What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

In this article of business etiquette, the psychological types of communication between people will be disclosed in detail.

If you can quickly and correctly determine the psychological type of your interlocutor, then it will not be difficult for you to establish a trusting relationship and successfully interact with him. Knowing the characteristics of each psychological type, you will be able to control the course of the conversation, reduce the risk of a conflict situation.

There are many classifications of psychological types of people and their communication. In each of them, human types are viewed from a different angle of view, in relation to different areas activities. They also differ in the degree of complexity and detail. Whichever of them you take "into service", interacting with people you will certainly become better. To get started, check out one of the relatively simple classifications.

Classification of psychological types of people

POSITIVE PERSON... This is the most pleasant interlocutor, good-natured and hardworking person. The conversation with him proceeds calmly and in a businesslike manner. You will not have trouble communicating with representatives of this psychological type; in a conflict situation, it is from them that you should look for support.

During a business meeting in which a “positive person” is involved, make sure that everyone else in the conversation agrees with his positive approach.

HEALTHY MAN... This is an impatient, unrestrained and agitated interlocutor. Characteristic feature A "foolish person" is also the fact that he often strays from the topic of conversation. The tactics for conducting a business conversation should be as follows:

If even before meeting with the “absurd person” you know that on some issues your opinions do not coincide, it is better to discuss these controversial issues with him in advance, before the start of the conversation;

keep self-control, do not let yourself be provoked;

if “someone else is attending a business meeting. leave it to this third party to refute the arguments of the “absurd person”;

try to win him over to your side;

strive to ensure that his suggestions are taken into account when making decisions (if possible):

use the breaks and pauses in a business meeting to find out from the “absurd person” the reasons for his negative attitude;

if the atmosphere of the negotiations is heating up to a dangerous level, strongly suggest taking a break.

ALL-IN-ONE... He is sure that he knows everything about everything. On any issue he has his own opinion “which he certainly wants to express, therefore he always requires scrapping. In dealing with him, it is recommended to adhere to the following tactics:

give him the opportunity to formulate interim conclusions;

try to put the "know-it-all" next to you, if a "positive interlocutor" participates in a business conversation, next to him;

ask him difficult questions from time to time that only you can answer.

CHATTERBOX... Negotiations with such a partner are usually protracted, since the "chatterbox" often interrupts the conversation for no particular reason, inserts inappropriate, often tactless, remarks. When communicating with him, you should act like this:

try to put him closer to the "positive person" or to the authoritative person;

when the "chatterbox" starts talking about something. not related to the subject of the conversation, tactfully interrupt him by asking what he sees as a connection with the subject of the conversation.

Coward... A representative of this type is characterized by uncertainty in public speaking. He believes that it is better to remain silent than to say something that may be, in his opinion. regarded as nonsense. When communicating with him, you must observe tact and adhere to the following rules:

resolutely suppress any attempts of those present to be ironic about his statements;

help him formulate thoughts;

ask him simple informative questions;

encourage the "coward" for being active in the conversation: especially thank him for any more or less valuable statement, but not deliberately.

A COLD-BLOODED UNAUTHORIZED INTERVIEWER... This person is reserved and often very absent-minded. The topic and situation of the conversation seem to him to be something distant, unworthy of his attention and efforts. In relation to him, one should behave in this way:

ask a question like this: “You seem to disagree with the proposal just made. We would all be very interested to know why? ":

during the breaks and pauses of the conversation, try to find out the reasons for his passive behavior.

INTERESTED INTERVIEWER... The topic of the conversation does not interest him at all. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort to stir up such an interlocutor. Recommended:

ask him informative questions;

find out his personal interests and give the conversation a more attractive form and content.

IMPORTANT BIRD. Such a person absolutely does not tolerate criticism - neither direct nor indirect. He shows a lot of self-importance. When contacting him, you should act like this:

do not go on about his ambitions "do not let the" important bird "play the role of an honorary guest

WHY. Incessantly asks questions, for and without reason. You can protect yourself from the hail of his questions as follows:

redirect everything related to the topic of the conversation to the rest of its participants, and if you are negotiating one-on-one, then to him;

If you cannot give "why" the right answer, immediately admit that he is right.

A more detailed classification of psychological types of business partners and the corresponding methods of communication with them is offered by the well-known American specialist in the field of ethics and business psychology J. Yager.

LOMAKA... This is a person who, before making any decision, needs to be persuaded for a long time. Such people prefer to resolve the issue during a series of negotiations stretching over time. Attention to his person, courting and begging are important for the "lomaki" no less than the final result of negotiations. Therefore, it is not recommended to demand an unambiguous answer from the "lomaki" at the first meeting. Accept the fact that you will have to meet with him several times. Give the "lomaks" more options to choose from, and they will prefer to deal with you and not with someone else.

AMATEUR TO DECIDE EVERYTHING ON THE GO... Unlike "lomaki", such a partner, on the contrary, seeks to resolve all issues and make a decision already during the first meeting. If you want your business contacts to continue in the future, but you cannot resolve some issue at the first meeting, choose the most plausible excuse as possible to ask him to postpone the final decision to another time. Reassure your partner that you understand their aspirations, but make it clear that you have your own thoughts on this issue. That being said, make a firm commitment that you will do everything you can to expedite the resolution of the issue.

