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To make the premises comfortable, and air exchange takes place in accordance with the standards, each residential building is equipped with a ventilation system. This also applies to multi-storey buildings, which represent the main segment of urban housing.

During construction, standard ventilation systems are used in apartment building, thanks to which various modes of air circulation are realized.

In this article, we will analyze the features of traditional schemes, the subtleties of arranging ventilation with coercion and the nuances of arranging ventilation of the sewer system.

Long-term construction practice apartment buildings led to the selection of several of the most effective schemes for creating a ventilation system. The choice of this or that scheme depends on many factors: the shape of the building, the number of floors, the pollution of the street air in the area, the noise level.

Schemes of a traditional exhaust system

The system is recognized as traditional exhaust ventilation with a natural impulse, that is, when the air exchange in the premises is carried out due to the difference in temperature and pressure.

It means that the exhaust air is discharged through ventilation shafts and channels to the outside (to the roof), and fresh air enters through windows, doors or special ones.

One of the options for the device of ventilation shafts multi-storey building

The option of laying separate shafts for each apartment is not currently being considered, since it was expedient in the era of low-rise construction.

It is clear that for high-rise buildings from 9 floors and above, it is physically impossible to equip many parallel channels.

Therefore, in construction, two recognized rational schemes are used:

All mines are taken out to the attic and there they are united by a horizontal channel. The discharge of polluted air from the channel is carried out through a single outlet, equipped in the most convenient place.
Separate apartments are connected to a common riser(mine) by parallel-located satellite channels, thus exhaust air is discharged above the roof through vertical channels.

The fundamental difference lies in two points: the presence / absence of a horizontal collector in the attic and the presence / absence of common shafts on the risers.

Unlike natural ventilation, incentive ventilation is volatile. In addition, it consists of a set of complex devices that are controlled from a single console.

ShUV is installed next to the supply equipment, in the basement, and only qualified service personnel have access to it.

We can say that all three types of ventilation are present in residential high-rise buildings, and natural ventilation is the most common, and the installation of forced or combined system is still limited.

Organization of air circulation in the apartment

Consider how air circulates in a single apartment without installing additional air exchange devices.

As mentioned above, fresh air enters through all kinds of window cracks and gaps, as well as through doorways - ajar doors and cracks under them.

The diagram clearly shows the direction of air movement. It enters through windows or doors of living quarters and moves towards the ventilation openings

Comfortable living in apartments is characterized by a number of factors, including the rate of air exchange and the volume of regularly changing air.

There are rules governing the flow of air flows.

Problems with ventilation negatively affect the well-being of people living in apartments. Lack of fresh air causes unhealthy drowsiness, fatigue, headaches.

People with heart disease and respiratory system... They constantly want to keep the vents and windows open, and this leads to a sharp cooling of the premises and, as a result, an increase in the number of colds.

It is possible to increase the efficiency of the natural exhaust system using the simplest device - a fan installed in the ventilation outlet in the bathroom

If over kitchen stove a regularly switched on hood with air extraction into the ventilation shaft is installed, this will also contribute to a quick change of air masses in the kitchen and in the adjacent rooms.

If desired, residents can independently organize the flow of air. For this, both ordinary ventilation and special mechanical and technical devices, for example, .

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In accordance with existing standards, any living space must be equipped without fail, which is designed to eliminate polluted air from non-residential rooms (toilet, bathroom, kitchen). If the work is broken, the glass on the windows begins to fog up, condensation flows down the walls, the corners get damp, and mold forms in the rooms, with the ventilation system working properly, such troubles are invisible. If the house is Small child, then the consequences of poor-quality air exchange can cause the development of bronchial asthma or other respiratory diseases in the baby.

Diagram of a forced ventilation device in a multi-storey building

To check the performance of the ventilation system, you need to take a small piece of soft paper (about 10x10 cm), open a window in the room, and then bring a piece of paper to the ventilation grill. In the event that the leaf flutters, the ventilation works well. In turn, if the leaf is not attracted, this is an indicator of poor-quality operation of the ventilation system.

Ventilation problems in apartment buildings, especially on the top floors, are commonplace. The reason for the problems lies in the fact that in order to ensure normal circulation in the apartment, the air must pass through the ventilation duct at least 2 meters vertically. On the top floor, such a condition is problematic, since the attic is an obstacle. You can bring ventilation to the street using three different methods.

The first one - ventilation ducts, in the form of a pipe head, directly go to the roof. In this way, houses were erected until the beginning of the twentieth century, but the increased number of storeys of buildings gradually pushed this method aside.
In the second method, ventilation, upon reaching attic space, was covered with horizontal sealed boxes connected to a shaft that went out over the roof.
With the third method, the most modern, ventilation first enters the attic, which plays the role of an intermediate ventilation chamber. After that, the air enters the outside, passing through one common ventilation shaft.

