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Basements are most often used as a boiler room or boiler room, as warehouses for storing products or things that are used in Everyday life not very often.

Quite often, production equipment or workshops are located in the basements, which often leads to fire elements. Due to the peculiarities of using basements, it is necessary to pay special attention to extinguishing fires in the underground floors of the house.

Basement floor features

Extinguishing a fire in the underground floor is difficult due to the laid communications and equipment, and is also complicated by the configuration of the room and poor traffic. The following factors also affect:

Low room height - a typical basement ceiling is 1.5-2 meters, which complicates movement through the room;
Lack of light, since there are few windows and natural light is not enough;
Poor ventilation, due to which there is a high carbon dioxide content in a fire;
The narrowness of the passages, because of which the evacuation from the premises is significantly complicated.

As a rule, basement partitions are made of materials that are resistant to fire. The communication between the basement and the rest of the house is made in the form of a basement or an elevator shaft, or by arranging a staircase. All basements have common communications with the residential building, in particular, a single ventilation passage, which can cause smoke on the upper floors.

Features of basement fires

A fire in a basement is characterized by a rapid rise in temperature, which does not happen in an open space. Poor ventilation provokes the accumulation of harmful substances in the air, which is especially dangerous for human health.

The density of the smoke screen and combustion processes increase the smoke content of the space around the fire; moreover, the fire can spread to other floors through ventilation shafts and other communications. If the fire is not eliminated immediately, the entire building can catch on fire.

Priority tasks in case of fire

Features of extinguishing fires in basements are associated with its configuration and temperature and humidity conditions. Fire extinguishing should focus primarily on the rapid localization of fire and the prevention of smoke from the premises.

Firefighters must ensure the safety of people in the building, reduce the temperature in the basement and make smoke evacuated. Thereafter, directly remove the open fire.

One of the most important stages in the elimination of a fire is reconnaissance. This will ensure the collection of the necessary information about the state of the fire, its type and characteristics. Based on the results of the reconnaissance, a quick tactic is adopted to eliminate the fire using well-known methods and tools. First of all, intelligence reports on flammable or flammable substances in the basement, its area and hearth.

Firefighters collect floor and configuration data, classify adjacent rooms and provide emergency venting options.

The sequence of actions for extinguishing a fire in the basement of the house

Reconnaissance is carried out when descending into the basement feet first with the effect of sliding sideways. It is possible through the window, but then additional safety net is needed. The main thing is to find out the options for the spread of the fire, methods of containment, localization and prompt elimination.

When the basements catch fire, a checkpoint is established by fire brigades, on which an ambulance is located health care and the required reserve for the fire brigades, which ensure the continuity of fire fighting.

If the period for extinguishing the fire is delayed, then a headquarters is made from the point with the appointment of those responsible for the course of work.

The entire crew of firefighters is sent in two groups, one of which directly extinguishes the fire, and the second is sent to neighboring rooms to prevent the fire from moving to other parts of the building. If in the process of extinguishing a threat to life is detected, then the emergency evacuation of residents comes to the fore.

It is important to prevent panic among the population and provide first aid.

All entrances and other openings, window and door openings, air vents should be as open as possible to ventilate the smoke. In some cases, separate smoke exhausters are used, which pump out smoke from the room. Water sprays and special solutions are also used. At too high temperatures, use a special foam to extinguish the fire.

Fire prevention

Prevention of ignition of underground premises is necessary. For this, their condition, laid communications and equipment are regularly checked. It is extremely important to keep an eye on electrical wiring and shields and other power sources. These include sources of artificial lighting.

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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Fighting a fire in a basement Basements of buildings and structures have different purposes. As a rule, in the basements there are heating and other pipelines, boilers, boiler rooms, storage rooms. In industrial buildings - communications related to the provision of technological process... When a fire breaks out in the basement, a high temperature and dense smoke are created, the smoke spreads to the higher rooms, posing a threat to human life. Fire may spread through ventilation ducts, hatches, shafts, assembly and other openings. The conduct of hostilities is hampered by a complex layout, the lack of a sufficient number of openings and entrances, in unlit and smoky basements.

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When extinguishing a fire in the basement, it is necessary to organize reconnaissance of the basement and the premises above, during which to establish the presence of a threat to human life and immediately organize work to rescue them, as well as to identify the possibility of fire spreading horizontally and vertically, to take measures to reduce the smoke content of the premises, by closing or opening door and window openings, smoke hatches, installing lintels. The commander of the fire department must constantly remember about the possible collapse of building structures and the need to ensure safe working conditions for the personnel, therefore, simultaneously with the actions to stop the combustion, it is necessary to intensively cool the structures, turn off the power grids, organize a clear work of the security post or the GDZS checkpoint.

