What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Paralympic Games is the culmination of a four-year sports cycle for Paralympic athletes and the rest of the Paralympic movement. The Paralympic Games are the most prestigious competition for athletes with disabilities, selected through national, regional and global competitions.

In 2000, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed a Cooperation Agreement, which laid down the principles of relations between these organizations. A year later, the practice of "one application - one city" was introduced: the application for the Olympic Games is automatically extended to the Paralympic Games, and the Games are held at the same sports facilities by the forces of one Organizing Committee. At the same time, the Paralympic competitions will start two weeks after the end of the Olympic Games.

For the first time, the term "Paralympic Games" is mentioned in connection with the 1964 Games in Tokyo. This name was officially approved in 1988, at the Winter Games in Innsbruck (Austria). Until 1988. The Games were called the Stoke Mandeville Games (in accordance with the place where the first Paralympic competition took place).

The idea of ​​creating the Paralympic Games belongs to a neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann (July 3, 1899 - March 18, 1980). After emigrating from Germany to Great Britain in 1939, on behalf of the British government, in 1944 he opened the Spinal Injury Center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury.

In July 1948, Ludwig Guttmann organized the first games for people with musculoskeletal injuries - the National Stoke-Mandeville Games for the Disabled. They began on the same day as the opening ceremony of the 1948 London Olympics. The competition was attended by former military personnel who were injured in the war.
International status was given to the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1952, when former Dutch soldiers took part in them.

1960 in Rome (Italy) a few weeks after the 17th Olympic Games, the 9th annual international Stoke-Mandeville Games were held. The Games program included eight sports: archery, athletics, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, table tennis, swimming, as well as darts and billiards. The competition was attended by 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries. For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Games, not only people with disabilities who were injured during hostilities were allowed to participate in the competition.
In 1984, the IOC officially awarded the competition the status 1st Paralympic Games .

First Paralympic winter Games took place in 1976 in Sweden, in Ornskolddsvik. The program included two disciplines: cross-country skiing and competitions in alpine skiing... More than 250 athletes from 17 countries participated (athletes with visual disabilities and athletes with amputees).

Since the 1992 Games, which were held in France in Tignes and Albertville, the Paralympic Winter Games have been held in the same cities as the Olympic Winter Games.

With the development of the Paralympic Movement, sports organizations began to be created for people with various categories of disabilities. So, in 1960, the Committee for the International Stoke Mandeville Games was established in Rome, which later became the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation.

The most important event in the development of the Paralympic Movement was the first General Assembly of international sports organizations for disabled people. September 21, 1989 in Dusseldorf (Germany), she established International Paralympic Committee (IPC) (International Paralympic Committee IPC), which, as an international non-profit organization, leads the Paralympic Movement around the world. The emergence of the IPC was dictated by the growing need to expand national representation and create a movement more focused on sports for people with disabilities.

The supreme body of the IPC is the General Assembly, which meets once every two years. All members of the IGC take part in the General Assembly. The main consolidated document of the IPC governing the issues of the Paralympic Movement is the IPC Handbook, an analogue of the Olympic Charter in the Olympic Movement.

Since 2001, the post of President of the IPC has been held by an Englishman Sir Philip Craven , Member of the Board of the British Olympic Association and the London 2012 Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, world champion and two-time European champion in wheelchair basketball, former president of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation.

Under the leadership of Sir Philip Craven, a process was initiated in 2002 to revise the strategic objectives, governing system and structure of the IGC. This innovative approach resulted in a package of proposals, as well as a new vision and mission for the Paralympic Movement, leading to the adoption in 2004 of the current IPC Constitution.

First USSR national team took part in the 1984 Paralympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria. The team had only two bronze medals, won by the visually impaired skier Olga Grigorieva. In the Paralympic Summer Games, the Soviet Paralympians made their debut in 1988 in Seoul. They competed in swimming and athletics competitions, winning 55 medals, of which 21 were gold.

First Paralympic emblem appeared at the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Turin. The logo is made up of three hemispheres of red, blue and green colors located around the central point - three agitos (from the Latin agito - "set in motion, move"). This symbol reflects the role of the IPC in uniting athletes with disabilities who inspire and delight the world with their achievements. Three hemispheres, the colors of which - red, green and blue - are widely represented in the national flags of the countries of the world, symbolize Mind, Body and Spirit.

