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The muscles of the foot, the anatomy of which determines their complex functional relationship with the tendons of the lower leg attached in this area, perform quite important functions. Their tasks are reduced to shock absorption, as well as the pressure of springy movements on the foot when walking, preventing injury.

Muscles of the back of the foot

The muscles of the dorsum of the foot, or as it is called the dorsal section, are located in the region of the dorsal fascia, namely under it and under the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus.

The first extensor is a rather underdeveloped muscle that originates in the anterior upper and lateral heel. The short muscle covers the dorsum of the human foot, reaching the three tendons of the 2-4 toes. The long extensor of the thumb originates in the medial part of the fibula, goes down, passing into a narrow tendon directed towards the thumb. The muscles on the back of the foot perform the function of extending all the toes.

The anterior tibial muscle raises the medial side of the foot and rotates it outward. Thanks to the tibial muscle, as well as the functioning of other, smaller muscles of the lower leg, the longitudinal arch of the foot is strengthened.

There are also four dorsal interosseous muscles, which are localized in the interosseous spaces and occupy the space between two adjacent metatarsal bones, extending to the bases of 2-5 digits.

Muscles of the plantar side of the foot

The mobility of the 1st toe is provided by the muscles of the big toe such as the abductor, the short flexor muscle, and the adductor. This is the medial muscle group. The abductor muscle begins in the area where the calcaneal tubercle is located. The flexor muscle originates where the medial sphenoid bone is located.

The adductor muscle is formed by two heads, one of which begins where the cuboid bone is located, continuing along the sphenoid bone and the bases of 2-4 metatarsal bones. The second head begins in the articular sacs of 2-5 metatarsal bones.

The second group - 2 lateral muscles of the sole of the foot. The first lateral muscle carries out the function of abduction of the little finger and takes its place on the lateral edge of the plantar part. Its beginning is the heel bone. The second lateral muscle is the short flexor of the little finger and originates at the base of the 5th metatarsal bone.

The third group - 4 muscles: short phalange flexor, square muscle and worm-like muscles of the foot, interosseous muscles. The beginning of the flexoris short is the calcaneal tubercle, from where it is divided into 4 tendons attached to 2-5 fingers. The place of localization of the square muscle is under the short flexor, starting from the calcaneus. The four vermiform muscles of the foot originate from the four long flexor tendons. The beginning of the interosseous muscles is deep between the bones of the metatarsus.

Muscle pathologies

The main causes of foot pain include:

• myositis;
• Crick;
• "Children's" muscle pain;
• pregnancy;
• flat feet.

Myositis

Myositis is an inflammation of the muscles that set the musculoskeletal system in motion. The pain occurs suddenly, it can turn into a chronic degree if treatment is not started in a timely manner.

The following reasons can cause such a disease:

• mechanical, as well as other types of damage (traumatic form of the disease);
• an infectious process, including a chronic focus (with angina, flu or sinusitis);
• increased load, overstrain when pulling the foot while moving;
• the development of the disease due to severe hypothermia;
• intoxication of the body (toxic myositis);
• genetic background;
• joint diseases;
• an autoimmune process (for example, rheumatoid arthritis).

The infectious form of myositis is accompanied by the most pronounced symptoms - redness of the skin, pain, swelling that can spread up the lower leg, as well as an increased local temperature.

In addition to the above symptoms, there may be headache, deterioration of health, muscle tension. The most common myositis of the gastrocnemius muscles, which perform the function of limb mobility. For this reason, a limitation of the mobility of each joint of the leg is added.

With a timely visit to a doctor, it will be easy to eliminate myositis, especially using physiotherapy and massage. But it is worth noting that each form of the disease is treated with different methods. If we talk about home treatment, bed rest is observed. In any case, therapeutic gymnastics is indicated, because each exercise performed has a beneficial effect on the condition of the muscular apparatus. The doctor also prescribes pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics.

Crick

Muscle stretching is a pathological process in which the fibers or the place of their attachment to the tendon are damaged. You can stretch a muscle during a sharp load, for example, when lifting a heavy object, doing sports without warming up the feet. This pathology is most common in athletes.

The first and most basic symptom is pain. How intense it will be depends on the severity of the injury. At rest, the pain subsides, and when the foot is moved, it returns again. Pain occurs on palpation of the damaged area, radiating up the leg. Puffiness is often present.

Light sprains are not accompanied by severe pain. In this case, only lightly pulls the area of ​​injury (for example, the plantar surface).