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Methods for extinguishing fires in basements are different. This is extinguishing with the help of water, foam and powder barrels with their direct introduction into the fire, filling the basement with foam, carbon dioxide and other inert gas, in some cases - filling the basement with water. If it is impossible to penetrate through the existing openings to the combustion center, fire extinguishing agents are introduced through the openings specially made in the ceiling. The fire is rapidly developing along the combustible structures of corridors and galleries, especially if combustible materials, synthetic pile coverings, films were used to decorate interiors and interiors. The speed of fire propagation in such rooms towards open openings can reach 7-8 m / min.

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Extinguishing a fire on floors When extinguishing a fire on floors, especially in rooms with one exit, including apartments in residential buildings, it is often necessary to rescue people. On the second and third floors, along with the use of internal staircases, in some cases, manual fire ladders are used to lift firefighters, fire-technical equipment, extinguishing equipment and evacuate people. Starting from the fourth floor, firefighters' actions to extinguish fires become much more complicated. Often, in case of fires in buildings where there are no non-smoky main escape routes, staircases become smoky, and people, being on the third and higher floors, cannot leave the danger zone on their own. For rescue operations on the fourth and higher floors, ladders are used. However, due to the limited extension of the ladders, they cannot fully meet the needs of the fire brigade when extinguishing fires in houses above 15 floors. Articulated car lifts, which can raise the working platform to the level of the fire floor, have proven themselves well in extinguishing fires on the floors of buildings. Sometimes the use of ladders and articulated lifts is limited also due to the lack of platforms and entrances, uneven terrain and for a number of other reasons. Upon arrival at the site of the fire, the extinguishing leader must conduct reconnaissance in the burning floor, in the higher and lower floors and in the attic. Find out the presence of people who are in danger, the danger, determine the ways and means of their rescue. Fire reconnaissance is carried out in respiratory and vision protection equipment. Groups of firefighters allocated for reconnaissance are provided with a hose line with a barrel. During the reconnaissance, the power and lighting networks are turned off.

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The greatest danger when extinguishing a fire on floors is the spread of fire in the vertical direction: through ventilation channels or hollow partitions, therefore, the head of fire extinguishing, revealing the presence of a ventilation unit and hollow partitions by reconnaissance, must take measures to quickly disassemble necessary places ventilation ducts or partitions in order to create a gap and prevent the passage of fire to the upper floors. The exit of heated dense smoke from under the baseboards and various openings in structures can serve as a guideline for hidden fires in ceilings, partition walls and ventilation ducts. To find open foci of combustion, feel the floor in the places of the most probable combustion. Combustion spots under the plaster layer are detected by yellowing or collapse of the plaster. When latent combustion is detected in the hollow structures of partitions and ventilation ducts, reconnaissance is carried out on all higher floors and the attic. In modern residential buildings with a sectional layout, the development of a fire ends, as a rule, in one apartment and less often in a section. But there are cases of fire spreading to adjacent sections and to higher floors, even with non-combustible intersection walls and interfloor ceilings through the holes in the pipes. central heating as well as plumbing, sewer pipes, elevator shafts to the outer fence.

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Fighting fires in attics The attic space is the part of the space between the roof and the attic floor. The roof and attic floor are the main enclosing structures of attic spaces. The supporting structures of the roof can be made of wood, reinforced concrete or metal, and sheet steel, tiles, roofing felt, roofing felt, etc. are used as roofing materials. Usually, ventilation ducts and chambers are placed in the attic. heating network and other engineering equipment. The use of combustible insulation, as well as the storage of various property, increases the fire load of attics and creates favorable conditions for the rapid development of a fire. In addition, the constant movement of air through the windows contributes to the development of a fire in attics. Attic exits are eliminated from stairwells common use, as well as on fire escapes. A fire in an attic can take on a large size even before the arrival of fire brigades due to late detection and high speed of fire spreading through combustible structures. Burning attic floors is usually accompanied by dense smoke not only in the attic, but also in the stairwells. At the same time, there is a threat of fire spreading to the floors below.

