What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

A mansard roof is the best way to increase the usable area of ​​the house. At the same time, the costs will be minimal. With the device of such a design, one or more living rooms can be equipped. Often children's rooms or an office are arranged in the attic. A comfortable room in the attic can function as a living room.

When arranging an attic, it is important to remember several principles that will help create a comfortable and practical room. A mansard roof is a specially equipped attic. When creating such a structure, it is important to carefully approach the stages of thermal insulation, redevelopment and ventilation of the room on the roof. Construction video mansard roof do it yourself (step by step) can be found at the end of the article.

Advantages and disadvantages of the solution

When deciding to equip an attic room, you need to know the features of its construction. The advantages of attic rooms include:

• An additional room appears in the attic. It can be equipped depending on taste and purpose.
• Low costs. The construction of an attic room will not cost a lot. Such work will be tantamount to building an extension near the house. At the same time, the useful area of ​​the house expands.
• Great view from the window. Attractive landscapes outside the window attic space will not leave anyone indifferent.

If we consider the disadvantages of the attic device, one should remember the need for additional heating of the room.

Types of mansard roofs

When designing attic floor it is important to take care of the choice of the type of roof. It is necessary to understand not only the choice of the appearance of the structure, but also the methods of its arrangement. There are several options that are most suitable for creating a mansard roof. They can be chosen only when taking into account the peculiarities of the house:

It is important to understand the structure of the attic roof, which it was decided to make.

Attic device

Each roof has its own design features. However, mansard structures have a number of common features with simple pitched structures. It is important to know them when getting started:

Knowing the structure of the roof, you can start the main work. A photo of the construction of a mansard roof with your own hands (step by step) will help you understand the stages of the process.

Attic construction technology

Often, architects, when drafting a mansard roof, do not take into account the inaccuracies of the ventilation system and the insulating layer. If there are such errors, the result can be disastrous. After a few years, the roof will begin to leak. Since the attic is quite close to the wall inside the room, it is rather difficult to ensure the optimal level of heat transfer. The construction of the attic must include such elements as thermal insulation and ventilation.

Important! Elements of the rafter system should be pre-treated with various protective equipment that will reduce the impact of fire and microorganisms.

The thermal insulation layer is 20 cm thick. This is due to the cold climate in most regions of Russia. In addition, when creating good thermal insulation, it will be cool under the mansard roof in the summer. The advantages of such a solution indicate the need to choose a high-quality protective material.

In addition, you will need to create a roof ventilation system. In summer, when the temperature is quite high, the roof will get very hot, which can make staying in the attic rather uncomfortable. With a properly equipped air supply and exhaust system, it will become much more pleasant to be in the room. The same solution will protect the roof from destruction. A layer of sound insulation is applied to create a quiet and comfortable environment inside the attic. At the same time, there will be no strong rain, hail or strong wind.

Advice! when is laying insulating materials, it is best to work with an experienced installer. This will avoid mistakes.

Attic construction stages

A step-by-step instruction on the construction of the attic floor implies the implementation of a number of subtleties of technology. To build an attic, you must have at least minimal experience construction works... The construction of an attic space will be significantly more difficult than in the case of regular roof... This is due to the need to comply with the required angles of the slopes. You can figure out how to build an attic in a private house with your own hands after studying the construction plan.

You need to start by drawing up a project for the attic floor. For this purpose, it is better to invite a specialist who can accurately calculate the loads and establish the required dimensions of the elements. With certain knowledge, all calculations can be performed in a special program. You will also need to calculate roof slopes and expected loads. For the correct execution of the work, you will need to study the book "Loads and Effects on Buildings and Structures".

Erection of a rafter frame

When performing this stage of work, you will need to invite 2-3 workers. It is better to start the roofing device with laying the Mauerlat beams. They are fixed around the entire perimeter of the house. For Mauerlats, bars of 100x100 mm are chosen.

Then the frame of the future is mounted attic room... Its vertical elements will serve as support posts for the rafter system. First, vertical supports are installed on both sides. They are fixed to longitudinal beams... To connect, you need to use metal corners and self-tapping screws.

Advice! In the process of such work, it is better to use a screwdriver. This will greatly speed up the progress of the work.

As a result of such actions, two arches are obtained. They should be connected with a scourge. It should be located strictly horizontally. Even with a slight inclination of the scourge, one of the arches will have to be shortened. Then, at a certain distance from each other, other arches should be installed. To secure the jumpers, stamped corners are used.

Then the upper rafters are installed. This kind of work is quite difficult. The rafters should be installed in such a way that they are installed at a certain slope. First, a pattern of boards is executed. They need to match the jointed rafters. When using such a template, you need to trim the rafters that are on the ground. Then they are installed in the right place. The installation of rafters is carried out taking into account the construction of the internal attic room.