Sprains are classified according to their severity:

1. Mild pain, rather, discomfort in which the foot is pulled while walking (disappears after a few days).
2. Moderate pain, possible hematoma.
3. Rupture of muscle fibers, their separation from tendons, swelling, hematoma, severe pain, limitation of foot mobility.

The first action of a person immediately after injury is the application of a cold compress. This is necessary to reduce the manifestation of pain, as well as swelling. Further, the limbs are provided with complete rest: walking is prohibited, any movements of the foot. It is also necessary to give the leg an elevated position to prevent the spread of puffiness.

Treatment is based on the severity of the sprain. So, with a mild degree, a warming ointment is prescribed, which will help improve blood circulation in the affected section and, as a result, quickly heal the injury, eliminate the edema. A moderate degree of injury is treated with heat, for example, baths, as well as the same warming ointments. It is recommended to develop the affected department with simple exercises (physiotherapy exercises).

For severe trauma, longer treatment is indicated. In case of tear or rupture of blood vessels, an operation is performed. In the postoperative period, a set of exercises for performing (exercise therapy) is prescribed, as well as physiotherapy. Often, electrical muscle stimulation is prescribed to help strengthen the muscles in the foot that have been damaged.

Muscle pain in children

Muscle pain in children is associated with the growth process and is the body's natural response to growing up. But not all children have a symptom. Why this happens is not fully understood, but there is an assumption that the pain is the result of a mismatch in the growth rates of bones, muscles with ligaments. There is also an opinion that a symptom in children occurs against the background of latent congenital or acquired pathologies. Other, no less rare diseases, the symptom of which is muscle pain, are:

• myositis;
• dehydration due to active loads;
• Duchenne myopathy (genetic disease);
• epidemic myalgia (exposure to the Coxsackie virus);
• pain may be present with flat feet.

In the latter case, all forces are directed to strengthen the muscles of the foot, performing daily massage, physical education.

Pain during pregnancy

The main cause of muscle pain during this period is hormonal changes in the body. Almost every second pregnant woman has muscle pain in her limbs. The reason for this is vascular dysfunction, which is a consequence of the fact that weight increases. Often during pregnancy, varicose veins develop, also causing the symptom.

If, before such a position, a woman suffered from flat feet, she should be prepared that an exacerbation of the disease may occur during pregnancy, causing muscle hypertonicity.

Flat feet

Extremities can hurt with such a pathology as flat feet. In addition to pain in the feet, swelling occurs, as well as a feeling of heaviness. Cramps are often present, especially after a hard day's work. Women have a problem with wearing high-heeled shoes, and an elongated foot becomes a reason to buy larger shoes. The last stage of the disease is accompanied by pain in the spine, head.

There are longitudinal, transverse and combined flat feet. Pain is present in any form of the disease. Incorrectly selected shoes, excess weight, excessive loads on the limbs can cause this or that form of flat feet. In most cases, flat feet are a congenital condition.

The pain will disappear only after eliminating its provoking cause - flat feet. It is possible to cure the disease in young children without surgery, but only with its timely detection. So, the treatment consists in carrying out therapeutic exercises, massage, baths, compresses for the feet. An equally effective type of treatment is therapy with warming ointments, which improve blood circulation in the damaged area.

In an adult, it is much more difficult to cure a disease, because you can only reduce the intensity of the symptoms. A complete cure is possible by performing an operation.

Most often, muscle pain is an unnatural phenomenon, it is better to see a doctor in order to avoid negative consequences in the future.

The foot, as well as the hand, except for the tendons belonging to the long muscles descending from the lower leg to it, has its own short muscles; these muscles are divided into dorsal (dorsal) and plantar.

Dorsal muscles of the foot. M. extensor digitorum brevis, short extensor digitorum, located on the back of the foot under the extensor longus tendons and originates on the calcaneus in front of the entrance to the sinus tarsi.

Heading forward, it is divided into four thin tendons to the I-IV fingers, which join the lateral edge of the tendons m. extensor digitorum longus and m. extensor hallucis longus and together with them form the dorsal tendon extension of the fingers. The medial abdomen, which runs obliquely with its tendon to the thumb, is also called m. extensor hallucis brevis.

Function. Makes extension of the I-IV fingers together with their easy retraction to the lateral side. (Inn. L4-S1, N. peroneus profundus.)