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The attic space is a hard-to-reach part of the building, therefore, when conducting reconnaissance, special attention is paid to the study of staircases with access to the attic and external fire escapes. The place of the most intense combustion is determined by external signs: protruding flame tongues, intensive smoke emission from under the cornices and dormers. In the course of reconnaissance, they find out design features the attic and the location of the ventilation chambers, as well as the possibility of fire spreading through them. For reconnaissance, marching and stationary fire escapes are used. When a fire develops with the simultaneous burning of the attic floor and roof structures, the firefighters are fighting to protect the floors. To do this, the roof is opened closer to the eaves from the windward side, not far from the place of combustion. Attic floor open more often from the bottom, from the premises of the upper floor. The first trunks for extinguishing a fire in attics are usually served along internal stairs. To extinguish the fire, water jets from overlapping shafts and medium expansion foam are used. The subsequent supply of trunks to the fire is carried out through attic windows and holes prepared at the cornice, along automobile, outdoor, retractable ladders and articulated lifts.

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To protect the upper floors, overhead shafts are provided for them. The roof is also opened to release smoke, lower the temperature, and let the trunks into the attic. Fire extinguishing is carried out at a height and steep roof slopes, which requires special precautions, observance of labor protection and safety rules. High temperatures and dense smoke complicate the working conditions for extinguishing a fire in attics. The accumulation of workers in the attic and on the roof is unacceptable, the autopsy work is performed by small groups of two or three people. It is recommended to move along the ridge along the roof. When extinguishing fires in attic spaces, it is not recommended to use the elevator to lift firefighters and equipment to the height, as it may stop at any time due to a power outage in the building.

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In modern buildings, everything structural elements basements are made of non-combustible materials... Basement planning depends on their purpose. Large and complex cellars are divided into sections that are interconnected. Premises located in basements have a limited number of door and window openings... In administrative and public buildings, basements are built from several tiers. The height of the basements is more often in the range of 1.8-2.2 m. Basements are combined with floors and attics through elevator shafts, using a ventilation system and garbage chutes, through openings and hatches in the ceiling, which are various utilities. In modern buildings, the exits from the basements are located directly on the street.

Basements in civil buildings are used to house boiler rooms, warehouses, workshops, household sheds for residents, heating system units and other needs, and recently private shops and workshops have been located in the basements.Therefore, during a fire in basements, substances and materials of various properties and values can burn.

The development and nature of a fire in the basements of civil buildings is affected by the fuel load, it reaches 50 kg / m2, and in the presence of utility sheds, it can grow up to 80-100 kg / m2.

In the initial period of the development of a fire, combustion occurs and spreads intensively due to a sufficient amount of air in the volume of the premises, then during the first 10-30 minutes. the inflow of fresh air into the combustion zone decreases, the rate of fire propagation and burnout rate decrease, and the concentration of combustion products increases. Intense combustion is observed only in those places in the basement where favorable conditions for the flow of fresh air are formed. As a result of the development of a fire in the basement, there is a high temperature and strong smoke. In practice, it has been found that the temperature in the basement is about 300 ° C lower than in standard conditions. temperature regime adopted for testing building structures.

Heated combustion products, which have a higher pressure than the pressure of the outside air, from basements through doorways and other openings and openings into building structures, as well as through ventilation systems, garbage chutes and others, they quickly penetrate into stairwells, elevator shafts and spread to the upper floors of buildings, posing a threat to people. In some cases, stairwells smoke up so quickly that people do not have time to leave their apartments or workplaces. Staircase 5 storey building filled with smoke during a fire in the basement for 1.5-3 minutes.

During a fire, reconnaissance is organized and carried out simultaneously in two directions: in the basement rooms with the help of the GDZS links, as well as on the first and upper floors.

In most cases, fires detected in the basements in a timely manner are eliminated with one or two trunks during reconnaissance by the GDZS units. However, there are times when basement fires appear late, basements become heavily smoky, the temperature rises, and combustion products penetrate and fill the stairwells and a threat to human life is created.

During reconnaissance, the following is determined: planning of basements, design features of their overlap, threats and places of fire spread to the floors and attic: the presence and characteristics of substances and materials burning; places of more intense combustion and paths of fire propagation in the basement; possible means of releasing smoke and lowering the temperature, which fire extinguishing agents are advisable to use for extinguishing and the place of their entry, etc.

During reconnaissance on the floors and stairwells located above the basements, the burning ones determine: the density of their smoke, the means of removing the smoke and the way of evacuation of people; the likelihood and possible places of fire transition from the basement to the floors and the attic, the presence of ventilation systems, garbage chutes, cavities in structures; places for opening the floors to remove smoke and reduce the temperature in the basements, burning as well as for entering fire extinguishing agents for extinguishing fires in basements.

