What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

And bringing it to a conditioned state. The elevator is a highly mechanized silo type granary.

Description

Elevators are a complex of structures, which may include: a working building, silo buildings, devices for loading and unloading grain, grain dryers, etc. On the territories of operating enterprises, elevators are built with a full or reduced complex of structures. The construction of silo buildings, tied to the working buildings of existing elevators, is widespread. Reinforced concrete silo buildings (tanks) with a capacity from 11.2 to 48.0 thousand tons are assembled from silos of two types: square prefabricated structures measuring 3x3 along the axes of the walls and round monolithic ones with a diameter of 6 and 9 meters or prefabricated with a diameter of 6 meters, the height is usually 30 meters ... Square silos are arranged in width in six, eight and twelve rows, and round - in three, four and six rows. Metal silos with a capacity of 2.55 and 3.0 thousand tons, a diameter of 18 meters, a height of 11.9 and 15 meters, are arranged sequentially in one row (2 ... 4 silos). The silos are interlocked with the work building, where the main technological and transport equipment is located. Grain from the receiving hoppers is lifted by conveyors or vertical lifters (noria) to the top of the working building, weighed, cleaned of impurities, dried in grain dryers and sent along the upper conveyor to over-silo conveyors, which dump it into the silos. Grain is unloaded onto the lower conveyors (they are installed in the sub-silo floor) through holes with funnels in the bottoms of the silos. Some of the silos are equipped with installations for grain disinfection and active ventilation. The grain temperature is measured with thermal suspensions installed at different levels.

Now, as a rule, the elevator has points of auto reception, railway reception, auto and railway loading. And earlier there were cases when the direct flow of grain into the elevator itself was carried out with the help of manual labor. In this case, people use shovels from the ground or from the body of a car to throw grain onto the receiving conveyor, which, like a snowblower, lifts the grain and pours it into the elevator's route networks. The first silo elevator was built in the USA (Duluth), in Russia (Nizhny Novgorod) - in 1887.

Depending on the purpose, elevators are divided into:

• grain reception or procurement (grain is taken from farms, cleaned of impurities, dried and shipped to the consumer; capacity 15-100 thousand tons);
• industrial (built at mills, cereals, feed, starch factories, etc.; 10-150 thousand tons);
• basic (intended for long-term storage of grain taken from railway transport and shipped to railway wagons; 100-150 thousand tons);
• transshipment and port (build in places where grain is transshipped from one type of transport to another - at large railway stations, in seaports; 50-100 thousand tons).

Abroad, there are also widespread elevators with silos made of metal (steel, aluminum) of larger diameter (up to 30 m) and height (up to 60 m), rectangular in plan. In Russia, the widespread working towers of an elevator with a height of 53-60 meters, and silo buildings with a height of 43 meters.

Sources of

• Kulakovsky A.B., Fedoseev V.V. Elevators of the USSR. - M., 1966.
• New in the construction of granaries and procurement system enterprises. - M., 1972.

Photo gallery

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See what a "Grain Elevator" is in other dictionaries:

elevator- Grain elevator (general view). grain elevator (from Lat. elevator - raising), a structure for storing large masses of grain, equipped with devices for receiving, weighing, drying, cleaning and unloading grain; highly mechanized ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary

ELEVATOR- grain (from Lat. elevator raising), a structure for storing large masses of grain, equipped with devices for receiving, weighing, drying, cleaning and unloading grain; highly mechanized. silo type granary. By appointment, they distinguish between E ... Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary

Grain elevator, a facility for storing large quantities of grain and bringing it to a conditioned state; highly mechanized silo type granary. Depending on the purpose, E. is subdivided into grain-receiving or procurement ... ...

grain elevator- A facility for receiving, processing and storing bulk grain consignments [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Topics of buildings, structures, premises EN grain silo DE Getreideelevator FR silo à grains ... Technical translator's guide

1) lifting mechanism continuous action for moving bulk or small pieces of cargo in the vertical or inclined direction. To grip and lift the load, use shelves, buckets (shelf, bucket elevator) or cradles (cradle ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

Elevator building in the city of Akhtyrka The elevator is a highly mechanized silo type granary. Elevator ... ... Wikipedia

I Elevator (lat. Elevator, literally lifting, from elevo I raise) is a continuous-action machine that transports goods in vertical or inclined directions. Distinguish E. bucket, shelf, cradle. Bucket E. are designed for ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

elevator- English - elevator (granary). French - elevateur (granary). German - Elevator (granary). Latin - elevatum (raise). The word comes from Western European languages ​​and has two meanings: 1. Storage facility ... ... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language Semenov

A facility for receiving, processing and storing bulk grain consignments (Bulgarian; Български) store silo for storage ( Czech; Čeština) mechanizovaný obilní sklad; mechanizované obilní silo (German; Deutsch) Getreideelevator ... ... Construction vocabulary

Machine for separating seeds from ears, brooms, ears, baskets c. NS. plants. The introduction of M. into agriculture began in the 17th century. In Russia, the first threshing device was developed by artisans Andrey Terentyev and Moisey ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Cereals are a staple of human life. And the issue of their storage is very relevant today. Today, grain elevators are the safest place to store grain. An extensive network of such grain-receiving industries is created taking into account their proximity to the producing regions, in order to avoid distant transportation of grain from the fields.