Installation ends truss structure by nailing the crate. Usually it is made of plywood or chipboard.

Insulation of the attic roof

After completing the installation of the rafter system and lathing, an insulating layer can be created. The vapor barrier film is laid from the inside of the roof. It is fixed to the rafters with construction brackets. After that, thermal insulation is performed. It is necessary to monitor the density of the insulation on the surface of the rafters. There should be no gaps, due to which problems with condensation and thermal protection of the room may arise in the future. the structure of the lathing is attached to the thermal insulation with a gap between the boards of half a meter.

Waterproofing is laid on top of the rafters. It will protect the attic from moisture. Roofing is laid on the waterproofing layer. Such a scheme roofing cake serves as optimal when arranging an attic.

Attention! During construction, it is important to take care of compliance with safety requirements.

As you can see, the construction of a mansard roof is a serious job. The durability of the structure depends on the degree of seriousness with which to approach the work. You can find a lot of examples of what construction and appearance may have an attic. Among its various types, you can choose the most suitable option... If it is necessary to create optimal daylight, a large window should be installed. Often its shape is chosen round or square. In any case, before work, you should carefully prepare and draw up a project for the future construction.

conclusions

When erecting a mansard roof, some features of the work should be taken into account. For example, it is important to create correct insulation and waterproofing the cake. In addition, you need to take care of the choice of roofing. Thanks to this, the mansard roof will be reliably protected from bad weather.

Before work, a project for the future construction is drawn up. It is created taking into account the design loads and the materials used. In terms of construction, they reflect all the subtleties of the process. It is important to follow the technology of constructing a mansard roof - this will ensure its reliability and durability.

The attic is a living space under the roof itself. It allows you to significantly increase the square of the building area without extensions. An attic does not have to be planned in a private house in advance; it can be built on an old building with a conventional roof with an already existing rafter system.

The budget for such work will be relatively small - after all, the supporting elements are already present, it is possible that revision will be required only for insulation and bringing the attic to a living state. A do-it-yourself attic is a very real project that can be implemented without attracting qualified labor, but with an assistant.

Before starting construction

Do-it-yourself attic construction on the constructed building begins with a careful assessment of the situation. First of all, you need to make sure that the old structure will successfully carry the additional load.

The matter also applies to the material of the wall structures. Usually, a sufficient margin of safety is laid both in the foundation and in the bearing walls, which will make it possible to do without additional reinforcement. However, if in doubt, it is better to distribute the increased load on additional columns, spacers, or to strengthen the floor beams between the lower floor and the attic.

The roof of a mansard roof has its own specific requirements. If the existing elements do not correspond to them, you will have to get rid of them and mount new ones that will be designed for new loads.

A mansard roof with your own hands can be built according to different projects. The shape of the roof space depends on how the roof will be formed, in particular, its load-bearing elements - rafters and beams. The most successful form of the roof requires the embodiment of a gable roof scheme with a broken roof line. That is, the angle of divergence of the slopes from the ridge point in the middle of the run is replaced by a steeper one, and the roof overhangs descend very steeply onto the Mauerlat of the second floor.

Although a pitched roof has the advantages of a simpler structure of the rafter system, a project of this type has not found frequent use in attics due to a number of inconsistencies with the tasks of the room. With it, it will not be possible to provide a high ceiling, or the width of the room will be minimal. In addition, the weight of the snow cover in this case is significant and requires an increase in the cross-section of the bearing beams, which will lead to an increase in the cost of building an attic roof.

For this reason, many people prefer to build a sloping gable roof, considering it the most acceptable option for houses with an attic. The advantage of this attic roof scheme is that the usable volume of space under the roof will be the largest, which brings a properly designed attic closer to a full-fledged room.

A compromise can be considered the option of a semi-attic roof, when part of the walls of the attic floor is a continuation of the building box. In this case, the gable shape of the semi-attic roof dictates the sloping side parts of the ceiling of the room.

Features of the roof truss system

The broken scheme of the attic roof is good in that it allows you to arrange the overhangs longer and place them at a steeper angle. This type of project gives a distinctive look to the whole house. At the same time, in addition to the aesthetic factor, low overhangs well protect the joint between the wall and the roof from precipitation. On the other hand, the windage of the roof at strong wind increases, therefore, when developing the design of the attic, an average solution is found that satisfies all parameters.

Determine the angles of inclination

When deciding how to make an attic, it is necessary to determine the value of the slope angles. To do this, you need to deal with two basic factors: weather conditions with the prevailing wind directions in the region where the construction is carried out, as well as the materials that make up the floor joists, rafter beams and walls. If in winter there is a lot of snow, which lies for a long time and does not melt, then the roof is made steeper.