We will not consider the first option, since it is not used now - we will focus on the second and third methods.

In the second option, the following occurs: air from all floors rises up the channels, to the level of the attic, falling into a horizontal connected box, equipped in the attic room. During this, the air flow strikes the cover of the horizontal ventilation duct. The air flow slightly deviates towards the ventilation shaft, but if the internal section of the horizontal attic duct is insufficient, a section of increased pressure appears in the duct, due to which the air seeks out through any opening located nearby, for example, a ventilation shaft and an upper floor duct.

In the event that the cross-section of the box is sufficient, but the cover is mounted very low, then the same process occurs - reverse draft - the air flow does not have time to deviate towards the ventilation shaft in time, which entails a blow. The ventilation of the upper floor is "pressed through" by the reflected air flow, due to which the smells from the lower floors get into this very room. To get rid of this, you can resort to two methods - global and local.

The global method implies an increase in the cross-section of the attic horizontal junction box by changing its height by about 2-3 times, followed by the installation of some devices inside the box, called "incisions". Keep in mind that all these works must be performed by experienced professionals. In addition, remember that it is not recommended to increase the cross-section of the box in cases where exactly the same boxes are attached to the ventilation shaft on the back side.

Natural supply and exhaust ventilation of a residential building

High-quality operation of the supply and exhaust ventilation is capable of fully providing a suitable indoor microclimate for humans. If unpleasant odors regularly appear in the room, and the windows fog up, this is a good reason to check the ventilation work. If the test showed poor system performance, then it is likely that the ventilation shaft is clogged.

Diagram of the device of natural supply and exhaust ventilation in an apartment building

How to do the correct work of ventilation in an apartment with your own hands

How to clean ventilation in an apartment

If you decide to clean the ventilation, then keep in mind that residents of apartment buildings are not allowed to carry out self-assembly utilities used by other people. Cleaning or repairing the ventilation shaft should only be carried out by specialists from the relevant organizations. If the ventilation and air conditioning at home is not working, the only thing you can do is remove the grill from the ventilation hole and remove the debris in it with a vacuum cleaner (or manually).

In some cases, it happens that exhaust system is in good condition, but unpleasant odors and misted windows still make themselves felt. This can often be seen in apartments where plastic windows... In this case, there are two ways to solve the problem: regular ventilation of rooms or installation of additional supply valves.

Drawing and installation diagram ventilation valve on the window

Supply valves, as a rule, are installed in openings behind the radiators, which allows fresh air to warm up a little when it enters the room. The diameter of the holes is usually in the range of 6-10 cm. According to the type of design, valves are divided into several types. Some, for example, have a plug that can be opened manually if necessary. More modern models are equipped with special sensors that can react to changes in the level of humidity in the room, at the right time opening the valve that lets in fresh outside air. Many valves have a set of filter elements.

In most cases, natural ventilation in older houses is not able to provide the required amount of fresh air, which is why many people install air conditioners. This device cannot completely replace the ventilation system, but it can clean and humidify the air in the apartment.

Forced ventilation in a panel house

Forced ventilation comes to the rescue in cases where natural ventilation is unable to cope with the tasks assigned to it. It is impossible to completely carry out its installation on its own, since in each specific case, its project has its own characteristics. In the event that you need to install ventilation in a one-room apartment, you can purchase a simple monoblock device.

For the highest quality ventilation of each room, you will definitely need to install air ducts, the installation of which can be carried out by any person. Typically, ducts are installed under a false ceiling or embedded in walls.

The ventilation system is one of the most important communications in the building. Correct operation of the system ensures air exchange, which helps to remove moisture, unnecessary heat, hazardous substances contained inside buildings, houses and structures.

The ventilation system, both in apartment buildings and in industrial buildings, is laid during the construction of the facility, respectively, after long-term operation of the building, data engineering systems begin to need repairs and appropriate maintenance.

JSC "SU Elektrozhilremont" performs maintenance work and, as well as in administrative buildings, etc.

Performed work.

Checking and cleaning ventilation ducts and chimneys. All ventilation systems of apartment buildings are subject to mandatory periodic inspection and cleaning.... The performance of such work, as a rule, is entrusted to a specialized organization with which it concludes an agreement. Management Company... The timing of the work can vary from once a quarter to once every two years, depending on what material the ventilation shaft is made of.
Video inspection of ventilation ducts for illegal redevelopment. Unauthorized redevelopment of apartments of residents of houses, quite often contributes to the occurrence of violations in the operation of ventilation systems and chimneys. With the help of modern video equipment, employees of JSC "SU Elektrozhilremont" will find a problem that impedes air exchange in the system and, if necessary, will perform work to eliminate the identified problem.
Checking the presence of traction and ventilation microclimate parameters.

