meets the above requirements for a miracle. It is a miracle in particular, in its Arabic meaning), because no one could write anything like it. The outstanding artistic merit of the Koran is unconditionally recognized by all experts in Arabic literature. (however, many of them are lost in literal translation). In the Qur'an, a challenge (tahaddi) is made to people who did not recognize the prophet for Muhammad: Or they say: "He invented him." Say: "Compose at least one surah like these, and call on whoever you can, besides Allah, if you are telling the truth." ... If this were done, it would certainly be known, since Muhammad at all times had a lot of critics, and writing something like the Qur'an would be a deliverance from Muhammad, who was for the pagans (especially the Quraysh of the time of Muhammad, fellow tribesmen, speakers of the same language, of the same dialect as Muhammad, who took all possible ways to eliminate Islam), Christians and Jews as a serious political and social threat, and especially during his direct activities. However, in all its medieval, modern and contemporary history, mankind has failed to write anything like the Koran. Thus, it is a miracle, and the evidence that it is associated with Muhammad is, for example, the verses of the Koran, which speak of Muhammad and the fact that he is a prophet.

Many miracles are described in the biographies and hadiths, for example, during the digging of a ditch around Medina, correct predictions, miracles with various physical objects, etc. The conclusions of some researchers that “Mohammed did not perform any miracles” are absolutely unfounded, if only because the existence of a Scripture like the Koran cannot be questioned.

The character of Muhammad

The attitude of people towards Muhammad during his lifetime

Followers

From the Islamic point of view, Muslims ("Muslim" - obedient to God) have always been, starting with Adam and Hava (Eve). The number of Muslims at the moment around the world is estimated at about 1.1 to 1.2 billion people.

The healing of Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad was not only a purely religious and political figure. Muhammad owns the words that there is a cure for any disease. If it is precisely chosen, then the person will recover, according to the will of the Creator, and that Allah has brought down diseases and, together with them, remedies. Someone knows about them, and someone does not. Muhammad said that healing (bring) three (things): a sip of honey, a leech incision (bloodletting) and cauterization, but he forbade cauterization. However, this prohibition, as Islamic scholars say, is not absolutely categorical and in case of special extreme need is permissible. For stomach ailments, Muhammad recommended honey. Muhammad said that black cumin oil is a remedy for any disease, except for death Muhammad recommended the use of Indian incense, as it heals "from seven ailments" who suffers from pleurisy. He told people not to torture their children, whose tonsils become inflamed by pressing on them, but to use incense. He told his followers that bloodletting and sea frankincense (amber) are the best remedies for their treatment. The prominent Muslim scholar Abdul-Majid al-Zindani, who says that he found a cure for AIDS and that Iman University, of which he is the rector, provides this medicine free of charge, says that thanks to his work as a pharmacist, he was able to correctly understand the hadith of the Prophet.

Sources of the biography of Muhammad

Hadith ("to transmit a message, to tell") - a story about the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad, as well as his companions. The use of hadith began during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Each hadith had to have a continuous chain of transmitters - isnad, that is, a list of all persons who participated in the transmission, starting from the companion (Sahab) who first voiced the hadith. The more non-intersecting chains corresponded to the hadith, the more reliable it was considered. However, the presence of a continuous isnad was a necessary but not sufficient condition for determining the reliability of a hadith. After the chain was drawn up, the muhaddiths also checked the biographies of the transmitters themselves. If there was information that the transmitter suffered from poor memory, was mentally unbalanced, or simply was reputed to be a dishonest person, he was considered a weak transmitter and the hadith transmitted by him could not be accepted as reliable. According to the degree of reliability, hadiths are classified as authentic (sahih), good (hasan), weak, inauthentic and invented.

It should be noted that the hadiths are not just traditions. Muhammad said that the person who begins to ascribe to him what he did not say will certainly take his place in the fire. These words certainly influenced the God-fearing Companions.

The essence of hadiths is that they reveal in more detail the prescriptions contained in the Qur'an. For example, the Qur'an says that you need to perform namaz. The hadiths tell you exactly how to do this.

One of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad Abu Hurayra told 5354 hadith.

The most authoritative muhadith is considered to be Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari (810-870), who processed about 700 thousand hadiths of which only 7400 included in his collection "al-Jami" al-Sahih ", that is, slightly more than 1%. -Bukhari considered unreliable or weak One of the most voluminous collections is the "al-Musnad" of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which contains 40 thousand hadiths (in total, Ibn Hanbal processed about 1 million hadith).