Thanks to this, the snow does not accumulate in a thick layer and does not increase the load on the rafters. Taking into account all climatic factors and the fact that a board of standard sections or timber is commonly used as rafters, the angle of the upper part of the roof is 30 degrees with respect to the horizon, and the lower part is 60 degrees. The following drawing demonstrates these parameters.

This solution provides a solid structure that, with a minimum consumption of wood, provides the maximum ceiling height in the under-roof space. According to building codes, it should be at least 2 m.Everything below is considered an attic, not an attic, and for comfortable stay does not fit. On the contrary, if possible, the ceiling is raised to a level of 2.2 - 2.3 meters, since tall people will be uncomfortable in a low room.

It should also be remembered that the steeper the slopes, the higher the skate. This increases the windage of the roof, that is, the wind resistance.

If winds blow constantly in the region, with high speed or strong gusts, the roof is at risk of falling off, which should not be allowed. For this reason, the choice of a mansard roof project with the indicated angles is the best option.

Choosing the type of rafter system

In the vast majority of cases, pine is used as a material for rafters in the construction of an attic floor with their own hands, due to its cheapness, acceptable weight and ease of processing. The thickness of the beams is usually chosen 40 - 50 mm, width - 200 - 250 mm. The more powerful the rafters, the more it is allowed to take a step between them, and vice versa. Determination of the exact parameters is carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TKP 45-5.05-146-2009.

For the device of the roof truss system sloping roof two schemes are used: layered and hanging. In the hanging system, the ridge beam does not rest on the racks in the center, and the rigidity of the structure is provided by puffs that form a triangle with the rafters. For long rafters, such a system will not work due to the long length of the beams. In the layered scheme, load-bearing beams are erected in the center of the floor, on which the ridge girder rests. Thanks to the intermediate support, the roof can withstand heavy loads, but inside the attic there will be supports, or a one-piece partition.

A sloping gable roof is a little more complicated than a straight one. The fact is that in the first one there is no rigid triangular structure. For this reason, hanging rafters can only be made if the tightening width is not more than 4.5 m. This parameter corresponds to the width of the attic room. However, even in the case of a smaller parameter, it will be necessary to install vertical posts connecting the break point of the roof with the floor joists.

For additional strength, if the roofing is multilayer and heavy, contractions are made - horizontal braces between the lower inclined logs and vertical posts. Sometimes a headstock is included in the design of the rafter system - a stand between the ridge run and the tightening. Its installation makes sense only in the case of a heavy ridge and a wide roof; in all other cases, the rigidity of the upper triangle is sufficient.

Basics of calculating a sloping roof of a house

For the roof of a house, the width of which does not exceed 6 m, an approximate, approximate calculation can be made in order to present the approximate amount of material for construction and the money that will need to be spent on it. V small houses, where the load on the rafters is small, you can focus on the above experience of arranging the rafter system, taking into account the characteristics of the accompanying materials, for example, insulation and external roofing.

One of the main parameters is the step of installing the rafter beams. If it is planned to use mineral wool insulation as thermal insulation, then this size should be selected based on the format of the material. Mineral wool mats are 60 cm wide and do not require fastening at the time of installation, as long as they are inserted tightly and held by elastic force. Accordingly, the step of the rafters should be chosen from 57 to 58 cm.

The width of the rafter leg should allow the insulation to be laid freely with slight sagging. If we are talking about the Urals, Siberia, northern regions, then basalt insulation stacked in a checkerboard pattern in two layers of 100 mm each. This means that the beam must be at least 230 mm thick.

On the Internet, there are statements that the insulation should be "ventilated", so the width of the rafter leg should be chosen with a margin. In fact, the insulation itself may not be ventilated, since it is not afraid of moisture, but at the same time it somewhat loses its thermal insulation properties when moistened. Ventilation, which in reality is rather necessary for the wood of the frame, is provided by stuffing the crate and counter-batten on the rafters, if the width of the beams is not enough for this.

The beam for posts and beams must be selected with a thickness of at least 80 mm on the smaller side. It is allowed to use a bar 80 * 80, 80 * 100, 100 * 100. The latter option is relevant for heavy roofs of a large area.

It is better to entrust the exact calculation of all elements of the rafter system to the design organization if you do not have experience in construction calculations.

At the same time, a mistake can make itself felt not only at the stage of purchasing materials and erecting a roof, but also later, when expensive repairs are required.

Diy mansard roof installation scheme

Before installing the truss system for the attic with their own hands, first of all, they construct a Mauerlat - a belt of timber that encircles the building around the perimeter. It is on it that the lower overhangs of the rafter legs are attached. The Mauerlat is exactly the same for both a sloping and a straight gable roof. Depending on the material of the walls, it has features in the installation.