On Paralympic flag depicts the main Paralympic symbol - the IPC emblem, located in the center on a white background. The Paralympic flag may only be used at official events sanctioned by the IPC.

Paralympic anthem - This is a musical orchestral work "Hymn de l 'Avenir" ("Anthem of the future"). It was written by French composer Thierry Darney in 1996 and approved by the IPC Board in March 1996.

Paralympic motto - "Spirit in Motion" ("Spirit in motion"). The motto succinctly and vividly conveys the vision of the Paralympic Movement - the need to provide Paralympic athletes of all levels and backgrounds with opportunities to inspire and delight the world through sporting achievements.

MOSCOW, September 7 - R-Sport. The fifteenth summer Paralympic Games, which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, will open on the night from Wednesday to Thursday Moscow time.

Paralympics will pass without Russian athletes... The head of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Philip Craven announced on August 7 that the committee had taken a unanimous decision to remove Russians from the 2016 Paralympics and to strip the Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) of membership in the organization. On August 15, the RPC filed an appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (), which rejected it on August 23.

"R-Sport" refused to participate in the Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro >>>

Below is a background on the history of the Summer Paralympics.

The Paralympic Games are the second largest and most important world sports forum after the Olympic Games.

The Stoke Mandeville Games of the Disabled, founded by physician Ludwig Guttmann in Great Britain, were the forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games. In 1948, they were held simultaneously with the Olympic Games.

The ninth international Stoke Mandeville Games, held in 1960 in Rome (Italy) a few weeks after the Olympic Games, became the first Paralympic Games.

Paralympic Games - sports competitions in different types programs for disabled people, analogous to the Olympic Games, are held every four years. The term "Paralympic Games" was officially introduced in 1964. The origin of the name is not associated with the participation of persons with paraplegia, but emphasizes the fact that the Paralympic Games are held on the same facilities and in the same conditions as the Olympic Games (from the Greek para - next to, near). However, from 1968 to 1994, the Paralympic Games were held outside of the Olympic Games venues for various reasons.

The 1st Summer Paralympic Games were held in Rome (Italy) on September 18-25, 1960. The games were attended by 209 athletes from 18 countries. 113 sets of medals were played in eight sports. The Games program included archery, athletics, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, table tennis, swimming, darts (dart throwing) and billiards (snooker). Only wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries participated in the Games. The greatest number of medals was won by the Italian team - 80 medals (29 gold, 28 silver, 23 bronze). The UK team is in second place - 55 awards (20 gold, 15 silver, 20 bronze). The third place was taken by Germany - 30 awards (15 gold, 6 silver, 9 bronze).

The II Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tokyo (Japan) on November 8-12, 1964. The games were attended by 236 athletes from 20 countries. 143 sets of medals were played in nine sports. Weightlifting was included in the Games program. Team USA became the winner - 123 medals (50 gold, 41 silver, 32 bronze). In second place is the UK team - 61 awards (18 gold, 23 silver, 20 bronze). The third place was taken by Italy - 45 awards (14 gold, 15 silver, 16 bronze).

The III Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tel Aviv (Israel) on November 5-14, 1968. 774 athletes from 28 countries took part in the games. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. The program of the Games included a game of bowls (a lawn-bowl, a sports game of balls). The USA team took the first place - 99 awards (33 gold, 27 silver, 39 bronze), the British team took the second place - 69 awards (29 gold, 20 silver, 20 bronze), the third - the Israeli team 62 awards (18 gold, 21 silver, 23 bronze).

The IV Summer Paralympic Games were held in Heidelberg (Germany) on August 2-11, 1972. The games were attended by 922 athletes from 42 countries. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. For the first time, athletes with visual disabilities participated. The winner was the team of Germany - 67 medals (28 gold, 17 silver, 22 bronze), the second place was taken by the USA team - 75 medals (17 gold, 27 silver, 31 bronze), the third place by Great Britain - 52 awards (16 gold, 15 silver , 21 bronze).

The 5th Summer Paralympic Games were held in Toronto, Canada on August 4-12, 1976. The games were attended by 1271 athletes from 41 countries. 448 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. For the first time, volleyball, goalball and shooting were included in the Games program. For the first time, athletes with amputations took part in the Paralympic Games. In the team event, the Americans won - 155 medals (66 gold, 44 silver, 45 bronze), the Dutch team was in second place - 84 medals (45 gold, 25 silver, 14 bronze), Israel in third place - 69 medals (40 gold, 13 silver, 16 bronze).