"Al-Jami" as-Sahih "of Imam al-Bukhari
"Al-Jami" al-Sahih "of Imam Muslim
"Kitab as-Sunan" of Imam Abu Daud
"Al-Jami" al-Kabir "of Imam at-Tirmidhi
"Kitab as-Sunan al-Kubra" of Imam an-Nasa'i
"Kitab as-Sunan" of Imam Ibn Maji
"Al-Sunan al-Kubra" of imam al-Beykhaki
"Al-Musnad" of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal

It should be noted that the collections of hadiths are not, in the full sense of the word, biographies of the Prophet Muhammad - they are only a collection of stories about the Prophet from the words of his contemporary, including his sermons, descriptions of actions, etc. The earliest full biography of the Prophet Muhammad, preserved to this day - this is the book of Ibn Hisham "The biography of the Prophet Muhammad told from the words of al-Bakkai, from the words of Ibn Ishaq al-Muttalib" dates back to the VIII century (second century AH)

Modern medical practice asserts that nutrition is the key to good health, and that those who listen to the advice of nutritionists, as a result, save on treatment.

Good nutrition has always been a universal tenet of traditional medicine almost everywhere from Europe to China.

The Prophet of Islam (peace and blessings be upon him) formulated the principles of nutrition, which had a huge impact on the development of Arab and Islamic medicine.

It is to him that the words belong:

“The stomach is the well of the body, and the blood vessels are nourished from it. If he is healthy, then health spreads through the vessels, if he is sick, then poison spreads through the vessels. "

Nutrition and related safety precautions have been referred to as chemistry. Ibn Harith, who was called “the doctor of the Arabs,” said:

"Himya is the source of all healing, and the stomach is the home of all disease."

To better understand the meaning that the Arabs put into the word "himya", it is necessary to tell about one case when the Prophet and his cousin Ali were invited to a meal at the house of Umm al-Mandari.

Having started eating, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) stopped and said to Ali: "You were sick recently" and pushed a dish of pearl barley with beetroot to him with the words: "This is more useful to you".

Pearl barley (barley) has long been an important part of Arab cuisine and has been used in Arab traditional medicine. Naturally, she was often on the table with the Messenger of Allah and the Companions.

Thus, the word "chemia" has three meanings:

it is what is eaten as medicine;
it is what is eaten to maintain health;
it is something that is eaten in addition to medicines as an aid to a speedy recovery.

Balanced diet

One of the basic concepts of Muslim medicine was the concept of "mizaj", or balance, the absence of which was considered to be the cause of the disease. Accordingly, the doctors prescribed the medicine taking into account the kind of imbalance in the body. Certain foods were classified as "wet" and others as "dry", it was believed that the combination of these opposing qualities eliminated disease.

The simplest example of the application of this principle is found in the recommendation of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him):

"Fever comes from fire, extinguish it with water."

Another example is rubbing olive oil into dry skin. You can even say that these ideas are prompted simply by common sense, and not by medical knowledge itself.

But, on the other hand, it is precisely such simple principles that over time have formed into a system of knowledge and skills, which has become the foundation of modern medical science. The heirs of the "medicine of the Prophet" were such outstanding medieval surgeons and healers as Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd and many others.

It seems that with the rapid development of medical science, physicians have forgotten these simple rules dictated by elementary common sense. And now we come back to the idea of a balanced diet.

Balance

Usually, speaking about the nutritional composition of foods, there are three main types of micronutrients, these are proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

The cells of the body are built from proteins. The intake of proteins in the body prevents the destruction of cells and ensures their normal functioning. Any protein is a chain of alpha-amino acids linked by a peptide bond.

For the production of essential proteins, the human body requires about 22 types of amino acids, of which 14 can be produced by the body itself. The rest of the body gets from food. According to the recommendations of the US National Academy of Sciences, a person needs to consume 0.8 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight.

I would like to note how important balance is in nutrition. For example, until recently, the prevailing view among nutritionists was that red meat was an ideal source of high-quality protein.

However, recent findings from British scientists indicate that a vegetarian diet may actually be optimal for health. The fact is that the consumption of large amounts of "first-class" protein from meat is inevitably associated with an increased intake of harmful animal fats.

This was understood by the Prophet's companions, who said:

"Meat is the lord of all human food in this and next life"(hadith narrated by Ibn Majah).