In houses built of timber or logs, a separate Mauerlat beam is not required - its role is successfully taken over by the upper crown. The eyes are cut in it with the desired pitch, and the ends of the rafter legs are attached to the corners or hairpins.

In houses from cellular concrete before laying wooden beam an armored belt is required along the perimeter. Without it, the soft porous material of the walls can squeeze over time, and the mount will tear out of the crumbled aerated or foam concrete. It is made of concrete on the formwork, reinforced with two or four rods, best of all from fiberglass, so that the structure is lighter.

Brick and cinder block walls do not require an armored belt. In this case, holes are prepared at the end of the wall with a perforator, and the Mauerlat bar is attracted by anchors. The rafters are attached to it with the help of corners, as well as large screws - "wood grouses" with hex caps for a key or head. It is more convenient to tighten them with a wrench.

Assembling roof fragments on the ground

There are several ways to assemble a mansard roof frame. One of them is the assembly of all the elements on the ground, lifting them to the roof, strengthening with temporary struts, and then through "finishing" installation, which provides the structure with rigidity. Consider performing the work step by step:

• The first step is to assemble the pediments. They represent the upper and lower parts of the rafters, which are fastened to the racks and ties at the fracture line. All the lower ends of the boards and beams rest on the base. In the middle of the gables, they usually provide roof windows.
• The prepared subassemblies are lifted and secured from one and the other edges of the building. The bases are fixed with anchors in the wall, plus temporary struts are added to hold the structure.
• The "ribs" of the rafters are sequentially assembled and placed in the cuts of the Mauerlat with the prescribed step.
• After all the elements are assembled, they are sewn together with longitudinal jumpers: a ridge bar - the tops of triangles, connecting beams - at the junction of the racks and puffs. So the structure acquires the necessary rigidity.

Serial installation on site

In the second case, all parts of the rafter system are gradually assembled in their places on the roof. At the end, a finished structure comes out. This option is easier in the case when individual fragments weigh a lot and cannot be lifted without special equipment... In this case step-by-step instruction assembly is like this:

• Begin by installing racks on the floor joists of the second floor. The step is the same as for the rafters. The upper ends are connected by tightening - a horizontal bar. At this stage, you should end up with a rectangular box of uprights and puffs.
• After that, the lower parts of the beams are mounted. They must form a triangle with the posts and the base - a rigid structure.
• Behind them, you can install the upper sections of the rafters. For the required stiffness, they are fixed by bevels to the puffs. Additional transoms can be provided for wide roofs. Also, if the span of the tightening is too long, put a beam that secures the ridge beam with a tightening - this will prevent it from sagging.

For a sloping roof, there is no problem with a shortage of the standard length of lumber - 6 m. Recall that the rafter consists of two parts. If, nevertheless, such an inconvenience arose, the beams can be built up by placing patches of the same thickness on both sides as the beam, and tightening the joints with bolts and nuts through the through holes.

Drawings of important components

The most critical places, the execution of which may require schematic visualization, are the connections of several planes, as well as places that have a large load. The photo shows drawings of such connections.

For bonding wooden beams and racks use different fasteners. In order of strength and preference, you can arrange them in descending order: bolts with nuts and washers - screws and "wood grouse" - nails. Nails are bad in that after years, when the wood dries and deforms, they tend to crawl out of the holes. The structure will not fall apart completely, but an unwanted backlash will appear.

The rafters are attached to the Mauerlat by means of powerful steel corners. For convenience, a stop bar is stuffed on the lower part of the rafter leg, which prevents the end of the board from slipping and allows you to carefully tighten all the fasteners.

Attic floor window options

The attic, as a living space, should be well lit. SNiPs recommend a 10% glazing area of ​​the floor area in the room.

The easiest way to let light in under the roof is to provide windows in the gables. If you have provided bearing racks, then it will not be difficult to install such a window. Neither special waterproofing nor reinforcement of the attic roof structure is required. If the window is only on one side, this side should be west or south, so more light gets into it during the day.

Sloped windows are another popular and attractive solution. They do not require any modification to the roof structure. They also have the advantage of the large amount of light they provide. However, when installing sloped windows, you need good waterproofing frames. In regions with snowy winters, it is recommended to install reinforced windows, since in the presence of a thick layer of snow, they will have to experience additional stress.

The steeper the roof slope angle, the lower the window height can be. On the other hand, in shallow areas, the height should be higher. Usually, inclined windows are not made wider than the inter-rafter step, as this would necessitate a serious strengthening of the adjacent rafter legs, onto which the weight of the roof would be redistributed. It is more expedient to make two narrow windows - light will penetrate through them as much as necessary, and there will be no influence on the structural elements.