When carrying out such a check, the following parameters are investigated: the speed of movement of the air flow, reverse thrust, measurements of the temperature and humidity of the air, as well as the level of gas contamination of the ventilation system of a residential building are performed.

Visual inspection and repair of natural ventilation exhaust shafts.

Impact the environment, in the form of precipitation, or, for example, condensation contributes to the destruction of the material from which the chimney and ventilation shafts are made. Such destruction is the cause of blockages and blockages of natural ventilation mines. With the formation of blockages, there is a deterioration in traction. In this regard, the only way to eliminate this problem is to repair the heads of the mines.

You can get more detailed advice by leaving a request on our website, or by contacting by phone.

Without the inflow of fresh air from the street and the removal of air masses contaminated with human waste products, the operation of any building is impossible. At the same time, the ventilation system in an apartment of a multi-storey building has significant differences from the same engineering network of a private cottage, which affects the maintenance and the ability to connect special household devices. The instructions below will help to understand all its subtleties and nuances.

Purpose and functions

The ventilation device in multi-storey buildings is provided for by the existing construction, fire-fighting and sanitary standards... Its main purpose is to remove harmful impurities from the air in residential (bedroom, living room) and auxiliary (plumbing block, kitchen) premises.

The main sources of pollution in an apartment are:

kitchen stove;
Washer;
sanitary equipment (toilet, bathroom).

As a result of the operation of the above equipment, water vapor and gases accumulate in the air, which have a negative effect on the human body.

Ventilation that does not work properly or does not perform its assigned tasks is easy to recognize by the following signs:

fogging of glass in window frames;
the appearance of condensation on the walls;
dampness in the corners of the rooms;
mold and mildew covering various surfaces in the apartment.

Note! Poor air exchange in a residential area can lead to serious consequences, especially if a child lives in the apartment. Mold and dampness are common causes of respiratory illness.

You can check if the ventilation shaft works in a multi-storey building with your own hands. It is enough to take a piece of newspaper measuring 20 by 4 cm and bring it up in the grate that covers the air duct.

The sheet should "stick" to the hole. Otherwise, you need to take care of the repair or cleaning of the ventilation duct.

Varieties

Recently, an increasing number of people have been complaining about the insufficient efficiency of ventilation systems in urban apartment complexes. This is due to the fact that the ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building built in the last century did not provide for the installation of sealed window structures that impede the flow of fresh air from the street.

In addition, the reason for the poor performance of the exhaust shaft may be its insufficient length (this is especially true for apartments located on the upper floors). The fact is that for the appearance of traction, air must pass in the pipe at least two meters, which is problematic to achieve on the last floor of the house.

Before you get acquainted with the ways to solve this problem, it is necessary to study the existing schemes of ventilation systems.

So, natural ventilation in a multi-storey building according to SNiP is of several main types:

Each apartment has an individual exhaust duct that goes directly to the roof. This type of air duct is the most effective, but due to the increased number of storeys of buildings and the increase in the number of apartments, it has not been used recently.
The exhaust ducts from the apartments are connected at the upper engineering level by a horizontal duct, which opens onto the roof.
All end in the attic, which plays the role of a kind of ventilation room. Then the exhaust air is discharged outside through specially equipped shafts. This method is used in the construction of modern apartment buildings.

Common horizontal channel

If the ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings is designed according to this type, then the air leaving the apartments in vertical pipes is combined into one flow in a horizontal channel. In this case, upon reaching the attic, the air masses hit the horizontal wall (the edge of the box) and turn towards the outlet.

The method has several disadvantages:

With a small internal section of the horizontal ventilation duct, a section appears in it where the air pressure rises, as a result of which excess air masses fall back into the ventilation duct, and sometimes into the apartment of the upper floor.
If the duct outlet is mounted too low, a so-called back draft can occur. As a result, the air rising from the lower floors does not go out into the street, but enters the living quarters of the upper floor.

There are two ways to fix the problems listed above:

Alteration of the box on the technical floor... It is necessary to increase the dimensions of the horizontal ventilation duct by about 2-3 times, and also to equip inside it elements that cut the air flow. The disadvantages of this method are - high price and the need to attract specialists. However, you can be 100% sure that the ventilation in a multi-storey residential building will work flawlessly after the modernization.
Arrangement of an individual ventilation duct that removes polluted air outside, bypassing the common box.