An elevator is a special structure, which is intended for storing large quantities of grain crops, as well as bringing it to a conditioned state. The word elevator from the Latin language means raising. The structure itself is equipped with special devices for weighing, receiving, cleaning, drying and unloading grain. Sometimes such storage facilities are referred to as highly mechanized silo-type devices. The first silo elevators were built - in the American city of Duluth in 1845, and in Nizhny Novgorod (Russia) in 1887.

Description of granaries

Such complexes are not limited to one building. Usually they include: a working building, mechanisms for unloading and loading grain, silo buildings, dryers, etc. Elevators with a full or compressed complex of buildings can be built on the territory of operating enterprises. Photos of the elevator complexes can be seen on our website.

Today, the construction of silo buildings has become widespread, which are tied to the working buildings of the complex, the price of which depends on the volume and material. Silo buildings (tanks) are made of reinforced concrete with a capacity of 11.0 - 48.0 thousand tons. They are built from silos of two types: prefabricated square structures (3 x 3 m) and monolithic round (6 m and 9 m in diameter) or combined (6 m diameter), and the height is up to 30 m.

Round containers are placed in 3,4 and 6 rows, and square - in 6, 8, 12 rows. Metal containers have a capacity of 2.5 and 3 thousand tons, their diameter is 18 m, a height of 11.9 m and 15 m, they are placed in one row sequentially (2, 3, 4 silos).
These structures are connected to the work building, in which the main transport and technological equipment is installed.

With the help of vertical elevators or conveyors, the bulk product from the receiving bins is lifted to the top of the working building, weighed, cleaned of impurities, dried and sent along the upper conveyor to the over-silo conveyors. The last mechanisms pour grain into silos.

Unloading is carried out to the lower conveyor devices (they are determined in the sub-silo floor) through special holes with funnels at the bottom of the silos. Some of the silos are equipped with installations for product disinfection and enhanced ventilation. Special thermal suspensions, which are installed at different levels, are used to measure the temperature of the grain.
The current elevators are equipped with points of auto-reception, auto- and railway loading and reception. And earlier, only with the help of manual labor, wheat, barley, rye entered the elevator itself: people, with the help of shovels, threw them from the trailer of a car or from the surface of the earth onto the receiving conveyor, which lifted the goods into the elevator containers.

Types of elevators

The following types of storages are distinguished by purpose:

• procurement (grain-receiving) type. The task of such production is to receive grain from farms, purify it from impurities, dry it and ship it to consumers. The technological scheme of such a complex is designed for a volume of 15 - 100 thousand tons;
• production type. Such production sites, with a capacity of 10-150 thousand tons, are often built in conjunction with mills, starch, feed, cereal factories, etc. These devices provide processing plants with products for their uninterrupted operation, while they must be equipped with special equipment for preparing wheat for processing according to the desired recipe.
• the basic type is intended for the long-term preservation of goods that arrive and are shipped from railway transport, its capacity is 50-250 thousand tons. These enterprises mainly receive products from the storage facilities of the first link, which have undergone primary processing. Despite this, drying and cleaning it on the base elevators are considered to be the main operations. Also, large homogeneous varieties of this type of product are prepared on them, which meet the specified requirements.
• port and transshipment types of structures are built in places where wheat is transshipped to different types transport, for example, railway - to ports, as well as to railway lines of various gauges. It so happens that transshipment storages are used for long-term storage of grain. Grain delivery to such transshipment points and its loading are uneven. Here it is necessary that such devices be equipped with large reloading mechanisms, storages, which allow the accumulation of goods during the period of its increased receipt.
• stock type. Such productions are intended for three to four years of storage of reserves. The quality of the products supplied to such complexes must be of the highest quality. Wheat is released from them only in order to replenish stocks or to fill the deficit in some areas. Stock storages have huge (from 100 to 200 thousand tons) capacity and must be able to ship and receive goods by rail.
• linear types are designed to receive wheat mainly from cars. Although it can also be received from the carriages, but as an exception.
• implementation bases. They serve to provide all consumers with cereals, flour and compound feed. And also, distribution bases can buy products from grain suppliers.

Photos of such elevators can be found on the pages of our website.

Main components of the elevator

Containers for storing grain come in different shapes. For example, the so-called flat-bottomed silage is used to preserve clean seeds of wheat, corn, legumes, as well as for drying with the support of strong ventilation and cooling of the grain mass. Such silos are made of high quality galvanized sheets, which are covered with a special coating. The photo shows that dirt does not accumulate on these silos and the necessary phytosanitary requirements are provided for saving crops.

Very often, silos with a hopper bottom are used on elevators, which are often used for short-term storage of grain. This happens before or after various technological processes e.g. after cleaning or drying. These devices are installed on metal supports equipped with a conical discharge funnel. Such structures are installed on sites without a canopy to ensure active ventilation of the stored seed crops.

For the complete mechanization of loading and unloading operations, the following types of transport mechanisms are used, which differ in the type of operations performed:

• belt elevators - to move grain vertically;
• belt conveyors and with submerged scrapers - for horizontal movement;
• car unloaders, delivery pipes - for loading into transport;
• car unloaders, car unloaders, pneumatic
• installations - for unloading from vehicles;
• grain loaders, self-feeders - the photo shows how the movement takes place in warehouses and on sites with their help.