Sometimes dormer windows are made in the attic, for which a special ledge is arranged. The plus is the vertical arrangement of the frame and the ability to stand in front of a full-length window. Minus - the need to change the configuration of the roof. On a solid surface, two valleys appear at once - the meeting points of two planes, where the greatest danger of leakage arises.

A window similar to a dormer, but only in reverse, that is, recessed inside the attic, is done if they want to provide an exit to the balcony. There are no other advantages to this solution, since less light enters the premises in this case than through standard tilted windows.

Installation of lathing and roofing

The next stage in the construction of the attic with your own hands will be the installation of the finishing roofing. First of all, a waterproofing membrane is stuffed onto the floor joists. It should not allow water to pass to the insulation, but steam should escape through it. On top of the waterproofing along the lag, slats are stuffed. Then a supporting crate is attached across the lag. It can be a board of any width and thickness of 15 - 20 mm. Due to the presence of these multidirectional layers, ventilation of the reverse side of the roofing is provided.

This scheme is suitable for rigid roofing materials: slate, metal, standing seam roofing, corrugated board. Flexible roofing requires a solid, solid underlay. For this, osb plates or plywood sheets are used, a screen is made on top, and elements of a soft roof are fused on top.

Step-by-step instructions for insulating the attic

Most often, when installing the attic roof of a private house, it is assumed to be insulated. In this case, it is more convenient to nail the waterproofing membrane from the outside of the roof. However, if you have not done this, then you can always mount it from the inside. To do this, rolls of membrane are rolled along the roof and are aimed at the logs with a construction stapler. In this case, it is necessary to leave deflections for the insulation. The joints are glued with a special double-sided tape.

(3 appreciated at 4,33 from 5 )

If you want to maximize useful area at home, without spending fabulous funds, you should definitely consider projects with an attic. Developers' experience suggests that it is optimal way economy class housing planning, because one square meter living space in it costs several times cheaper than in two-storey buildings... There is a misconception that the attic is only suitable for seasonal use during the warm season.

However, it is erroneous, since a high-quality insulated broken mansard roof perfectly retains heat in winter, it temperature regime no less comfortable than in the heated rooms on the first floor.

Even without additional thermal insulation, the attic is a kind of "air cushion" that preserves optimal temperature inside the house.

A broken mansard roof is considered a technically complex structure, advising to entrust its construction to a professional team. However, a person familiar with roofing works as an example of traditional gable roof, is quite capable of overpowering its construction with his own hands, with the help of two auxiliary workers, assistants. The main thing is to understand that this is a process that requires a serious approach, which is reckless to start without preliminary calculations.

Varieties of attic roofs

An attic is a heated or cold space under a roof that is used as a living space. According to building codes, it is necessary to equip windows in the attic room for natural light and ceilings of sufficient height for a person.

Rooms under the roof, in which these conditions are not met, are called an attic. The following types of roofs are suitable for the construction of the attic:

Broken roof

Installation of a mansard roof suitable for living provides for mandatory thermal insulation, the organization of natural light using attic or vertical windows and forced ventilation.

The advantages of a broken structure

Of course, you can even equip the attic by building an ordinary triangular roof with your own hands. But due to the steepness of the slopes, for the ceiling to learn, the height of such a roof must be very large. This is not economical, and also impractical, because a roof with a variable slope angle allows you to more efficiently dispose of the available space.

The flatter top makes the ceilings taller. According to building codes, if the distance from the floor to the ridge connection is less than 2.5-2.7 meters, the room is not considered residential, it cannot be called an attic, it is rather just an attic. The sloping roof design has the following advantages:

• Possibility to equip higher ceilings.
• High level of protection against precipitation and wind.
• Light snow removal from the slopes.
• Helps keep warm.
• Rational use of the roof space.

Construction stages

Project creation

When composing a project of a broken attic roof for construction with your own hands, it is better to draw up drawings with different projections, which will comprehensively show the location of its elements. Based on the length and width of the house, you need to decide on the size of the attic room, as well as the roof. The first step is to build the geometry of the slopes:

In order for the project's calculations to be correct, it is important to accurately make the initial measurements, as well as to comply with the scale. Computer programs can facilitate the design, into which it is enough to enter the dimensions of the structure and the desired type of roof, they perform all the rest of the work automatically. If there is no access to such software, it is better to use ready-made projects.

Calculation of the rafter system

Rafters - basic supporting elements a sloping mansard roof, a kind of its backbone. They are subjected to enormous loads, therefore special requirements are imposed on them.

