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Tens of thousands of Kalmyks were forcibly resettled to Siberia

Today, December 28, Kalmykia celebrates the Day of Remembrance and Mourning for the Victims of the 1943 Kalmyk Deportation. The key mourning event was held at the Exodus and Return memorial in Elista.

- On December 28, 1943, our people were illegally deported to Siberia, where they spent thirteen long years, endured difficult trials, but continued to believe in their return to their homeland. The Kalmyk people, together with many other peoples of our multinational country, experienced all the hardships of Siberian exile, but despite all the hardships they were able to preserve their national dignity and faith in justice,- says the official address of the head of Kalmykia, Alexei Orlov. - It is impossible to change the course of time, to correct what has already become a part of history, but our sacred duty is to remember those who found eternal peace in the Siberian land, who endured inhuman suffering during the difficult years of illegal repression.

The priests of the Central Khurul, the chairman of the regional government Igor Zotov, the rector of the Kalmyk State University Badma Salaev, the ONF activists, and activists took part in the commemorative event in the capital of the republic.

Today, December 28, at 6.30 pm, the Hamdan-Kalmykia TV channel (button 22 of the Rostelecom interactive television) will show the film “He Could Not Be Silent” about Anatoly Grigoriev, the author of the book The Fate of a Kalmyk. The presentation of the second part of the book (the first was published in 2008) took place the day before in the library named after Amur-Sanan. The film tells how a Siberian man shared his childhood with deported Kalmyk peers.

Mourning events are also held in the village of Iki-Burul, the village of Priyutnoye and other settlements.

The deportation of the Kalmyks or the "Ulus" operation is a large-scale action by the NKVD for the forced expulsion of ethnic Kalmyks in 1943-1944 to the regions of the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia. The operation was recognized as genocide by the RSFSR law “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”. On December 27, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the liquidation of the Kalmyk ASSR and the formation of the Astrakhan region within the RSFSR" was issued. The next day, a decree was issued on the deportation of the Kalmyks. It was attended by about three thousand officers of the NKVD and the third motorized rifle regiment of the NKVD, which had previously evicted the Karachais. During the first stage of the operation, 93 thousand people or more than 26 thousand families were evacuated. During January 1944, another 1,014 people were deported.

Raised to the surface of the restless Sea of ​​Discussions, the topic of the deportation of Crimean Tatars has become another red rag for fans of a virtual "liberal-patriotic" get-together. Meanwhile, not all Internet experts in the field of historical expertise remember that the Crimean Tatars were only one of a dozen peoples who were resettled during the Great Patriotic War. So, for example, January 28 throughout Kalmykia, starting in 2004, has been declared a non-working day, since this date corresponds to the start date of Operation Ulus, as a result of which the Kalmyks lost their national autonomy and were forced to move to a risky habitat for them. ...

Facts and emotions

According to the 1939 USSR census, 134,402 representatives of the Kalmyk people lived in the country, of which at least 107,300 people lived within the borders of the Kalmyk ASSR. During the first part of Operation Ulus, which took place at the end of 1943, about 93,139 Kalmyks were removed from their usual place of residence in the Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tyumen regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Altai, and in January 1944, more than a thousand more. Dry numbers convey only the general state of affairs, without indicating specific subtleties, of which there were many: for example, women of other nationalities who were married to a Kalmyk were subjected to deportation ...

Does not take into account statistics and specific human destinies. One of the most famous deported representatives of the Kalmyk people was the Soviet poet David Kugultinov. In 1941 he went to fight at the front, and in 1944 he was resettled along with other representatives of his people. Ultimately, the poet spent 15 years in Norilsk, not his native land, and embodied his moral sufferings in a whole elegiac series. One of his poems, written during this period, is called "The Sun in the Arctic." In it, he talks about how hard he experienced an unusual natural phenomenon for him - the polar night - and what happiness he experienced when he saw the sun again.

Somehow at lunchtime

The world has changed suddenly.

"The sun! The sun!" - opening the door,

My friend screamed at me.

And the phone that slept in silence

Suddenly woke up from sleep.

"The sun rises!" - shouted to me

My wife is on the phone.