The elevator is filled with grain mass using special elevators, as well as conveyors - scraper or screw. Bucket elevators are considered to be lifting and transport structures with the help of which bulk materials are shipped. The photo shows that a special conveyor is used for horizontal movement, which is called a scraper conveyor. These mechanisms load or unload the mass from the containers. These scraper conveyors help move the product to the right place.

In the construction of modern storage facilities using metal, special screw augers are used. These devices help to move the product in a straight horizontal or angular direction. The augers work with the help of a special screw that rotates and moves the grain in the desired direction with its spiral blade.

Grain is a living system

Barley, rye, wheat - this is a really living system that is in a "mobile state", therefore, during its storage and processing it is necessary
observe certain processing regimes, and, if preserved, conduct constant observation. The main focus is on preventing damage. Violation of the structure of its shells, the appearance of cracks, damage to the embryo, the presence of scratches, splits greatly affect the quality. Barley or wheat tends to self-heat, which makes it less consumer-friendly and the price for it is significantly reduced. Harvest damage can be caused by both microorganisms and insects, birds and rodents.

Business ideas and elevator

Economists compare a granary with a bank of profitable deposits, only instead of gold, grain is stored there, which has a lower value, but a higher price indicator of price volatility. Wheat is a popular commodity that is constantly in demand and there is no need to look for buyers here.

One of the types of profit from such complexes is the resale of products that can be bought during the harvest season at the lowest prices and saved for 2-7 months until the most profitable offer from buyers. The price of these crops changes relative to the stock price and, of course, has certain tendencies in price growth after the harvest.

It is also necessary to remember about the additional beneficial factors of storage of these crops, because the class of wheat can be increased due to processing, drying and storage in an elevator. Every businessman will be able to deeply analyze and forecast the oilseeds and grain crops markets. The price of an elevator depends on the efficiency and quality of the equipment, technology, which is aimed at reducing costs through innovative innovations.

Providing residential buildings and public buildings with heat is one of the main tasks of municipal services in cities and towns. Modern - these are complex complexes that included heat suppliers (CHP or boiler houses), an extensive network of trunk pipelines, special distribution heating points, from which branches go to end consumers.

However, the coolant supplied through pipes to buildings does not directly enter the internal network and the end points of heat exchange are heating radiators. Every house has its own heating unit, in which the pressure level and water temperature are adjusted accordingly. Special devices are installed here to perform this task. Recently, more and more modern electronic equipment is being installed, which allows you to automatically control the necessary parameters and make appropriate adjustments. The cost of such complexes is very high, they directly depend on the stability of the power supply, therefore, organizations operating the housing stock often prefer the old proven scheme of local regulation of the temperature of the coolant at the entrance to the house network. And the main element of such a scheme is elevator unit heating systems.

The purpose of this article is to give an idea about the structure and principle of operation of the elevator itself, about its place in the system and its functions. In addition, interested readers will receive a lesson on self-calculation of this node.

General brief information about heat supply systems

To correctly understand the importance of the elevator unit, it is probably necessary to first briefly consider how central heating systems work.

The source of thermal energy is CHP or boiler houses, in which the heating agent is heated to the required temperature due to the use of one or another type of fuel (coal, oil products, natural gas, etc.). From there, the coolant is pumped through pipes to the points of consumption.

A CHP or a large boiler house is designed to provide heat to a certain area, sometimes with a very large territory. Pipeline systems turn out to be very extended and branched. How to minimize heat losses and evenly distribute it among consumers, so that, for example, the buildings farthest from the CHP plant do not experience insufficiency in it? This is achieved by thorough thermal insulation of heating mains and maintaining a certain thermal regime in them.

In practice, several theoretically calculated and practically tested temperature regimes functioning of boiler houses, which provide both the transfer of heat over long distances without significant losses, and the maximum efficiency and economy of the operation of boiler equipment. So, for example, the modes 150/70, 130/70, 95/70 are used (water temperature in the supply line / temperature in the "return"). The choice of a specific mode depends on the climatic zone of the region and on the specific level of the current winter air temperature.

1 - Boiler room or CHP.

2 - Consumers of thermal energy.

3 - Mains supply of the heated coolant.

4 - Highway "return".

5 and 6 - Branches from highways to buildings - consumers.

7 - In-house heating distribution units.

From the mains supply and "return" there are branches to each building connected to this network. But here questions immediately arise.

• Firstly, different objects require different amounts of heat - you cannot compare, for example, a huge residential high-rise and a small low-rise building.
• Secondly, the temperature of the water in the line does not meet the permissible standards for supplying directly to the heat exchangers. As can be seen from the above modes, the temperature very often even exceeds the boiling point, and water is maintained in a liquid state of aggregation only due to high pressure and the tightness of the system.

The use of such critical temperatures in heated rooms is unacceptable. And the point is not only in the excessive supply of thermal energy - it is extremely dangerous. Any touch to batteries heated to such a level will cause severe tissue burns, and in the event of even a slight depressurization, the coolant instantly turns into hot steam, which can lead to very serious consequences.

The right choice of radiators is extremely important!

Not all radiators are created equal. It's not only and not so much about the material of manufacture and appearance... They can differ significantly in their performance characteristics, adaptation to a particular heating system.