The choice of the cross-section of the rafter legs is not random, but in accordance with the installation step, the distance between the supports, the values ​​of the wind and snow load. If the first three indicators can be easily determined from the drawn up drawing, then the last two need special explanation.

• The territory of Russia is divided into 8 zones with different snow load. For each specific roof, this value is corrected by the angle of inclination of its slopes. Since the slope of the slopes is different, then two indicators are calculated, respectively, the upper and lower rafters can have a different section.
• There is also wind load zoning, which also includes 8 zones. Using a coefficient that takes into account the height of the building, corrections are made to the tabular value of this indicator.
• The values ​​of these two indicators are added together to determine the total load. The numbers should be rounded up to provide a small margin of safety. Based on them, according to the reference tables, the required section of the boards is determined.

Mauerlat installation

The beginning of work on the equipment of a sloping mansard roof - installation of a Mauerlat, a durable beam of 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm in size. It is fixed at the end of the side external walls.

Its main task is to distribute the weight of the roof structure, transfer it to the foundation, as well as protect the protection of the slopes from overturning. Mauerlat is laid on the upper part of the wall on a pre-laid waterproofing, which is used as a double-folded roofing material or several layers of a special film.

Fastening is carried out using metal studs, they must be placed in a concrete screed. If it comes and do-it-yourself roof reconstruction, it is mounted with anchor bolts to the wall to a depth of 15-17 cm.

For log houses, as well as log houses, wooden pins are used. Please note that the installation is flush.

Assembling the rafter system

Assembly rafter system of a sloping mansard roof occurs in the following order:

The implementation of the above points forms one truss. In the same way, the rest are installed in increments of 60-120 cm.

Waterproofing and roofing works

When the do-it-yourself installation work is completed, you need to organize its waterproofing. This requires a waterproofing film or membrane, which is usually produced in roll form.

Fasteners are selected depending on the type of material. For shingles, galvanized self-tapping screws with rubber heads are used, which, during the twisting process, are deformed in such a way that they waterproof the hole.

In order to speed up the process, you can use a screwdriver. Shinglas or ondulin is fixed with nails 100 mm long. After the completion of the roofing work, the gables and overhangs of the mansard sloping roof are made out.

Summing up, we can say that a broken mansard roof will help to expand the area of ​​the house with your own hands. You can build it with your own hands, however, this will require special skills and costs, which will undoubtedly pay off.

Video instruction

When starting to build an attic, you need to have a good design. The look of the roof should be in harmony with the look of the entire building. When choosing the structure of the upper floor, it is necessary to find out how the rafter system of the attic roof is arranged, what is its step. The structure of the truss system is the foundation of the roof. All nodes, supports, the distance between them, material and fences are important. This is the supporting skeleton of the roof, which determines its reliability and durability, in addition, the rafter system allows it to perform its direct function - to protect it from bad weather. If you plan to build an attic with your own hands, you need to choose a not very complex design scheme. The rafter system largely depends on what type of roof will be chosen, what step of the rafters and what type of attic roof will be preferable. The project should contain the distance between the rafters, the spacing of the beams, take into account both the own weight of the roof and the load caused by natural precipitation. In addition, all components must be resistant to temperature extremes.

Types of attic roof

System of rafters and assemblies for of various kinds mansard structures have their own differences. In this case, the structure should not be very heavy, so as not to load the walls of the building, reliable and durable, and the step of the rafters is optimal. By type, attic roofs are:

• Gable, with two slopes on the sides.

• A broken line, consisting of two or more slopes with different angles of inclination.

• Hip, where two or more slopes are triangular.

• Semi-hip, with end slopes located approximately at a distance of half the height.

• Dome, for buildings with a polygonal or round shape.

• Vaulted, in the form of an arc in section.

The roof type is divided into ventilated and non-ventilated structures. Depending on the climate, a building of one type or another is selected. For wet climatic zones with a large amount of precipitation, it is preferable to build ventilated roofs. In such roofs, a layer of air between roofing material and an insulator performs an additional protective function. Not ventilated, the broken line is more suitable for dry climates.

Features of the attic roof

The characteristic features of the attic roof, in contrast to standard roofs, is the impact on the structure not only from the outside, but also from the inside. External in the form of precipitation and wind and internal in the form of condensation arising from the difference in temperature indoors and outdoors. Therefore, the structure of the upper floor and the rafter system must have additional vapor barrier and heat protection - layers of material laid at some distance between themselves. For additional thermal insulation, as a rule, it is used mineral wool, together with moisture-proof material and waterproofing on the roof, they form a good protection. A small distance between the layers will give ventilation to the roof.