During exploration, in places of heating or smoke outlet, control opening of structural elements is carried out, and to the places of opening under the pressure of water. In the presence of ventilation ducts, garbage chutes, cavity partitions and ceilings, exploration must be carried out on all floors and attics.

During the extinguishing of fires in the basements, combat areas are set up to extinguish the protection and rescue of people. They are placed on the side of staircases and entrances to basements or the facade of buildings, where there are window openings leading to the basement. On the first floor, they arrange a database for protection, and from the facades of buildings or on staircases, a database for rescuing people.

The introduction of forces and means during fires in basements is carried out in two directions. The main forces and means are sent to the basement, which is on fire, to extinguish the fire, and at the same time, part of the forces and means are introduced into the protection of the first, and, if necessary, other (located above) floors and the attic. The main ways of introducing forces and means for extinguishing are door and window openings. If the main exits are located far from the source of the fire and are difficult to approach, then holes should be made in the walls and ceilings of the basements above the place of combustion in order to introduce extinguishing agents.

Simultaneously with the introduction of means for extinguishing, work is organized to remove smoke and reduce the temperature. For this purpose, smoke exhausters of various capacities are used. They are used to exhaust smoke from rooms, smoke, or to supply fresh air to the basement along the paths of the GDZS links. If there are several smoke exhausters, they should be used simultaneously for exhausting smoke and supplying outside air, that is, to ventilate the room.

The smoke exhausters are put into operation only after the end of rescue measures and the identification of the exact source of the fire, because their work can complicate the situation during a fire and contribute to its development.

To extinguish fires in basements, compact and sprayed jets of water and wetting solutions are used. Sprayed jets are also used to precipitate smoke. For small fires, the trunks RS-50, RSK-50 are used, and during fires that spread over large areas, more powerful ones are used. to monitors (with a significant size of basements).

The number of trunks is determined on the basis of the area of the fire or extinguishing and the intensity of water supply for extinguishing, equal to 0.1 l / (m2С) for the basements of administrative buildings, 0.15 l / (m2С) - for the basements of residential buildings.

If a high temperature and strong smoke has formed in the basement and the GDZS links cannot penetrate into it to start extinguishing, use air-mechanical foam of medium and high expansion. Foam penetrates well inside the premises, avoiding turns and rises, displaces heated combustion products and quickly localizes or completely extinguishes the fire. During the filling of a burning room with foam, the temperature in it quickly drops to 40-60 ° C. It is better to fill the room with foam if it is supplied behind the flow of air movement. This fact must be taken into account when organizing a foam attack. In some places in the basements, a closed volume can form and combustion products interfere with the movement of the foam. In such cases, the boundaries of these zones are determined and the structures are opened in order to remove the smoke and eliminate against the pressure of the movement of the foam.

For the supply of air-mechanical foam of high expansion rate (expansion rate from 200-1000), a foam generator unit (CCGT) is used, manufactured on the basis of PD-7 and PD-30 smoke exhausters, the capacity of which for the aqueous solution of the foaming agent is, respectively, 150 l / min. and 360 l / min. The standard time for extinguishing with high expansion foam is taken equal to 5 minutes, and the supply of the foaming agent is three times. To simplify calculations, it is assumed that one CCGT unit based on a PD-7 smoke exhauster is able to localize or extinguish a fire in a room with a volume of up to 300 m3, and a CCGT unit based on a PD-30 smoke exhauster - up to 700 m3.

In some cases, when these extinguishing agents are not successful, extinguishing is carried out by filling the basement premises with water vapor (basements in industrial buildings where there are steam power plants) or inert gas. A good extinguishing result is provided by the use of aerosol carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide).

Output:basements in civil buildings are used to house boilers, warehouses, workshops, household sheds for residents, heating system units and other needs, and recently private shops and workshops have been located in the basements. The success of extinguishing fires in basements depends on clear and well-coordinated actions of personnel and the quality of reconnaissance in conditions of limited visibility and high temperatures.

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Lecture

discipline Tactical firefighting training with personnel

Topic: Extinguishing fires in attics and floors of buildings

1. Design features of attics and the nature of the development of nOheat

The main enclosing structures of attic spaces are the roof and attic floors. The roofs of attics, depending on the general configuration of the building, its architecture, as well as the direction of water drainage, are arranged with one-pitched, gable, four-pitched (Figure 1).