The 6th Summer Paralympic Games were held in Arnhem (Netherlands) June 22 - July 1, 1980. 1,647 athletes from 42 countries took part in the games. 590 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. The program of the Games included wrestling, no snooker competitions were held. The USA team took the first place - 195 medals (75 gold, 66 silver, 54 bronze), the Polish team took the second place - 177 awards (75 gold, 50 silver, 52 bronze), the German team took the third place - 162 awards (68 gold, 48 silver, 46 bronze).

The VII Summer Games were held in parallel in Stoke Mandeville (UK) and New York (USA) June 17 - August 1, 1984. Athletes of all categories competed in New York; only wheelchair athletes competed in Stoke Mandeville. The games were attended by 2,093 athletes from 54 countries. 975 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. The Games program included equestrian sports, cycling, powerlifting, 7x7 football (for athletes with cerebral palsy) and boccia (a precision sport with a ball), and snooker competitions were held again. In the team event, the Americans won - 397 medals (137 gold, 131 silver, 129 bronze), the UK team is in second place - 331 awards (107 gold, 112 silver, 112 bronze), the Canadian team is in third place - 238 awards (87 gold, 82 silver, 69 bronze).

The VIII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Seoul, South Korea, October 16-25, 1988. The games were attended by 3,044 athletes from 60 countries. For the first time, Soviet Paralympians took part in the Games, who performed only in athletics and swimming. 733 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. The program included wheelchair tennis (as a demonstration) and judo, equestrian and wrestling competitions were not held. The first place was taken by the USA team - 269 medals (91 gold, 90 silver, 88 bronze), the second place was taken by the German team - 193 medals (76 gold, 66 silver, 51 bronze), the third place by the UK team - 184 medals (65 gold, 65 silver, 54 bronze). The debutant of the Games - the USSR national team with 56 medals (of which 21 were gold) took 12th place.

The IX Summer Paralympic Games were held in Barcelona (Spain) on September 5-16, 1992. The games were attended by 2999 athletes from 83 countries. 489 sets of medals were played in 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis became an official sport, and there were no snooker or bowls competitions. The USA team took the first place - 175 medals (75 gold, 52 silver, 48 bronze), the German team took the second place - 171 medals (61 gold, 51 silver, 59 bronze), the third place was taken by the UK team - 128 medals (40 gold, 47 silver, 41 bronze). Russia played as a member of the united CIS team, which took the eighth place.

The X Summer Paralympic Games were held in Atlanta (USA) on August 16-25, 1996. The games were attended by 3255 athletes from 104 countries. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. Sailing, racquetball and wheelchair rugby were presented as exemplary sports, and bowls were held again. The first place was taken by the USA team - 157 medals (46 gold, 46 silver, 65 bronze), the second place was taken by the Australian team - 106 medals (42 gold, 37 silver, 27 bronze), the third place was taken by the FRG team - 149 medals (40 gold, 58 silver, 51 bronze). The Russian team took 16th place in the medal standings.

The XI Summer Paralympic Games were held in Sydney (Australia) on October 23-31, 2000. The Games were attended by 3879 athletes from 123 countries. 550 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. Team Australia became the winner - 149 medals (63 gold, 39 silver, 47 bronze). The UK team is in second place - 131 awards (41 gold, 43 silver, 47 bronze). The third place was taken by Canada - 96 awards (38 gold, 33 silver, 25 bronze). The Russian team took 14th place.

The XII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Athens (Greece) September 23 - October 4, 2004. 3808 athletes from 135 countries took part in the games. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. The Games program included 5x5 football (for athletes with visual impairments), there were no bowls competitions. The winner was the team of China - 141 medals (63 gold, 46 silver, 32 bronze), the second place was taken by the UK team - 94 medals (35 gold, 30 silver, 29 bronze), the third place was taken by Canada - 72 awards (28 gold, 19 silver , 25 bronze). Russia took 11th place.