How to approach correctly

Thus, at the local heating unit of the house, it is necessary to reduce the temperature and pressure to the calculated operating levels, while ensuring the required heat selection, sufficient for the heating needs of a particular building. This role is played by special heating equipment. As already mentioned, these can be modern automated complexes, but very often the proven scheme of the elevator unit is preferred.

If you look at the heating distribution point of the building (most often they are located in the basement, at the entry point of the main heating networks), you can see a node in which the jumper between the supply and return pipes is clearly visible. It is here that the elevator itself stands, the device and principle of operation will be described below.

How the heating elevator works and works

Externally, the heating elevator itself is a cast iron or steel structure equipped with three flanges for inserting into the system.

Let's look at its structure inside.

Superheated water from the heating main enters the inlet pipe of the elevator (pos. 1). Moving forward under pressure, it passes through a narrow nozzle (item 2). A sharp increase in the flow rate at the nozzle outlet leads to the injection effect - a vacuum zone is created in the receiving chamber (pos. 3). In this area of ​​reduced pressure, according to the laws of thermodynamics and hydraulics, water is literally "sucked in" from the branch pipe (item 4) connected to the "return" pipe. As a result, hot and cooled streams are mixed in the mixing neck of the elevator (item 5), the water receives the temperature required for the internal network, the pressure drops to a level safe for heat exchangers, and then the coolant through the diffuser (item 6) enters the internal distribution system ...

In addition to lowering the temperature, the injector acts as a kind of pump - it creates T the required water pressure, which is necessary to ensure its circulation in the inter-house wiring, with overcoming the hydraulic resistance of the system.

As you can see, the system is extremely simple, but very effective, which determines its widespread use even in conditions of competition with modern high-tech equipment.

Of course, the elevator needs a certain strapping. An approximate diagram of the elevator unit is shown in the diagram:

Heated water from the heating main enters through the supply pipe (item 1), and returns to it through the return pipe (item 2). The in-house system can be disconnected from the main pipes using valves (pos. 3). The entire assembly of individual parts and devices is carried out using flange connections (pos. 4).

The control equipment is very sensitive to the purity of the coolant, therefore mud filters (pos. 5), direct or "oblique" type, are mounted at the inlet and outlet of the system. They settle in T hard insoluble inclusions and dirt trapped in the cavity of the pipes. The mud collectors are periodically cleaned from the collected sediments.

Filters - "mud traps", straight (bottom) and "oblique" type

Control and measuring devices are installed in certain parts of the unit. These are pressure gauges (pos. 6) that allow you to control the level of fluid pressure in the pipes. If the pressure at the inlet can reach 12 atmospheres, then already at the outlet of the elevator unit it is much lower, and depends on the number of storeys of the building and the number of heat exchange points in it.

There are necessarily temperature sensors - thermometers (pos. 7), which control the temperature level of the coolant: at the inlet of their control panel - t c, the entrance to the intra-house system - t s, on the "return lines" of the system and the central - t wasps and t sc.

Further, the elevator itself is installed (pos. 8). The rules for its installation require the mandatory presence of a straight section of the pipeline of at least 250 mm. With one inlet pipe, it is connected through a flange to the supply pipe from the central, the opposite - to the pipe of the house wiring (pos. 11). The lower branch pipe with a flange is connected through a jumper (pos. 9) to the "return" pipe (pos. 12).

To carry out preventive or emergency renovation works valves are provided (pos. 10), completely disconnecting the elevator unit from the internal network. Not shown in the diagram, but in practice there are always special drainage elements - drain water from the house system if necessary.

Of course, the diagram is given in a very simplified form, but it fully reflects the basic structure of the elevator unit. The wide arrows show the directions of the coolant flows with different levels temperatures.

The indisputable advantages of using an elevator unit to regulate the temperature and pressure of the coolant are:

• Simplicity of design with trouble-free operation.
• Low cost of components and their installation.
• Complete non-volatility of such equipment.
• The use of elevator units and heat metering devices allows achieving savings in consumption of the consumed heat carrier up to 30%.

There are, of course, very significant disadvantages:

• Each system requires an individual payment to select the required elevator.
• The need for a mandatory differential pressure at the inlet and outlet.
• The impossibility of precise smooth adjustments with the current change in the system parameters.

The last drawback is rather arbitrary, since in practice, elevators are often used, in which the possibility of changing its operating characteristics is provided.

For this, a special needle is installed in the receiving chamber with a nozzle (pos. 1) - a cone-shaped rod (pos. 2), which reduces the nozzle cross-section. This rod in the kinematics block (pos. 3) through the rack and pinion gear (pos. 4 — 5) is connected to the adjusting shaft (pos. 6). Rotation of the shaft causes the cone to move in the nozzle cavity, increasing or decreasing the clearance for the fluid to pass. Accordingly, the operating parameters of the entire elevator unit also change.

Depending on the level of automation of the system, Various types adjustable elevators.

So, the rotation transmission can be carried out manually - the responsible specialist monitors the readings of the control and measuring instruments and makes adjustments to the operation of the system, focusing on on a scale worn near the flywheel (handle).

Another option is when the elevator unit is tied to an electronic monitoring and control system. The readings are taken in automatic mode, the control unit generates signals to transmit them to the servos, through which the rotation is transmitted to the kinematic mechanism of the adjustable elevator.

What you need to know about coolants?

In heating systems, especially in autonomous ones, not only water can be used as a heat carrier.

What qualities should be possessed, and how to choose it correctly - in a special publication of the portal.