Plantar muscles of the foot... Three groups are formed: medial (thumb muscles), lateral (little finger muscles) and middle, lying in the middle of the sole.

a) Muscles of the medial group of three:

1.M. Abductor hallucis, muscle abducting the big toe, located most superficially on the medial edge of the sole; originates from the processus medialis of the calcaneal tubercle, retinaculum mm. flexdrum and tiberositas ossis navicularis; attaches to the medial sesamoid bone and the base of the proximal phalanx. (Inn. L5-S2 N. plantaris med.).

2.M. Flexor hallucis brevis, short flexor of the big toe, adjacent to the lateral edge of the previous muscle, begins on the medial sphenoid bone and lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare. Heading straight forward, the muscle is divided into two heads, between which the m tendon passes. flexor hallucis longus.

Both heads attach to the sesamoid bones at the first metatarsophalangeal articulation and to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. (Inn. 5i_n. Nn. Plantares medialis et lateralis.)

3.M. Adductor hallucis, muscle adductor big toe, lies deep and consists of two heads. One of them (oblique head, caput obliquum) originates from the cuboid bone and lig. plantare longum, as well as from the lateral sphenoid and from the bases of the II-IV metatarsal bones, then goes obliquely forward and somewhat medially.

The other head (transverse, caput transversum) gets its origin from the articular bags II-V of the metatarsophalangeal joints and plantar ligaments; it runs transversely to the longitudinal axis of the foot and, together with the oblique head, is attached to the lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb. (Inn. S1-2. N. plantaris lateralis.)

Function. The muscles of the medial group of the sole, in addition to the actions indicated in the names, are involved in strengthening the arch of the foot on its medial side.

b) The muscles of the lateral group are included in the number of two:

1.M. Abductor digiti minimi, abductor little toe muscle, lies along the lateral edge of the sole, more superficially than other muscles. It starts from the calcaneus and attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.

2.M. flexor digiti minimi brevis, short flexor of the little toe, starts from the base of the V metatarsal bone and attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.

Function the muscles of the lateral group of the sole in the sense of the effect of each of them on the little finger is insignificant. Their main role is to strengthen the lateral edge of the arch of the foot. (Inn. Of all three muscles 5i_n. N. plantaris lateralis.)

v) Muscles of the middle group:

1.M. flexor digitorum brevis, short finger flexor, lies superficially under the plantar aponeurosis. It starts from the calcaneal tuberosity and is divided into four flat tendons that attach to the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers.

Before their attachment, the tendons are each split into two legs, between which the tendons m. flexor digitorum longus. The muscle holds the arch of the foot longitudinally and flexes the toes (II-V). (Inn. L5-S2. N. plantaris medialis.)

2.M. quadrdtus plantae (m. Flexor accessorius), square sole muscle, lies under the previous muscle, starts from the calcaneus and then joins the lateral edge of the tendon m. flexor digitorum longus. This bundle regulates the action of the long flexor of the fingers, giving its thrust a direct direction in relation to the fingers. (Inn. 51-2, N. plantaris lateralis.)

3. Mm. lumbricales, vermiform muscles, number four. As on the hand, they depart from; the four tendons of the long flexor of the fingers and are attached to the medial edge of the proximal phalanx of the II-V fingers. They can flex the proximal phalanges; their unbending effect on other phalanges is very weak or completely absent.

They can also pull the other four fingers towards the thumb. (Inn. L5-S2. Nn. Plantares lateralis et medialis.)

4. Mm. interossei, interosseous muscles, lie most deeply on the side of the sole, corresponding to the intervals between the metatarsal bones. Dividing, like the synonymous muscles of the hand, into two groups - three plantar, mm. interossei plantares, and four dorsal, mm. interossei dorsdles, at the same time they differ in their location.

In the hand, in connection with its grasping function, they are grouped around the third toe, in the foot, in connection with its supporting role, they are grouped around the second toe, that is, in relation to the second metatarsal bone. Functions: lead and spread fingers, but in very limited sizes. (Inn. 5i_n. N. plantaris lateralis.)

The human foot performs a colossal daily volume of work, constantly participates in both statics and movements, therefore its muscles are extremely developed and strong. The muscles of the foot are involved in both simple and complex coordination activities. All this is due to the well-coordinated work of the muscular complex of the rear and the sole of the lower limb.