The XIII Summer Paralympic Games took place in Beijing, China, September 6-17, 2008. The games were attended by 4011 athletes from 146 countries. 472 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. Rowing was included in the Games program. The winner again became the Chinese team - 211 medals (89 gold, 70 silver, 52 bronze), the UK team is in second place - 102 medals (42 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze), the third place in the USA - 99 awards (36 gold, 35 silver, 28 bronze). Representatives of the Russian national team took part in no more than 40 percent of the competitive program and won 63 medals. In the unofficial team competition, the Russian team took eighth place.

The XIV Summer Paralympic Games were held in London (Great Britain) from August 30 to September 10, 2012. The games were attended by 4302 athletes from 164 countries. 503 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. The first place was taken by the Chinese team - 231 medals (95 gold, 71 silver, 65 bronze), the second place was taken by the Russian team - 102 medals (36 gold, 38 silver, 28 bronze), the third place by Great Britain - 120 awards (34 gold, 43 silver, 43 bronze).

They start on Friday in South Korean Pyeongchang.

Competitions will be held from 9 to 18 March. In total, 80 sets of awards will be played at the Games in six sports: alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, sledge hockey, snowboarding and wheelchair curling.

Below is a summary of the Winter Paralympics.

The Paralympic Games are sports competitions in various types of programs for disabled people, an analogue of the Olympic Games. Held every four years. The Paralympic Games are divided into summer and winter games. The Summer Games since 1988 and the Winter Games since 1992 have been held at the same sports grounds and facilities as Olympic Games.

The origin of Paralympic sports is associated with the name of the German neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann. At the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, he opened the Spinal Injury Center, where sports were used for therapeutic and rehabilitation purposes.

In 1948, Guttmann organized the first Stoke Mandeville archery competition for athletes with spinal cord injuries. They began on the same day with the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games. Former military personnel took part in archery competitions. In 1952, the first international competitions were held with the participation of Dutch and English war veterans, which became the forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games.

Soon, the International Stoke-Mandeville Federation was created, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 1956, during the Olympic Games in Melbourne, she was awarded a special cup by the IOC for the implementation of the Olympic ideals of humanism.

In 1960, the International Stoke-Mandeville Games Committee was established in Rome. The ninth International Stoke Mandeville Games, with the participation of more than 400 athletes from 23 countries, took place in Rome in the same year, a few weeks after the Olympic Games. It was they who later received the status of the first summer Paralympic Games. Since then, they have been held in the year of the Olympic Games.

The first Paralympic Winter Games took place in 1976 in Ornskolddsvik, Sweden. 198 athletes from 16 countries took part in them. Athletes with amputees and visual impairments competed in alpine skiing and cross-country skiing. In addition, there were demonstration performances in sleigh races. 141 medals of various denominations were awarded. In the unofficial team competition (hereinafter - according to the number of gold medals), the German national team took the first place (10 gold, 12 silver and six bronze medals).

In 1980, the second Winter Paralympics were held in Geilo, Norway. The Games were attended by 299 athletes from 18 countries. In three sports - alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and sled racing - 168 medals were awarded. In the team competition, the Norwegian national team took the first place (23 gold, 21 silver and 10 bronze medals).

In 1984, the Paralympics were held in Innsbruck, Austria. 419 athletes from 21 countries participated. In three sports, 315 medals of various denominations were played. In the overall standings, the Austrian national team took the first place (34 gold, 19 silver and 17 bronze medals).

Four years later, the Paralympic Winter Games were again held in Innsbruck. They were attended by 377 athletes from 22 countries, including the USSR, which made its debut in the competition. Sit-down skiing and biathlon competitions were introduced into the Games program. 279 medals were played. In the team competition, the Norwegian national team took the first place (25 gold, 21 silver and 14 bronze medals), the Soviet athletes won two bronze medals (both of Valentina Grigorieva in cross-country skiing).

One of the most important events in the development of sports for people with disabilities was the first General Assembly of international sports organizations for people with disabilities, which established the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 1989 in Dusseldorf. In 1994, the IPC assumed full responsibility for hosting the Paralympic Games.

In 1992, the Winter Paralympics took place in Albertville (France), 365 athletes from 24 countries took part in it. Competitions were held only in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and biathlon. 235 medals were played. In the overall standings, the US team took the first place (20 gold, 16 silver and 9 bronze medals), the third was the united team of the republics the former USSR(10 gold, 8 silver and 3 bronze medals).