But at the same time, Umar warned:

"Be careful with meat, for there is harm in it, similar to the harm in wine."

Another companion of the Prophet said:

"Don't make your womb an animal graveyard."

The main thing is balance. Second-order proteins are found in grains and legumes, and when combined with meat proteins provide the body with benefits comparable to the highest quality animal proteins, but without the side effects.

Ibn al-Qayyim wrote about different types of meat and their role in maintaining balance (mizaj) in his work "At-Tibb al-Nabawi" (Medicine of the Prophet). He also reported on the exceptional benefits of red meat in combination with vegetables and poultry.

The second of the main micronutrients is fats. Fats are fatty acids that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Fats are responsible for producing twice as much energy as proteins and carbohydrates; contain vitamins A, D, E and K.

Fats are essential for cell growth and repair, as well as maintaining a constant body temperature. have low thermal conductivity and envelop the internal organs. Fats are either saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated fats stimulate the production of cholesterol, and overuse leads to high blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol is a complex, wax-like substance necessary for the strength of cell walls, the production of vitamin D, hormones, bile acid, and the construction of nerve tissue. The synthesis of cholesterol by the liver is a natural process, and the intake of cholesterol in the body from the outside is not required.

Thus, cholesterol that enters the body with food is superfluous and leads to imbalance. High blood cholesterol levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart attack. An easy way to lower your cholesterol is to limit your egg intake and increase your intake of organ meats like liver.

Carbohydrates are the third essential micronutrient. They supply the body with energy, help control protein breakdown, and protect the body from toxins. Carbohydrates are of two types. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates such as glucose.

Polysaccharides have a more complex molecule and can be broken down into simpler carbohydrates. These include, for example, starch. Carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables and grains - these foods have a high nutritional value and are also a source of vitamins, minerals, proteins and fiber. Polysaccharides take longer to digest, so they satisfy hunger more effectively.

The special role of digestion

One of the principles of At-Tibb al-Nabawi is that illness can be associated with nutrition and digestion. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) more than once spoke about the position in which one should eat and empty the stomach. At the same time, he pointed out the importance of maintaining oral hygiene and exercise.

The “stomach” referred to in the quoted passage of the Prophet usually refers to the entire digestive system. It is recommended to keep the whole body in order. It is necessary to monitor nutrition and digestion to ensure your physical and, ultimately, mental health.

Optimal digestion means optimal health. Digestion starts from the mouth and teeth. In the oral cavity, food is crushed, moistened with saliva and only then swallowed, this stage is the first step of the entire digestion process and should take several minutes.

This first stage is negatively affected by the presence of bacteria in the oral cavity, abuse of food with a high content of sugar and other carbohydrates. All these are factors leading to the destruction of tooth enamel and the occurrence of caries. To avoid these problems, the Prophet recommends using a siwak, a stick for brushing teeth and tongue, during ritual ablutions.

According to At-Tibb al-Nabawi, oral hygiene is not only healthy but also an element of worship.

Further, the chewed food moves along the esophagus to the stomach. The ingestion of gastric acid on the lining of the esophagus causes heartburn. This can be avoided by eating while sitting, says At-Tibb al-Nabawi.

The messenger said:

"Do not eat lounging";

"I sit like a slave and eat like a slave."

During the meal, he sat on the floor with his legs bent under him, with due respect for the Lord and companions.

The gallbladder plays an important role in the digestion process. It accumulates bile produced by the liver, which is then released into the duodenum. Gallstone disease is one of the most common problems in the digestive tract. It can be prevented by observing "chemistry", i.e. correct and balanced nutrition. A diet low in animal fat reduces the risk of gallstones.

During digestion, food enters the stomach, which is a muscle sac. In it, food is exposed to gastric acid, and then enters the intestines.

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) called the stomach "the well of the body." It is very important to keep this "well" clean. Modern nutritionists constantly point out the harm caused to the stomach by smoking, alcohol and food that irritates its walls.

Abstaining from food in order to "give rest to the stomach" is a common treatment today. The role of fasting in Islam is well known. The obligation to fast once a year for a month benefits the soul and body of the Muslim. During the rest of the year, Muslims are advised to fast for three days in the middle of the month or on Mondays and Thursdays.

The intestine is divided into two sections. The first is the small intestine; The food that has got into it is exposed to the action of intestinal juice, bile, pancreatic juice, due to which fats are broken down and gastric juice is neutralized. It is in this department that nutrients are absorbed. The most common disease of the small intestine is a duodenal ulcer.