Rice. 1. The main forms of pitched roofs

a - single-slope; b - gable; v - hip; G-- half-hip; d - hip complex shape; e - attic (dormer) window; 1 - roof slope; 2 - pediment (in the absence of cornice - gable); 3 - skate; 4 - hip; 5 - rib; 6 - half hip; 7 - valley, or valley.

security fire attic emergency

The supporting structures of the roof are made of wood, steel and reinforced concrete in the form of rafters, trusses and large panels (Figure 2). The rafters are placed every 1 ... 2 m, depending on the type of roof and the cross-section of the battens. The rafter beams (mauerlat) serve to distribute the concentrated load transmitted by the rafter leg. They are laid along the entire perimeter of the walls of the building, insulation is laid between the masonry walls and the beams. roll material... Above buildings that do not have internal supports, roof trusses or hanging rafters are arranged.

Rice. 2. Inclined rafters ( wooden rafters from logs and beams).

a - a pitched roof with an average girder; b -gable roof with an average run and struts under the rafter legs; v - a gable roof with two girders and struts for rafter legs; G - a gable roof with an asymmetrically located girder and struts under the rafter legs; d- reinforced concrete rafters; 1 - wall beam; 2 - rafter leg: 3 - rack; 4 - run; 5 - brace against the racks or against each rafter leg; 6 - bed ", 7 - spacer; 8 - steel connecting plate for welding; 9 - board.

The height of the attic is mainly determined by the slope of the roof and the dimensions of the supporting the roof roof structures, as well as a free passage height (not less than 1.9 m) along the entire attic. The height of the attic in the lowest places for the convenience of inspecting structures and extinguishing fires is not less than 0.4 m.

Attic spaces (rafters and lathing, soft roofs) are in most cases saturated with combustible materials.

Placement of ventilation chambers in attics, use of combustible insulation and fences for thermal insulation of expansion tanks heating systems, storage in some cases of various property increases the fire load of attics and creates favorable conditions for the rapid development of fires.

Depending on the design features of the attics, the place of origin and the duration of the development of the fire, only roof structures or only the attic floor can burn, or both structures at the same time. For fires in which roof structures burn, the flame spreads rapidly through the attic.

The speed of fire propagation along combustible roof structures often reaches 1.5 ... 2 m / min due to, as a rule, good ventilation of attics, as well as a developed combustion surface of roof structures. In the presence of a combustible roof surface, the flame is gradually thrown upward from the attic room, the combustion intensity increases significantly, and there is a threat of fire spreading to neighboring buildings and structures as a result of exposure to radiant heat and the spread of sparks.

Burning attic floors is usually accompanied by dense attic smoke. The fire spreads through the voids of the ceiling, the structures begin to smolder under the backfill. The speed of fire propagation, especially in the initial period, is relatively low and is mainly determined by the design features of the ceiling. Moreover, in all cases, there is an immediate threat of fire spreading to the lower floors and to roof structures through the resulting burnouts and various holes in the overlap. Often there is a collapse of floors over separate rooms... The simultaneous burning of the roof and the attic floor is characterized by strong smoke generation in all the attic rooms, a high temperature is created, which prevents the penetration of the trunks into the depths of the attic. The flame spreads rapidly along the roof ridge and eaves. The ventilation and heating systems in the attic are on fire; however, on combustible ventilation ducts, the fire can spread down to several floors.

The greatest difficulty is represented by fires in the attic rooms of attics. The only staircase leading to the attic is usually cut off by fire and smoke. Due to the presence of well-ventilated spaces between the partitions, ceilings and roof structures that enclose the attic rooms (access to them is usually difficult), the flame quickly engulfs the attic from all sides.

2. Reconnaissance and fire fighting

When assessing the situation but external signs, the place of combustion is tentatively determined by the escaping tongues of flame, the places of the most intense smoke release from under the cornices and dormers, in winter at the places of snow melting (water flowing from the drainpipes).

In the course of reconnaissance, they find out (in addition to performing general tasks) the design features of the attic, the location of the ventilation chambers, distribution tanks, the threat of fire spreading to the floors through the capital and fire walls; determine the most advantageous starting positions of the owners.

In case of fires in attic rooms located above several sections of a building, or in buildings with a corridor layout and several exits to the attic, reconnaissance is carried out simultaneously in two or more (in T-shaped and W-shaped buildings) directions.

Simultaneously with the reconnaissance in the attic, the premises of the floor located under the burning part of the attic are checked. In the absence of external signs of fire, they probe the filing of the floor, the upper part of the partitions and check the ventilation ducts.