In 1994, the Winter Games were held in Lillehammer, Norway. 471 athletes from 31 countries took part in them. Sledge hockey was introduced to the Paralympics program. A total of 399 medals were awarded. In the unofficial team competition, the Norwegian national team took the first place (29 gold, 22 silver and 13 bronze medals), the Russians became the fifth (10, 12, 8).

In 1998, the Paralympic Games were held for the first time on the Asian continent - in Nagano (Japan). 571 athletes from 32 countries competed for 367 medals. In the team competition, the Norwegian national team took the first place (18 gold, 9 silver and 13 bronze medals), the Russian team again became the fifth (12, 10, 9).

Four years later, 416 athletes from 36 countries took part in the Salt Lake City Games (USA). The Games program included only four sports - biathlon, alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and sledge hockey. Athletes competed for 276 awards of various denominations. In the team competition, the German national team took the first place (17 gold, 1 silver and 15 bronze medals), the Russians remained fifth (7, 9, 5).

In 2006, the IX Winter Paralympic Games were held in Turin, Italy, at which he made his debut the new kind sports - wheelchair curling. This Paralympics has a modern Paralympic emblem. The logo is made up of three hemispheres of red, blue and green colors located around the central point - three agitos (from the Latin agito - "set in motion, move"). Three hemispheres symbolize mind, body and spirit. 486 athletes from 39 countries took part in the Paralympics. 174 medals were played. For the first time in the history of the Games, the Russian national team won the first team place, earning 13 gold, 13 silver and seven bronze medals.

In 2010, the Winter Paralympic Games were held in Vancouver, Canada, with 506 athletes from 44 countries taking part in them, they competed for 192 medals. In the team competition, the German national team took the first place (13 gold, 5 silver and 6 bronze medals), the Russian national team became the second (12, 16, 10). Russian Irek Zaripov climbed to the highest step of the podium four times - twice in cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions.

In 2014, the Winter Paralympic Games were held in Sochi. 550 athletes from 45 countries took part in the games. In five sports (biathlon, alpine skiing, wheelchair curling, cross-country skiing and sledge hockey), 216 medals were awarded. In the overall team competition, the Russian team took the first place (30 gold, 28 silver and 22 bronze medals). Russian Roman Petushkov became the first athlete in the history of the Winter Paralympics who managed to win six gold medals during the Games alone (three in biathlon and three in cross-country skiing).

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Paralympic sport dates back to the 1880s. However, it was only the development in 1945 of a new treatment regimen for people with spinal cord injuries that led to the development of the worldwide sports movement for the disabled, known today as the Paralympic Movement. After World War II, sports for the disabled took a step forward, aided by the work of Ludwig Guttmann, a German physician who fled Nazism to England in 1936. He approved sport as a means of physical, psychological and social rehabilitation of the disabled with spinal cord injury. Sir Ludwig Guttmann of Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England) has revolutionized the theory and practice of rehabilitation with a focus on sports. Over time, what began as an auxiliary physical rehabilitation procedure for World War II veterans has grown into a sports movement in which the physical capabilities of athletes take center stage (Professor Ludwig Guttmann eventually became director of the Stoke Mandeville Center and President of the British International Organization for the Treatment of Disabled Persons with Disabilities musculoskeletal system). People with disabilities with injuries of the musculoskeletal system (PADA) began to actively participate in sports. At the Center for Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Injuries in Stoke Mandeville, a sports program has been developed as an indispensable part of comprehensive treatment.

In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann founded the Stoke Mandeville Games (media), which took place concurrently with the Olympic Games in Great Britain. Former military personnel - 16 paralyzed men and women - took part in the archery competition. The first multinational participation in the Stoke Mandeville Games (Dutch and English war veterans) led to the holding of the first International Stoke Mandeville Games (ICMI) 1952, the forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games. In subsequent years, there was an increase in both the number of participants and sports. The Games began to be held annually as an international sports festival. It was attended by athletes with disabilities from Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and then other countries. The need arose for an international organization to coordinate the incipient Paralympic movement. This led to the creation of the International Stoke-Mandeville Federation, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee.