Calculation and selection of the elevator of the heating system

As already mentioned, a certain amount of thermal energy is required for each building. This means that a certain calculation of the elevator is required, based on the given operating conditions of the system.

The initial data include:

1. Temperature values:

- at the entrance of their heating central;

- in the "return" of the heating plant;

- working value for an indoor heating system;

- in the return pipe of the system.

1. The total amount of heat required to heat a particular house.
2. Parameters characterizing features.

The procedure for calculating the elevator is established by a special document - "The Code of Rules for the Design of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation", SP 41-101-95, relating specifically to the design of heating points. This normative guide provides calculation formulas, but they are quite "heavyweight", and there is no special need to present them in the article.

Those readers who are not very interested in calculation issues can safely skip this section of the article. And for those who want to independently calculate the elevator unit, it is recommended to spend 10-15 minutes of time to create their own calculator based on the SP formulas, which allows accurate calculations in literally a matter of seconds.

Creating a calculator for calculation

To work, you need a regular Excel application, which, probably, every user has - it is included in the basic Microsoft Office suite of programs. Compiling a calculator will not present much difficulty, even for those users who have never faced basic programming questions.

Let's consider step by step:

(if part of the text in the table goes beyond the frame, then at the bottom there is a "slider" for horizontal scrolling)

Illustration	Brief description of the performed operation
	Open a new file (workbook) in Microsoft Office Excel. In a cell A1 type the text "Calculator for calculating the elevator of the heating system". Below, in the cell A2 we type "Initial data". The labels can be "raised" by changing the weight, size or color of the font.
	Below there will be rows with cells for entering the initial data, on the basis of which the calculation of the elevator will be carried out. Fill cells with text A3 on A7: A3- "Temperature of the coolant, degrees C:" A4- "in the supply pipe of the heating plant" A5- "in the return line of the heating plant" A6- "necessary for the internal heating system" A7- "in the return flow of the heating system"
	For clarity, you can skip the line, and below, in the cell A9 we add the text "The required amount of heat for the heating system, kW"
	We skip another line, and into the cell A11 we type "Resistance coefficient of the heating system of the house, m". To make text from a column A did not find on column V, where data will be entered in the future, column A can be extended to the required width (indicated by the arrow).
	Data entry area, from A2-B2 before A11-B11 you can select and fill with color. This will make it different from the other area where the calculation results will be displayed.
	We skip another line and enter into the cell A13"Calculation results:" You can highlight text in a different color.
	Next, the most crucial stage begins. Besides typing text into column cells A, in adjacent column cells V the formulas are entered, in accordance with which the calculations will be carried out. Formulas should be transferred exactly as indicated, without any extra spaces. Important: the formula is entered in the Russian keyboard layout, with the exception of cell names - they are entered exclusively in latin layout. In order not to be mistaken with this, in the given examples of formulas, the cell names will be highlighted in bold. So in the cell A14 we type the text "Temperature difference of the heating plant, degrees C". into the cell B14 we introduce the following expression =(B4-B5) It is more convenient to enter and control its correctness in the formula bar (green arrow). Don't be confused by what's in the cell B14 some value immediately appeared (in this case, "0", a blue arrow), the program just immediately works out the formula, relying on empty input cells so far.
	We fill in the next line. In a cell A15- the text "Temperature difference of the heating system, degrees C", and in the cell B15- formula =(B6-B7)
	Next line. In a cell A16- text: "The required performance of the heating system, cubic meters / hour." Cell B16 should contain the following formula: =(3600*B9)/(4,19*970*B14) An error message will appear, "division by zero" - do not pay attention, this is simply because the original data has not been entered.
	We go below. In a cell A17- text: "Elevator mixing ratio". Nearby, in a cell B17- formula: =(B4-B6)/(B6-B7)
	Next, cell A18- "The minimum head of the coolant in front of the elevator, m". Formula in a cell B18: =1,4*B11* (DEGREE ((1+ B17);2)) Don't get confused with the number of parentheses - this is important
	Next line. In a cell A19 text: "Diameter of the elevator neck, mm". Formula in a cell B18 next: = 8.5 * DEGREE ((DEGREE ( B16; 2) * DEGREE (1+ B17;2))/B11;0,25)
	And the last line of calculations. In a cell A20 the text "Elevator nozzle diameter, mm" is entered. In a cell IN 20- formula: = 9.6 * DEGREE (DEGREE ( B16;2)/B18;0,25)
	In fact, the calculator is ready. You can only slightly “modernize it, so that it is more convenient in work, and there is no risk of accidentally deleting the formula. First, select the area from A13-B13 before A20-B20 and fill it with a different color. The fill button is shown with an arrow.
	Now we select the common area with A2-B2 on A20-B20. In the dropdown menu "Boundaries"(shown by the arrow) select the item "All borders". Our table gets a slender border with lines.
	Now you need to make sure that the values ​​can be manually entered only in those cells that are intended for this (so as not to erase or accidentally violate the formulas). Select a range of cells from AT 4 before AT 11(red arrows). Go to the menu "format"(green arrow) and select the item "Cell format"(blue arrow).
	In the window that opens, select the last tab - "protection" and uncheck the box "protected cell".
	Now go back to the menu "format", and select the item "Protect the sheet".
	A small window will appear in which you just have to press a button "OK"... We simply ignore the offer to enter the password - this level of protection is not needed in our document. Now you can be sure that there will be no failure - only the cells in the column are open for change V in the value entry area. If you try to add at least something to any other cells, a window will appear with a warning about the impossibility of such an operation.
	The calculator is ready. All that remains is to save the file. - and he will always be ready to carry out the calculation.