Throwing business, exclaiming: "Hurry!",

Down the hall in a crowd

People ran to the opening of the door,

They called friends for themselves.

The snow was cheerful, engaged, sparkling;

Courtyards were brightening quickly.

The sun rose slowly

From behind the top of the mountain.

Like a crimson month, with fire

Painted the clouds.

How we live in darkness without him,

As if asking.

Eternal happiness for everyone and everything

Given to everyone and everything, -

How I lived for three months without him,

Really, I don’t understand myself.

The sun! You see? We endured

Long, long darkness ...

The sun! .. And, as if at a rally, we

They applauded him.

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 25 thousand Kalmyks fought at the front in the ranks of the Soviet army, and for many, the news of the deportation of their families came as a complete surprise. Muscovite Vera
Nemeeva recalls the history of her ancestors this way:

“My father Dordzhiev Vladimir (Lidzhi) Dordzhievich is a participant in the Soviet-Finnish war, a member of the CPSU since 1943, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, a labor veteran and a holder of the Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree. He served from 1940 to August 1945. After demobilization, he went to his native khoton, but did not find his wife or son there. I followed them to Siberia, but never found them. As a result, after a long unsuccessful search, in 1950 he married my mother, and met his first family only in 1958, when the Kalmyks were given the opportunity to return to their homeland. "

but on the other hand

In November 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized the deportation of the Kalmyk people as a barbaric act and a crime of the Stalinist regime, and in 1991 the mass resettlement of Kalmyks was declared genocide. Despite the harsh assessment of this historical episode, experts do not undertake to accurately assess the losses incurred during the events of 1943-44: for example, according to the Book of Memory of the Kalmyk People, at least half of the population of the former KASSR died as a result of pestilence and disease during deportation. and according to the information of the Soviet and Russian scientist Natalia Zhukovskaya - about one third. At the same time, according to the new All-Union Population Census, which took place after the rehabilitation of Kalmyks, in 1959 at least 106,600 representatives of this people lived in the USSR.

As in the situation with the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the "Kalmyk case", everything is not as straightforward as it might seem at first glance. The official reason for the tough measures on the part of the Soviet government was the numerous collaborationist acts on the part of the population of the KASSR. "The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the liquidation of the Kalmyk ASSR and the formation of the Astrakhan region as part of the RSFRS" signed by M. Kalinin directly accuses the Kalmyks of a crime against the interests and security of the country. It is proposed to apply strict measures,

“Considering that during the occupation of the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR by the Nazi invaders, many Kalmyks betrayed their Motherland, joined the military units organized by the Germans to fight against the Red Army ... they seized and handed over to the Germans the collective farm cattle evacuated from the Rostov region and Ukraine, and after the expulsion of the occupiers by the Red Army organized gangs and actively opposed the organs of Soviet power ... "

Created in 1941 on the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR, the 110th separate Kalmyk cavalry division of the Red Army at the very beginning of the war showed instability and gave rise to mass desertion, defeatism and rebellious sentiments in the KASSR. During the German occupation of this territory, part of its population actively cooperated with the invaders as agents of special services, police officers, informers and informers, employees of the occupation administration, propagandists and translators. In addition, according to various estimates, military service on the side of the Third Reich was conducted from 5 to 7 thousand Kalmyks.

The figure, of course, is considerable, but, taking into account all the above data, the question of the advisability of such harsh measures against the peaceful representatives of the Kalmyk people undoubtedly and inevitably arises. The accusation of total treason looks absurd, one has only to look at the ratio of numerical indicators.

December 28 in Kalmykia - Day of Remembrance for Victims of Deportation. By tradition, on this day, residents of the republic gather for mourning events, hold rallies and minutes of silence. In Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, a memorial by Ernst Neizvestny called "Exodus and Return", cast in memory of the victims of Stalin's repressions, becomes the center of special attraction. Another memorable object is a carriage, symbolizing teplushki, in which Kalmyks were taken to new places of settlement. Along the railway track, on which he stands, there are 14 stones resembling gravestones in shape - according to the number of years that the Kalmyks spent in exile.

Text: Ekaterina Ragozina