It is well known that alcohol, smoking and stress provoke duodenal ulcers. The passage of food through the stomach takes four hours, for another four and a half it is in the small intestine and about 12 hours in the large intestine. In the large intestine, water is absorbed, the final breakdown of proteins and the synthesis of certain vitamins. Undigested food debris turns into feces.

The last step in digestion is excretion. This stage is no less important than the first one. The Prophet recommended squatting to defecate to avoid constipation. He repeatedly spoke about the need for intimate hygiene and ablution. In general, ablution in Islam is inextricably linked with worship.

Having relieved the need, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said:

"Praise be to Allah, who has alienated the harmful from me and left what is useful for me."

Thus, we make sure that all the advice of the Prophet regarding health and hygiene is aimed at achieving not only physical, but also spiritual good and is associated with a constant reminder of their Source.

A source

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The instructions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) regarding food, the best instructions!

During the meal, the final Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) adhered to the following rules:

1) When he took food with his hand, he said Bismillah (In the Name of Allah), and he told people to say the same thing. He said: “Whenever one of you eats, then let him mention the name of Allah. If he forgets to mention at the beginning, then let him say "Bismillah fi avvalihi wa ahirihi"

The correct opinion is that the mention of Allah (speaking Bismillah) is obligatory when eating. The hadiths indicating this are authentic and clear, without any contradiction.

2) When he brought food to his mouth, he said:

Al hamdulillahi hamdan qasiran tayyban mubarakan fihi gayri mafiyin wa la muwadda wa la mustagni anhu Rabbana azza wa jal

(Praise be to Allah, frequent, pure, good. He is the one who is Self-sufficient, Who feeds and does not eat, Who is Eternal, and eternity is with Him, and He is in need of Him. He is our Lord, the Exalted)

3) He never criticized food. If he liked it, then he ate it, if he didn’t like it, then he left it without saying a word. Or did he say, "I don't want to eat this."

4) Sometimes he praised food, like when he asked his family and food, and they replied: "We have nothing but vinegar" He asked him and began to eat saying: "How wonderful vinegar is"

5) He spoke while eating, as is evident from the vinegar report. And he said to his stepson, Umar ibn Abi Salama when he ate with him: "Say Bismillah, and eat what is in front of you on a platter."

(At the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) it was customary to eat from one plate, and children sometimes forgot about the rules of etiquette)

6) He persistently urged his guests to eat like a rich host, and this can be seen in the hadith of Abu Huraira, narrated by Bukhari, about milk, where he said to him "Drink!" and kept repeating until he (the guest) said: "I swear by the One who sent you with the truth, I no longer have a place."

7) When he ate with others, he did not leave until he made dua for them. He made du'aa in the house of Abdullah ibn Bishr, and said: "O Allah, bless them in what You have given them, and forgive them and give them Your Grace."

8) He ordered people to eat with their right hand and forbade them to eat with their left. He said: "Shaitan eats with his left hand and drinks with his left hand."

This means that it is haraam to eat with the left hand, and this is the correct opinion, because the one who eats with the left hand or shaitan or imitates him. It is also narrated in the saheeh hadith that he said to the man who ate with his left: "Eat with your right hand!" The man said: “I can’t.” He said: “So you can never,” and the man could never bring his right hand to his mouth. "

If it was allowed to eat with the left, then he would not make dua against him. It was out of stubborn ignorance that caused him to disobey the order, and it was disobedience that deserved prayer against him.

9) He ordered those who complained that they had never gorged, eat together, and mention the Name of Allah (said Bismillah) over the food so that He bless it for them. "

10) It was also narrated that he said: "I do not eat while leaning"

11) He ate with three fingers (right hand), and this is the best way to eat.

12) The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) found out about what he ate.

13) He ate what was good for him.

14) He ate as much as he allowed him to be in shape, and did not eat so that this led to fullness.

Ibn Umar narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "The believer eats in one stomach, and the kafir at seven."

15) He taught the ummah how to protect against diseases caused by food and drink. He said: “The son of Adam did not fill a vessel worse than a stomach. If he needs to fill it, then let him fill one third with food, one third with drink, and one third with air. "

I hope my article has become interesting and useful for you! Inshallah we will all follow the rules of the Prophet and be equal to him!

What article would you like to see next? Thanks for reading! Wa aleikum al-salam wa rahmatu Llahi wa barakatuh!

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