It is not difficult to count in the created application. It is enough just to fill the input area with known values ​​- then the program will calculate everything in automatic mode.

• The temperature of supply and "return" in the heating plant can be found in the heating point (boiler room) closest to the house.
• The required temperature of the coolant in the indoor system depends to a large extent on which heat exchangers are installed in the apartments.
• The temperature in the "return" pipe of the system is most often taken equal to that in the control panel.
• The need for a house in the total flow of thermal energy depends on the number of apartments, heat exchange points (radiators), the characteristics of the building - the degree of its insulation, the volume of the premises, the amount of total heat loss, etc. Usually, these data are calculated in advance even at the design stage of a house or during the reconstruction of its heating system.
• The resistance coefficient of the internal heating circuit of a house is calculated according to separate formulas, taking into account the characteristics of the system. However, it would not be a big mistake to take the averaged values ​​given in the table below:

Calculations and selection of the required elevator model

Let's try the calculator in action.

Let us assume that the temperature in the supply pipe of the heating plant is 135, and in the return pipe - 70 ° C. It is planned to maintain a temperature of 85 ° in the heating system of the house. WITH, at the outlet - 70 ° С. For high-quality heating of all rooms, a thermal power of 80 kW is required. According to the table, it is determined that the coefficient of resistance is "1".

We substitute these values ​​into the corresponding lines of the calculator, and immediately we get the necessary results:

As a result, we have data for the selection of the required elevator model and the conditions for its correct operation. Thus, the required performance of the system was obtained - the amount of coolant pumped per unit of time, the minimum head of the water column. And the most basic values ​​are the diameters of the elevator nozzle and its neck (mixing chamber).

It is customary to round the nozzle diameter down to hundredths of a millimeter (in this case, 4.4 mm). The minimum diameter value should be 3 mm - otherwise the nozzle will simply clog quickly.

The calculator also allows you to play with the values, that is, to see how they will change when the initial parameters are changed. For example, if the temperature in the heating plant is lowered, say, to 110 degrees, then this will entail other parameters of the unit.

As you can see, the diameter of the elevator nozzle is already 7.2 mm.

This makes it possible to choose a device with the most acceptable parameters, with a certain range of adjustments, or a set of replaceable nozzles for a specific model.

Having the calculated data, you can already refer to the tables of manufacturers of such equipment to select the required version.

Usually in these tables, in addition to the calculated values, other parameters of the product are given - its dimensions, flange dimensions, weight, etc.

For example, the series water jet steel elevators 40s10bk:

Flanges: 1 - at the entrance, 1— 1 - on the inset of the pipe from the "return", 1— 2 - at the exit.

2 - inlet branch pipe.

3 - removable nozzle.

4 - receiving chamber.

5 - mixing neck.

7 - diffuser.

The main parameters are summarized in the table - for ease of selection:

At the same time, the manufacturer allows independent replacement of a nozzle with the required diameter within a certain range:

Choosing the required model, having the results of the calculation in hand, will not present much difficulty.

When installing the elevator or when carrying out maintenance work, it should be taken into account that the efficiency of the unit directly depends on the correct installation and the integrity of the parts.

So, the nozzle cone (glass) must be installed strictly coaxial with the mixing chamber (throat). The glass itself must enter freely into the elevator seat so that it can be removed for revision or replacement.

When carrying out audits, special attention should be paid to the condition of the surfaces of the elevator sections. Even the presence of filters does not exclude the abrasive effect of the liquid, plus there is no escape from erosion and corrosion. The working cone itself must have a polished inner surface, smooth, worn nozzle edges. If necessary, it is replaced with a new part.

Failure to comply with such requirements entails a decrease in the efficiency of the unit and a drop in pressure required for the circulation of the coolant in the in-house heating distribution. In addition, the nozzle is worn, dirty, or too large diameter(significantly higher than the calculated one), will lead to the appearance of strong hydraulic noises, which will be transmitted through the heating pipes to the living quarters of the building.

Of course, the heating system of a house with the simplest elevator unit is far from being an example of perfection. It is very difficult to adjust, which requires disassembling the assembly and replacing the injection nozzle. Therefore, the best option, nevertheless, seems to be modernization with the installation of adjustable elevators that allow changing the mixing parameters of the coolant in a certain range.

How to regulate the temperature in the apartment?

The temperature of the coolant in the internal network may be excessive for a single apartment, for example, if it uses "warm floors". This means that you will need to install your own equipment that will help maintain the degree of heating at the desired level.

Options, as - in a special article on our portal.

And finally - a video with computer visualization of the device and the principle of operation of the heating elevator:

Video: device and operation of a heating elevator

Not every consumer is clearly aware of what it is - an elevator unit of a heating system. In the domestic climatic conditions, it is difficult to imagine a home without a heating source. The system under consideration allows you to optimize heating, in contrast to the stove counterpart, which could not heat the floor, due to significant maintenance warm air up. Let's try to understand the intricacies of elevator equipment and its advantages.