Already in 1956, during the Olympic Games in Melbourne, she was awarded a special cup by the IOC for the implementation of the Olympic ideals of humanism. In Stoke Mandeville, the first stadium for disabled athletes was built with funds from disabled people, retirees and charitable donations. In 1959, Ludwig Guttmann developed and published in the "Book of the Stoke-Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed" the first ever regulations for holding competitions in sports for the disabled. Initially, the Paralympic Movement developed through the creation of various sports organizations for people with specific disabilities, known today as the International Sports Organizations for Disabled People (IOSD). In 1960, the first of these organizations, the Stoke Mandeville Games Committee (IASM), was established in Rome. In 1972 it was renamed the International Federation of the Stoke Mandeville Games (IFAM) and later became the International Wheelchair Sports Federation of Stoke Mandeville (IFSC). In 1964, the International Sports Organization of Disabled People (ISOD) was established, which also included athletes with amputation damage. In 2004, IFYCL and ISOD merged and became known as the International Wheelchair Sports Federation and for Persons with Amputation Disorders (IVAS).

In 1978, the International Sports and Physical Education Association for Persons with Cerebral Palsy (SP-ISRA) was created, followed in 1981 by the International Sports Federation for the Blind (IBSA), and in 1986 by the International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities ( INAS-FID). In 1960, Rome (Italy), a few weeks after the Olympic Games, hosted the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games. As a result of this symbolic action and the participation of more than 400 athletes from 23 countries in these games, they are honored as the first Paralympic Games. It was decided that every fourth year these games will be held in the country of the Olympiads and will be considered the Olympic Games for the disabled.

Since then, the Paralympic Games have been held in the year of the Olympic Games, and since the 1988 Seoul Paralympics, they have been held in the same cities and locations as their Olympic counterparts. The games were held twice in countries, but not in the cities of the Olympics - in Germany and Canada, and three times in other countries, bypassing the Olympic ones - in Israel and Holland in 1980 and 1994. The term "Paralympic Games" became official in 1988. This name comes from the Greek preposition "para" ("about" or "alongside") and the word "Olympic Games" The first Paralympic Winter Games were held in Örnsköldsvik (Sweden) in 1976. Since the 1992 Games in Tignes-Albertville, France, the Paralympic Winter Games have been held in the same cities as the Olympic Winter Games.

As the movement developed, so did the need for increased coordination and increased cooperation between different organizations. In 1982, IFASM, SP-ISRA, IBSA and ISOD joined forces to create the International Committee for the Coordination of Sports for Disabled People around the World (ICC). In 1986, they were also joined by the International Sports Committee for the Deaf (ISSC) and the International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (INAS-FID). The KIC represented the interests of groups with disabilities and directed the Paralympic Games between 1982 and 1992. However, the growing need to expand national representation and create a more sport-oriented movement led to the founding of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 1989 in Düsseldorf, Germany, as the recognized governing body of the Paralympic Movement. The meeting was attended by representatives of the six IOSD, which are considered founding members of the IPC, and forty-two National Paralympic Committees and National Sports Organizations for the Disabled. They approved the first IPC Constitution and elected the first President, Dr. Robert Steadward of Canada. Only five years later, in 1994, the IPC assumed full responsibility for hosting the Paralympic Games.

In 2001, the General Assembly of the IPC authorized a review of the governance and structure of the IPC. Under the leadership of the new President, Sir Philip Craven, a strategic review process began in 2002. The process culminated in the approval of a package of proposals at the historic 2003 General Assembly “Designing the Future” in Turin, leading to the adoption of the current Constitution in 2004. The Constitution and the Regulations adopted on its basis are the governing documents of the IPC and the Paralympic Movement.

In 2003, the IPC adopted a Vision that reflects the main goal of the Paralympic Movement: to create all conditions for Paralympic athletes to achieve sportsmanship, inspire and delight the world.

The Paralympic Movement, under the supreme leadership of the IPC, encompasses all athletes and officials related to the NPC, IOSD, International sports federations(IFs), Regional Organizations (ROs), IPC Sports Committees, IPC Councils, IPC Standing Committees, and other persons and other organizations that agree to be governed by the IPC Constitution and Rules. The criterion for membership of the Paralympic Movement is official membership in the IPC or recognition by the IPC. When the IPC was created in 1989, its headquarters were located in Bruges, Belgium. In 1997, the IGC General Assembly voted to move the headquarters to Bonn (Germany) and to create the first professional staff structure. The official opening of the new headquarters took place on September 3, 1999.