How to properly install thermal insulation and waterproofing

Rules for roof systems

When building a mansard roof, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the norms and recommendations regarding the structure of the rafter system and their step. The main ones are:

• A beam or board for the manufacture of rafters should be chosen from wood High Quality and well dried (with a moisture content of no more than 15%).
• The size of the rafters should be maintained at least 100x100 mm in cross section.
• It is not allowed to insert beams into the lower rim, this can weaken the structure.
• It is imperative to treat all wood nodes with a fire retardant and antiseptic to prevent fungus and rotting.
• The angle of inclination of the rafters is from 30 to 60 degrees.
• The rafters are fastened with metal corners or metal brackets and special nails, strapping is made with wire.

• The height of the rafter system varies 2.5-3.5 meters, and the broken structure allows a height of up to 4m.

• Especially carefully you should design and calculate the nodes and window openings, the step of the rafters, because after installing the rafters, it will be difficult to change the parameters of the skylights.

Truss materials

The roof truss system can be constructed from various materials... Modern industry makes it possible to use not only wood, but also lightweight metal beams and assemblies. The most common are:

• metal structures;

• reinforced concrete structures used mainly for industrial buildings;

• wooden structures;

• combined designs.

The material should be determined based on the structural parameters of the building, its size and application. Metal and concrete roof truss systems are typically used on industrial buildings. In private and small houses, wooden structures are more often preferred. The wood is easier to handle, the roof structure is not so heavy, the rafter system made of wood is easier to install and much more environmentally friendly.

Calculation of the rafter system

In order for the roof to serve for a long time, reliably perform its functions and do not require constant repairs, it is necessary to make accurate calculations before starting construction. It is necessary to take into account the own weight of the roof, depending on its material, the amount of precipitation and wind load. In accordance with the calculations, the type of rafter structure and the step of installing the rafters are selected. We list the main types of rafter systems:

• hanging;

• sloping roof rafter system;

• layered system;

• combined.

Calculations for systems with sloped structures, sloped roofs are easier and faster than for hanging rafters. The most common are combined rafter structures. pitched roofs... It is recommended to entrust the calculation of complex rafter systems to professional designers. Calculation using complex formulas and coefficients should give the value of the load per one meter of a square rafter system. For residential buildings, the standard average load is 50 kg per m².

Calculation diagram of the rafter system

Lathing and Mauerlat

The design of the lathing is directly related to the type of roofing. For soft species coverings (for example, ondulin) the lathing should be continuous. When using slate, metal or corrugated board, the boards on the crate should be placed at a distance of 25-40 cm. edged board 40-50 mm thick. If the roof is constructed with a low slope, snow retaining structures should be installed.

For stone buildings, such a part of the rafter system as the Mauerlat is common. Its task is to compensate for some of the load of the rafters on the walls of the house. In addition, Mauerlats connect the roof structure and the building. As a rule, the Mauerlat is attached with anchors to a concrete belt on top of the walls. In small wooden houses from a bar or chopped, the role of a mauerlat can be played by the last crown.

Rafter system supports

The device of the roof truss system is characterized by mounting on the Mauerlat:

• In wooden houses from a bar, the Mauerlat can be fixed on the upper crown.
• In houses with a frame, the rafters can rely on the upper harness.
• In houses made of brick and stone, the lower crown is the support.

Important! In all cases, it is imperative to waterproof the support beams. For this, as a rule, roll-type waterproofers are used.

In the case of mounting the legs on the posts, the dimensions of the posts should be 100x145 mm ± 5 mm. If the bench is mounted on a wall or on a ceiling, a narrow board can be installed between them. Lezhen can not be used for a four-pitched roof if beams without roof struts are used.

Mounting

Briefly, we will give the order in which the rafter systems of pitched roofs are installed. You should start with the installation of the Mauerlat, on which the rafter system will rely. It is made from a bar of about 10x15 cm in size and takes on the load of the rafters. Waterproofing in the form of roofing material or similar material is placed under the timber. The Mauerlat is fixed with pins or with a cement mortar.

If the roof has a broken or combined structure, the most common form of the truss is the U-shaped. It is recommended to install such trusses below, then lift and install on the roof. The frame is assembled from a 5x15 cm board or a 10x10 cm timber and mounted on the roof at a distance of 0.5-2 meters. The distance between the trusses determines the load that the roof must withstand. The smaller the distance between the rafters, the greater the weight the structure will withstand. The most common are triangular trusses.

Important! The end trusses should be installed first, connecting them with a ridge. The ridge is leveled horizontally with the help of a level, after which intermediate trusses can be placed.

A similar structure with U-shaped trusses is optimal with a roof width of no more than 6 meters. For roofs exceeding this parameter, a construction with an additional central support from a bar is recommended. Rafter legs and trusses in the upper part are interconnected by horizontal beams. For the manufacture of a reliable and durable attic truss system, coniferous woods should be used. The timber, well dried and sanded, is carefully checked for knots on all elements and discarded. Fastening is carried out with metal corners, brackets at an equal distance and overlays.