General information

Since technical development does not stand still, specialists have designed a water heating system. Here it is appropriate to ask the question: "What is this elevator unit of the heating system?" It is a design that allows you to heat the air in a room, regardless of the height of the ceilings and the total area of ​​the rooms.

In a private house, owners most often use a type of individual heating. Apartments usually have a central system. Next, we will consider what the elevator block is, what functions it performs.

heating system assembly?

The unit in question is a device included in the heating unit, which performs the options of a jet or injection pump. The main task of such a modification is to increase the pressure inside the working heating structure. Simply put, the elevator system pumps the coolant through the system, while increasing its volume.

The following example will help to understand what it is an elevator unit of the heating system:

• When supplied from the main water supply, about 5 cubic meters coolant fluids.
• The production system already receives twice as much material.
• The increase in flow and volume is associated mainly with ordinary physical laws.
• First of all, keep in mind that an elevator in a heating system is a connection to a central one where the main CHP is operated under pressure or in a boiler room.

Principle of operation

The work of the elevator unit of the heating system is to supply water that moves through the pipeline. V winter period the temperature of the liquid can reach 150 degrees Celsius. Despite the fact that the boiling degree is 100 degrees, one of the laws of physics plays an additional role in the operation of the system. At the temperature in question, water begins to boil only if it is in an open tank without additional pressure being applied. Since there is an additional load in the pipeline, the liquid circulates more actively using pumping equipment. In this regard, boiling does not occur even when the critical values ​​are exceeded.

Peculiarities

The elevator assembly of the heating system, the photo of which is presented below, at a temperature of 150 degrees cannot work efficiently. There are a number of prerequisites for this:

• Cast iron does not like thermal changes very much. If radiators made of such material are used in an apartment, in this case they are subject to deformation and failure. Breakage can reach the point of complete destruction of the battery.
• Excessive temperature also actively heats up metal radiators, as a result of which burns can occur.
• Modern strapping of devices is made of plastic, which withstands 90 degrees as much as possible. At 150 degrees, it will just start to melt.
• To cool the main hearth, the elevator is used.

Purpose

The purpose of the elevator unit in the heating system is aimed at lowering the temperature of the liquid used in the structure. After passing through this node, a coolant of normal temperature enters the dwelling. As it turned out, elevators are needed in order to lower the water temperature for heating systems.

The process itself is quite simple. The device includes a working chamber where hot water and liquid coming from the return circuit are mixed. This solution makes it possible to obtain a sufficient amount of coolant without excessive water consumption.

Service

Next, we will consider the features of servicing the elevator unit of the heating system. What it is is discussed above. During the operation of the system, certain losses of fluid temperatures occur. It should be borne in mind that the water supply is carried out through a nozzle with a reduced diameter, in contrast to the size of the hot water pipeline. The increase in the speed of fluid movement is provided by pressure, which makes it possible to provide all risers with a coolant. This design guarantees uniform heating of rooms, regardless of the presence or absence of a distribution block.

The elevator numbers of the heating system require proper maintenance. Some workers simply remove the nozzle and install metal dampers, which are responsible for manually adjusting the water flow rate. This is not the worst option, it is much more problematic to operate the system without them.

In such a situation, dwellings in the immediate vicinity of the system will receive an excessive amount of heat, even in the most severe frost, residents will have to ventilate the apartment. On the other hand, it will be cold in rooms located far from the junction. People will have to use additional heating sources. In fact, incorrect system maintenance is to blame.

Exploitation

The principle of operation of the elevator unit of the heating system is more understandable when studying the diagram. It makes it possible to understand that the design performs the option of two devices at once: a circulation pump and a mixer.

The configuration of the device is as simple as possible, but quite effective. The system has a reasonable price, does not require connection. effective work certain rules must be followed, namely:

• In the part of the direct and reverse circulation, a pressure of about 0.9-2.0 bar should be maintained.
• The temperature regime of the outlet fluid cannot be adjusted.
• All parts of the fixture must be precisely adjusted, which requires appropriate calculations.

Despite some difficulties in operation, the elevator unit of the heating system, the size of which requires correct adjustment, is quite popular in the municipal industry and has a high efficiency rate. On final results the work of the structure is absolutely not affected by the differences in thermal and hydraulic parameters. The unit does not need constant supervision, but its adjustment is carried out correct selection nozzle size.

Major malfunctions

Most often, in the node under consideration, breakdowns occur due to the failure of the device itself. This may be due to a change in the diameter of the nozzle or its clogging. In addition, fittings, mud collectors can be deformed, or the settings of regulatory elements can be lost.

It is not difficult to notice the malfunction. The main sign of a breakdown is the presence of temperature differences before connecting to the system and after it. In the case of a significant difference in indicators, we can safely talk about irregularities in the operation of the unit. If the difference in parameters is not very significant, the problem is most likely a clogged nozzle. For repairs, it is better to use the services of specialists, since self-intervention can lead to a worsening of the situation.

Other problems

To eliminate the clogging of the nozzle, it is removed mechanically and thoroughly cleaned with a rag and brush. If the diameter of this element changes due to the presence of rust, work heating system will be broken. In this case, the premises in the lower part multi-storey building will overheat, and the upper apartments will lack heat. The only way to solve the problem is to replace the nozzle.