Note! In the event of such alteration, be sure to take care of the normal thermal insulation of the air ducts, otherwise the temperature and humidity conditions of the technical room can be violated, which is prohibited by SNiP.

Air chamber in the attic

This air flow arrangement is used in all modern houses... If mistakes and inaccuracies were made in the design, the residents of the upper floors suffer from the fact that the necessary draft is not created in the ventilation duct.

This is due to the fact that the air, instead of the prescribed 2 meters, passes about 30 cm. Ventilation is present, however, it is not able to pump the required volume of air. In addition, when you open the doors in the attic, there is a draft there, which further reduces traction.

It is not difficult to fix the problem that has arisen. It is only necessary to equip or increase the individual ventilation ducts of the apartment located on the upper floor, delivering a pipe about 140 cm long. It must be tilted towards the common shaft so that the air rising from below creates additional draft.

Methods for organizing air movement

Air flows in the ventilation system of an apartment building can move in the direction conceived by the engineers, either independently (based on the laws of physics) or forcibly (using fans and other equipment).

With this in mind, the described engineering network subdivided into the following types:

natural - the inflow of fresh air is carried out through windows and vents, and removal through the ventilation duct (draft is formed due to the difference in pressure and temperature);
mechanical - both the intake and removal of air masses is carried out using fans installed on the intake and output openings, as well as inside the ventilation duct;
combined - in this case, the exhaust is forced, and the inflow is natural.

Ventilation repair

A properly designed and constructed exhaust ventilation system does not require maintenance by the residents of the house. This should be done by specialists of the organization that is responsible for the operation of the structure. The only permissible action is to remove dust from the grate covering the inlet.

It's a different matter if the air from the apartment is removed regularly, and unpleasant odors from neighbors and condensation on the windows continue to pester you. Then the problem lies in the insufficient flow of air masses. This is often encountered by residents who have installed plastic or aluminum window blocks that do not allow air to pass through.

Regular ventilation will help to cope with the situation, but a more acceptable option is to install supply valves, which are mounted between the window sill and the radiator. central heating... In this case, the cold air blowing from the outside is heated.

There are several types of intake valves:

mechanical - equipped with dampers that allow you to manually adjust the intensity of the incoming flow;
electronic - they have special devices that open and close the valve, relying on information received from external sensors (humidity and temperature).

Note! Many apartment owners in older buildings try to combat humidity and unpleasant odors with an air conditioner. This is a wrong decision, since such climatic equipment cannot replace a full-fledged ventilation engineering network.

Installation of a forced ventilation system

This method of solving the problem is used in the case when all of the above methods did not bring the desired result. It should be noted that it is impossible to independently perform all the necessary installation operations, since the cross-section of the air ducts and the power of the equipment are calculated individually.

Let's consider only the main types of the most frequently used systems:

If you need to provide fresh air for a small one-room apartment, a special monoblock device will help, which is inexpensive, but does an excellent job with the tasks assigned to it.
In the case when the draft is sufficient in the exhaust duct, you can limit yourself to the installation of air inlets. The power of the equipment depends on the number of residents in the apartment, the area of the rooms and some other factors.

As a rule, all necessary elements are supplied with the fan:

lattices;
valves;
filter elements.

Supply and exhaust ventilation is most effective (possibly with a heat recuperator). But its installation is advisable only in private houses or large city apartments.

Advice! For ventilation to work as efficiently as possible, it is advisable to equip supply and exhaust openings in each room (including a bedroom, study, dining room, etc.) by connecting them with air ducts to the central unit.

Sewerage ventilation

A feature of apartment buildings is the need to install ventilation not only for residential and non-residential premises but also for the sewer network. Otherwise, there is a danger of unpleasant odors and the penetration of vapors into the apartment, dangerous to the health of the inhabitants.

In houses with a height of more than 9 floors, several methods of ventilation of the wastewater disposal system are used:

Direct ventilation... In this case, the central riser, where all the drains are drained, is brought out to the technical floor of the building and is not sealed. Fresh air is supplied through the top of the pipe. Disadvantage - if the pressure in the lower part of the system rises, there is a danger of squeezing out the water seal.
Parallel ventilation... Features of this design prevent the suction and ejection of the hydraulic seals. The essence of the method is that in parallel, an additional, ventilation one is equipped. They are connected to each other on each floor using special fittings.

Output

Ventilation system apartment building- a complex engineering network, the design and repair of which requires special knowledge, skills and equipment. Inept Maintenance can lead to breakdowns that will affect not only your home, but also cause inconvenience to neighbors.

You will learn more about the operation of ventilation in an urban multi-storey building from the video in this article.