For fire reconnaissance, marching evacuation ladders are used, as well as existing stationary fire escapes. It should be borne in mind that in pre-war buildings, not all flight stairs have access to the attic, and in buildings with a corridor layout, the stairs and a hatch to the attic are often located at some distance along the corridor from the staircase.

For extinguishing fires in attics, as a rule, they serve B trunks (preferably sprayers) at the rate of one trunk per 40 ... 60 sq. M. Of the fire area. The trunks are introduced primarily from the stairwells. At the same time, they organize the supply of trunks along stationary ladders and ladders. After the introduction of trunks into the fire through dormers or an open roof, the intensity of combustion in the attic often immediately decreases and the fire is quickly localized. When the roof is burned, the trunks are also fed to the roof. In all cases of extinguishing fires in the attic, the Combat Regulations recommend providing reserve trunks in the upper floor. When a fire develops with the simultaneous burning of the attic floor and roof structures, the decisive direction of hostilities can often be the protection of floors.

Putting out a fire in an attic is unthinkable without opening and disassembling the roof, and sometimes attic floors. The roof is most often opened to release smoke and reduce the temperature in the attic. When roof structures are burning, the roof is opened to release smoke at the ridge from the leeward side near the fire. For smoke to escape, the opening area of the openings must exceed the area of open dormer windows at least 2 times, in this case the dormer windows will work for air flow and will be easy to use to penetrate the attic.

To enter the trunks, the roof is opened closer to the cornice on the windward side, not far from the place of combustion. The opening area is usually 1.5 ... 2 sq. M. Directly near the eaves in the roof, holes are made to extinguish a fire in hard-to-reach places and to detect hidden fires. The attic floor is often opened from the bottom of the upper floor room. With a lack of strength and a large length of the attic, they sometimes create a gap in the path of the fire in the form of a continuous strip 1 ... 2 m wide across the roof slopes. When extinguishing a fire in the attic, the roof is opened, and when a fire develops, partitions are also opened on all sides of the room.

A typical mistake of the RTP when extinguishing fires in attics is untimely reconnaissance and delay in the introduction of reserve trunks from the side of the capital and fire walls cutting the attic or separating it from other buildings. In such cases, the fire spreads unhindered through unprotected openings in the walls, and sometimes along the battens and roofs.

If, in the event of a fire, the wall cutting through the attic is used as a barrier to the further spread of fire, the trunks are introduced from the side of the attic adjacent to the burning one onto the roof, and the roof is opened near the wall (as a rule, along the entire wall and always near the cornice).

When a fire develops, combat areas are created depending on the design features of the attic and the building as a whole, as well as on the prevailing situation, but most often from the side of the stairwells and on the roof. Sometimes it is necessary to organize two combat sections from the side of one staircase: in the attic and an independent one on the lower floor.

The task of the combat area on the floor is not only to extinguish a fire in the ceiling, but also to prevent the transfer of fire to all lower floors, as well as to protect premises and property from water flowing from above. Pay particular attention to checking the ventilation ducts.

For example, in one fire, a fire from an attic through a wooden ventilation box spread down five floors, and in the three upper floors it penetrated the interfloor ceilings.

For extinguishing fires in attics, especially multi-storey buildings, requires good training of firefighters, courage, clear management of work and constant attention commanders to ensure the safety of personnel working at heights. When introducing the first trunks into the attic from the side of the stairwells, it is often necessary to work in insulating gas masks. In the process of extinguishing fires, burnt roof structures and chimneys may collapse.

It is necessary to prohibit movement on areas of sagging and hot roofs, burnt floors, to prevent the accumulation of personnel under the burning ceiling II on it, as well as on roofs. On steep and icy roofs, use climbing ladders; when opening the roof, secure with rescue ropes. It is recommended to check the strength of the roof railing when working near it, to move along the roof along the ridge.

When working on a snow-covered roof, special care must be taken, as the heat can cause the snow layer to slip unexpectedly. Fall-threatening rafters and chimneys are knocked over and stacked so that they do not cause the floor to collapse. When the individual parts of the structures and the roof to be opened are dropped onto the ground, a warning post is set up below. Fighting positions are illuminated at night with searchlights and lanterns, especially when working on the roofs of multi-storey buildings.

Used Books

1. Labor protection rules in the subdivisions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations No. 630 of the Russian Federation

2. The training program for the personnel of the EMERCOM of the Russian Federation.

3. Uch. Fire tactics Ya.S. Povzik, P.P. Klyus, A.M. Matveykin

4. Combat regulations of the fire department order No. 257

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