The muscles of the foot can be roughly divided into two broad categories:

• the muscles of the rear, which include the short extensor of the fingers, the dorsal interosseous and the short extensor muscle of the diseased finger;
• sole musculature. It includes the muscles of the big toe (abductor, flexor and adductor), the little toe (abductor, short, objectionable), the middle muscles of the sole of the foot (short flexor muscle of the toes, square soles, vermiform, dorsal interosseous, plantar interosseous).

Dorsal muscles

The short extensor has the Latin name extensor digitorum brevis and, depending on the structure, belongs to the category of flat muscles. It lies directly on the back of a person's foot. It starts from the front of the calcaneus and is attached in the region of its upper and lateral surface.

In the forward direction, towards the fingers, the muscle gradually passes into four narrow tendons, which in the distal part are spliced ​​with the extensor tendons of the fingers. They are attached to the base of the phalanges of 2–5 fingers and are firmly woven into the fascia. The main function is to carry out the movement of all fingers, except for the thumb, and sometimes the little finger, since not all people have a connection with the tendon of the little finger.

Also, thanks to the short extensor, it is possible to slightly move the fingers to the side. The blood supply occurs due to the nutrition of the muscle from the anterior tibial artery, and the deep peroneal nerve carries out innervation.

The short extensor muscle of the big toe also belongs to the dorsal muscles of the foot and is denoted in Latin as the extensor hallucis brevis. This muscle is directed inward from the short extensor digitorum of the fingers. It, like the extensor digitorum brevis, begins in the calcaneus, in its upper and front part.

In the forward direction, the extensor ends in a tendon. It is attached at the base of the thumb phalanx, located in the proximal region. And in the distal part, the edges of the tendon are spliced ​​with the edge of the extensor tendon of the thumb. It is part of the dorsal fascia.

REFERENCE. The main function of this foot is to extend the big toe. The blood supply is carried out by the lateral tarsal artery, innervation - by the deep branch of the peroneal nerve.

The anatomical formation of the back corset of the feet is completed by the interosseous musculature. Interossei dorsalis are four muscle bundles that fit tightly between the bones that form the dorsal surface of the foot. The muscles take their origin from the metatarsal bones and are attached to the proximal phalanges of the fingers, except for the thumb and little finger. The first muscle attracts the second toe and allows it to tilt in the medial direction, while the first, second and third bundles move the fingers laterally.

The functions of this group are to bend and unbend the toes. The blood supply is carried out by the arteries of the plantar arch and the plantar metatarsal artery. Innervation occurs with the participation of the second terminal branch of the tibial nerve.

Sole muscles

The muscles of the sole contain much more structural elements than the dorsum. There are several small bundles that are actively involved in the movement of the ankle, which makes the plantar side very mobile.

Abductor hallucis removes the thumb. It is located superficially and occupies the most extreme position on the inner side of the sole. It originates from the calcaneus from the side of the medial process and the scaphoid from its plantar side. The two heads of the abductor muscles of the thumb are attached here.

In the forward direction, the muscle passes into a tendon cord, which is anatomically connected to the tendon of the short flexor of the same finger. It is attached to the medial part of the sesamoid bone, at the base of the proximal phalanx. Participates in strengthening the arch of the foot, which is extremely important for the prevention of flat feet. She is also able to bend her thumb and move it to the side. Blood is supplied by the plantar medial artery. Innervation occurs due to the branches of the tibial nerve.

The short flexor muscle of the thumb belongs to the plantar muscle complex and is called the flexor hallucis brevis. It is located on the first metatarsal bone and is partly covered by the abductor muscles of the thumb. It has its origins in several places:

• at the medial sphenoid bone;
• the scaphoid bone from its plantar surface;
• at the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle;
• long plantar ligament.

Together with the tendon of the adductor muscles of the thumb, the flexor tendon of the thumb is attached to the sesamoid bones - medial and lateral - in the region of the proximal phalanx of the finger, and it is divided into two distal tendons. The flexors are involved in strengthening the arch and flexing the thumb. The blood supply is from the plantar lateral artery and the plantar arch. Innervation occurs due to the lateral part of the branch of the tibial nerve.

The adductor hallucis of the thumb is located under the cover of the flexors. Its structure is represented by two heads - oblique and transverse. The oblique head of the adductor muscles is called the caput transversum and originates on the surface of the sole in the region of the articular bags of the third to fifth metatarsophalangeal joints, deep transverse ligaments and plantar aponeurosis.