Roof truss system

An attic is that room in your home that can carry a wide variety of functional loads: from a workshop and an office, to a bedroom and a living room. Arrangement of an attic will cost you much less than a full second floor. And the technology of its construction is more accessible to execution.
In this article, we will consider the types of attics, as well as the stages of building an attic with our own hands.

The attic is a room bounded from below interfloor overlap, and on top and on the sides of the roof slopes. Depending on the shape of the slopes, the attic can be:

• single-level symmetrical with gable roof(a, b);
• single-level symmetrical with a broken roof (c);
• single-level asymmetric (g);
• two-level asymmetric (d).

Roof truss structures

If it is not there, or the distance of the wall from the edge of the attic is more than 7 m, hanging rafters are mounted. They are composed of the upper part of the roof slope, and at the bottom they are limited ceiling beams attic.
Installation of the rafter system is the first stage in the construction of the attic. Therefore, before starting its installation, you should calculate and take into account all the subtleties of this construction. For example, the possibility of arranging an attic floor instead of an existing attic space will depend on the quality of the underlying surface, on the type of foundation and its bearing capacity, as well as on the condition of the entire building as a whole.

However, first you need to familiarize yourself with the terminology presented in the construction drawings.

Stages of construction of a rafter frame

First, the upper bar is laid, which can be a section of 0.1x0.1 m, or better 0.15x0.15 m. It is attached to the racks with special nails, iron brackets or self-tapping screws. This block is a rafter frame.

1. We install the Mauerlat. It is this element that is the "foundation" of the entire roof. It prevents the roof from overturning in a strong gusty wind, and also transfers the load from the attic to the load-bearing walls of the house. For the installation of the Mauerlat, they use: boards (at least 5 cm thick) and beams (with a minimum section of 10x15 cm). The beams are laid out around the perimeter of the entire roof and attached to the wall long screws or metal brackets (or better, both at the same time). Another method of attaching the Mauerlat to the wall will not be superfluous - with the help of thick wire, which is mounted in advance in the upper row of the brickwork of the wall. Remember that the tighter you tie the Mauerlat and the wall, the stronger the entire attic structure will be. And one more thing: under the bars of the Mauerlat it is necessary to lay a layer of waterproofing, and the boards or bars themselves must be treated with an antiseptic and waterproofing impregnation.
2. , which are most often purchased ready-made (although they can be made by hand if desired). Before mounting these structural elements, it is necessary to apply marks on the Mauerlat that will indicate the place of attachment of the leg (the accepted distance between the legs is 15 cm). Labeling will simplify and speed up this step.
3. We lay the edge rafters to the pediment. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the edge of the front and the top of the rafter must form one line. In addition, pay attention to the quality of the board used for the rafters: it should be without any special defects (normally no more than 3 flaws per 1 m), the thickness is about 4 cm, the width is about 15 cm. After the edge rafters are installed, they are connected with a level rope, along which all the others are mounted rafter legs.
4. It's time to combine all the sling legs together. This is done at the top of all rafters using a girder. Then the ridge beam is installed, which, in principle, is not an obligatory element of the frame (it is erected when the roof is longer than 7 m).
5. Do not forget that at the stage of erecting the truss structure, you need to lay the window frames under the dormer windows.
6. If the roof is below 7 m, then in the upper part of the rafters, stretch marks are mounted, which perform a double function: they serve as ceiling beams of the future attic, strengthen the frame of the attic roof.

The rafter system is ready. It remains only to produce the crate, fix the hydro-barrier material, lay a layer of insulation material, as well as roofing. The mansard roof is ready. Let's get down to the inner work, which we'll talk about below.

The importance of mansard roof insulation is undeniable, because the walls of the attic space form a unity with the attic roof, or are as close to it as possible. Because of this, in winter, the attic room freezes faster, and in summer it heats up significantly.

Mineral wool is laid in the inter-rafter space. In this regard, the base sheets of insulation are cut to fit the size of the gaps between the rafters. Sheets of mineral wool are laid on a pre-laid layer of a vapor barrier, and a layer of a vapor barrier is attached on top of the sheets. In this multilayer structure, air gaps are formed, located between the layers of a vapor barrier-mineral wool and a mineral wool - a water vapor barrier. These air channels will subsequently contribute to the ventilation of the entire structure, and therefore they must be brought out open in the ridge area. This will improve the quality of insulation.

When insulating the attic, remember that the microclimate of the attic and the comfort of your stay will depend on the quality of insulation and the availability of ventilation.