Heating system pressure gauges are mounted in front of and behind the sump. If the gauges show a significant pressure drop, this indicates a clogged dirt cleaning element. The malfunction is eliminated by removing impurities through the drain valves located at the bottom of the unit. If it is impossible to solve the problem in this way, the sump is disassembled and cleaned.

In conclusion

A home heating system with a simple elevator system is not the most perfect design. Such a unit is difficult to adjust, often requires disassembly and replacement of an injection-type nozzle. The best option is an installation with the ability to automatically adjust the elements that make it possible to mix the coolant in a specific range.

Of course, heating is the most important life support system in any home. It can be found in any building that receives district heating. In such a system, elevator heating units are very important mechanisms.

What parts they consist of, how they function and in general, what is an elevator heating unit in this article we will consider.

Elevator what is it

To understand and understand what this element is, it is best to go down to the basement of the building and see with your own eyes. But if you have no desire to leave your home, then you can familiarize yourself with the photo and video files in our gallery. In the basement, among the many valves, valves, pipelines, pressure gauges and thermometers, you will surely find this unit.

We suggest that you first understand the principle of work. Hot is supplied to the building from the district boiler house, and cooled down.

This requires:

• Supply pipeline- carries out the supply of hot coolant to the consumer;
• Return pipeline- performs work on the removal of the cooled heat carrier and its return to the district boiler room.

For several houses, and in some cases for each, if the houses are large, thermal chambers are equipped. In them, the coolant is distributed between the houses, and shut-off valves are installed, which serve to cut off pipelines. Also, drainage devices can be performed in the chambers, which serve to empty pipes, for example, for repair work. Further, the process depends on the temperature of the coolant.

In our country, there are several main modes of operation of district boiler houses:

• Supply 150 and return 70 degrees Celsius;
• Respectively 130 and 70;
• 95 and 70.

The choice of the mode depends on the latitude of residence. So, for example, a 130/70 schedule will be sufficient for Moscow, and a 150/70 schedule will be needed for Irkutsk. The names of these modes are the numbers of the maximum load of the pipelines. But depending on the air temperature outside the window, the boiler room can operate at temperatures of 70/54.

This is done so that there is no overheating in the rooms and so that it is comfortable to be in them. This regulation is carried out in the boiler room and is a representative of the central regulation type. An interesting fact is that in European countries another type of regulation is carried out - local. That is, the regulation takes place at the heat supply facility itself.

Heating networks and boiler houses in such cases operate at maximum mode. It should be said that the highest productivity of boiler units is achieved precisely at maximum loads. comes to the consumer and is regulated locally by special mechanisms.

These mechanisms consist of:

• Outdoor and indoor temperature sensors;
• Servo drives;
• Actuator with valve.

Such systems are equipped with individual devices for metering heat energy, due to this, a large saving of monetary resources is achieved. Compared to elevators, such systems are less reliable and durable.

So, if the coolant has a temperature of no more than 95 degrees, then the main task is the high-quality physical distribution of heat throughout the entire system. To achieve these goals, manifolds and balancing cranes are used.

But in the case when the temperature is above 95 degrees, then it needs to be slightly reduced. This is what elevators in the heating system do, they mix chilled water from the return to the supply pipe.

Important. The process of adjusting the elevator unit is the simplest and cheapest mechanism, the main thing is to correctly calculate the heating elevator.

Functions and characteristics

As we have already dealt with you, the elevator of the heating system is engaged in cooling the superheated water to a predetermined value. Then this prepared water enters the.

This element improves the quality of the entire building system and when correct installation and the selection has two functions:

• Mixing;
• Circulating.

The advantages of an elevator heating system:

• Simplicity of construction;
• High efficiency;
• No electrical connection required.

Disadvantages:

• We need an accurate and high-quality calculation and selection of a heating elevator;
• There is no way to regulate the outlet temperature;
• It is necessary to maintain a pressure drop between supply and return in the region of 0.8-2 bar.

In our time, such elements have become widespread in the economy of heating networks. This is due to their advantages, such as resistance to changes in hydraulic and temperature conditions. In addition, they do not require the constant presence of a person.

Important. Calculation, selection and adjustment of elevators should not be done with your own hands, it is better to leave this matter for specialists, since a mistake in choosing can lead to big problems.

Design

The elevator consists of:

• Vacuum chambers;
• Nozzles;
• Jet elevator.

Among heating engineers there is a concept as a strapping of an elevator unit. It consists in installing the necessary valves, manometers and thermometers. All this is assembled and is a node.

Important! Today, manufacturers are selling elevators that are able, thanks to an electric drive, to adjust the nozzle. At the same time, it is possible to adjust the flow rate of the coolant in automatic mode. But it is also worth noting that such equipment is not yet distinguished by a high degree of reliability.

Long-term reliability

Technological progress does not stop for a second. More and more new technologies are being used for heating buildings. There is one alternative to the usual elevators - this is equipment with automatic temperature control. They are considered to be more energy efficient and economical, but their price is higher. In addition, they cannot work without power supply, and they periodically need a lot of power. Only time will tell what is better to apply.

Outcomes

In this article, we found out what an elevator in a heating system is, what it consists of and how it works. As it turned out, such equipment is widespread due to its undeniable advantages. There are no prerequisites for utilities to abandon them.

There are alternatives for this equipment, but they are distinguished by their high cost, lower reliability and energy efficiency, because they require electricity and periodic repairs for their operation.