The oblique head is called the caput obliquum and starts from the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, the sphenoid bone, and the base of the second to fifth metatarsal bones. The main function is adduction and flexion of the thumb. The adducting bundles are supplied by the plantar metatarsal artery and innervated by the tibial artery.

The muscles of the little finger are formed by the following elements:

• the muscles that abduct the little toe;
• short flexor muscle;
• the adversary muscle of the little finger.

The middle muscles of the foot are formed by a complex of the following elements:

• short flexor muscle, which is responsible for finger movements;
• square sole muscle;
• worm-like muscles of the foot;
• dorsal interosseous;
• plantar interosseous.

To accomplish the extension of the foot and toes, the extensors of the foot and toes are included in the work. Extenders allow you to pull them up, while pulling the entire foot at the same time. Well-coordinated work is extremely important when performing jumps, in the process of standing, pushing off.

The extensors lie in the space between the tibia and the tibia. They regulate active movements and protect the ligaments and muscles of the foot from damage.

The easiest exercises for the muscles of the foot can be done at home

Pathology and trauma

The anatomy of the foot is so unique that a small muscle group is capable of carrying and supporting the entire human body. The muscles of the foot, due to the significant physical exertion of the legs, often experience trauma and pathological processes. Among these, sprains, inflammations, and atrophy are often diagnosed.

REFERENCE. Stretching of the muscles of the foot is susceptible to people with diagnoses such as hollow feet and hallux valgus. Stretching occurs mainly in the area of ​​the plantar aponeurosis, and a defect occurs with increased muscle load on the foot, for example, when playing sports.

Most often, muscle is injured when jumping and running, which is why it is recommended to give such patients a dosed load and use orthopedic shoes. To strengthen the vault, the easiest way is to use an adhesive plaster bandage. Three to four strips of plaster are wrapped around the sole and secured tightly. You can make a more complex bandage, eight-shaped, which evenly supports the sole.

To maintain the arch, a cruciform bandage is recommended, with a special roller or pads made of several layers of gauze under the arch. Stretching exercises will be useful - they put the leg on a towel and press on it, while holding the ends of the towel with your hands. This will help stretch the muscles and make them more resilient and less prone to injury. Stretching the muscle is done for 2-3 minutes for each leg.

The second exercise is the simplest. Put your foot on your knee, grab your toes and twist the sole in different directions, while straining or relaxing the muscles. You can strengthen the muscle of the foot with the help of another exercise: put a towel on the floor and try to lift the towel off the floor with your bare feet, curling your fingers to catch on the fabric. This is done 10-15 times with each leg. If the sole pulls or cramps after such an exercise, it must be warmed up before performing the exercise.

With the penetration of infection, myositis may develop. However, inflammation can also appear in a hematogenous way. Myositis is characterized at the initial stage by dull pain in the foot, pain in the heel begins, but soon appears in the calf muscle. Legs hurt constantly both in statics and in motion, while moving is simply intolerable, because it brings the leg together, there are shots in the calves and fingers. If the inflammatory process is prolonged, muscle atrophy and deformity of the limb, complete inability of the patient to move, are possible.

Treatment of foot pathologies must be carried out on time, otherwise there may be undesirable consequences. Orthopedists and surgeons are engaged in these issues, phlebologists can be involved for consultation. The key to successful therapy is a timely visit to the clinic.

Muscles of the back of the foot: 1. The short extensor muscle of the fingers, m. extensor digitorum brevis.
2. Short extensor muscle of the thumb, m. extensor hallucis brevis.
3. Dorsal interosseous muscles, m. interossei dorsales.
Muscles of the sole. Muscles of the big toe: 1. Abductor muscle of the thumb, m. abductor hallucis.
2. Short flexor muscle of the thumb, m. flexor hallucis brevis.
3. Driving muscle of the thumb, m. adductor hallucis.
Muscles of the little toe: 1. Abductor muscle of the little finger, m. abductor digiti minimi.
2. Short flexor muscle of the little finger, m. flexor digiti minimi brevis.
3. Antiviral muscle of the little finger, m. opponens digiti minimi.
Middle muscles of the foot: 1. Short flexor muscle of the fingers, m. flexor digitorum brevis.
2. Square muscle of the sole, m. quadratus plante.
3. Worm-like muscles, mm. lumbricales.
4. Dorsal interosseous muscles, mm. interossei dorsales.
5. Plantar interosseous muscles, mm. interossei plantares.

Muscles of the back of the foot

Sole muscles