SCOUT... Such an interlocutor demonstrates attention to you and care for your interests. However, all this is just a kind of smoke screen in order to extract specific information from you without giving anything in return, or to report only insignificant, not directly related to the case, information. Representatives of this psychological type can often use the information obtained in this way against you, transfer it to other firms.

If the other person asks too many questions, be on the lookout. Better to change the subject. Or, in turn, bombard him with questions.

MENTOR... In his concern for the interests of his neighbor, such a person, in contrast to the "scout", is completely sincere. Sometimes he is ready to help others, even to the detriment of himself. In addition, the “mentor” can put you in touch with other people who will be able to provide you with the help you need. So a mentor is an extremely helpful partner.

A distinctive feature of people of this type is the use of phrases such as “I will tell you,” “but I will teach you,” “Let me put you in touch with such and such,” etc.

BRAGGART... Low self-esteem makes people of this psychological type endlessly talk about their achievements in the professional field and in their personal life. The "braggart" is not sure that he is really superior to other people, and therefore tries to completely capture the attention of the listener.

When talking to the "braggart", do not emphasize your successes and do not interrupt the conversation of the interlocutor about his victories. Moreover, emphasize his merits (but unobtrusively). It is also worth asking the "braggart" for advice on any issue that is not directly related to the topic of a business meeting. Before embarking on a discussion of important commercial issues, give such an interlocutor plenty of bragging rights.

THE NARRATOR... Representatives of this psychological type strive to communicate all the smallest details, even if they have nothing to do with the subject of discussion. During an important business meeting, such a person might, for example, begin a long story about his niece's wedding anniversary celebration the night before.

You should not interrupt the "narrator". Better be patient, sit back and try to enjoy his story. But if someone else is present at a business meeting, be vigilant. It is possible that the "storyteller" will set out the details of your work or personal life, which are not subject to publicity.

MANIPULATOR. He seeks to control the situation at all costs, to impose his will on even the most insignificant issues. Internally, he is not confident in himself and therefore constantly tries to use any phrase, any situation that arose during a business meeting.

Listen to his every phrase, look for a catch in his statements. But don't be too nervous. If you were able to recognize the “manipulator” in the interlocutor, he is no longer so dangerous. Remain calm and confident.

DRUMMER... The most pronounced representatives of this psychological type are called workaholics. Work for him is everything. During business meetings, "shock workers" all the time remind partners of their employment, that they are in a hurry at the moment. If your interlocutor is a "drummer" - accept whatever option he offers: there will be no better.

If he starts talking about his work, listen patiently and do not seek to tell about his own professional activity: the "shock workers" are only interested in their work. Express your admiration for his dedication to the cause, sympathize with the difficulties. But don't look for reasons for such a fanatical attachment to work. The fact is that for many "shock workers" work serves as a form of protection: they are afraid of communication, they are afraid of leisure or the prospect of being alone with their thoughts. Deep down, realizing this, they do not like it when someone analyzes their psychological characteristics.

INTERVIEWER CARRYING OUT HIDDEN PLANS. Carefully disguises his true intentions. A representative of this psychological type may, for example, invite you to discuss some trivial routine problem. And only in the midst of a meeting, you suddenly realize that in fact this sly man wants to find out something from you.

Having recognized the “interlocutor with hidden plans,” try to switch from the hidden topic to the one that served as a pretext for the meeting; until the end of the conversation, make sure that the conversation does not go beyond the "declared" framework.

HARD-BATHED PSYCHOLOGIST. He constantly analyzes the words and actions of other people, looks for hidden meaning in them and considers himself an expert in human psychology. Play along with him. say something like, “You are extraordinarily perceptive. But I didn’t even think about it ”or“ It looks like you got to the point. You would be a real psychologist. "

Whiner... A representative of this psychological type sees everything only in black, speaks and thinks only about troubles. People who look very cheerful and happy with life annoy the whiner. Therefore, if you find out that you have a business meeting with a "whiner", it is undesirable to have a blooming appearance. Adjust your image. But looking as unhappy as your partner is certainly not required.

In contact with

Some personality traits significantly affect the goals, communication process and its effectiveness. Some of them contribute to successful communication (extroversion, empathy, tolerance, mobility), others complicate it (introversion, imperiousness, conflict, aggressiveness, shyness, timidity, rigidity).

Extraversion - introversion (from Latin Extra - "outside", intro - "inside", versio - "to unfold, direct") is a characteristic of typical differences between people, the extreme poles of which correspond to the predominant orientation of a person or to the world of external objects (in extroverts) , or on their own subjective world (for introverts).

V scientific terminology the concept of "extraversion - introversion" was introduced by C. Jung at the beginning of the 20th century. to denote two opposite types of personalities. At the same time, Jung emphasized that each person has both Extraverted and Introverted traits. The difference between people lies in the correlation of these traits: in the extrovert, some prevail, in the introvert, others.

The division of people into types of extroverts and introverts is carried out taking into account such traits as sociability, enterprise, activity, talkativeness, ambition.

Introverts are unpretentious, shy, prone to solitude, prefer communication with books, rather than people. They are restrained, they are not very close. Extroverts, on the other hand, are open-minded, affable, sociable, have many friends, and are susceptible to verbal communication. They are sociable, ambitious, adventurous and active, accessible to other people's influences, often sacrificing themselves for the sake of others. Introverts are slow to establish connections, it is difficult to enter the world of emotions of other people that they do not understand. They acquire adequate behavioral forms with certain difficulties. their subjective point of view may be stronger than the objective situation. Through careful thought over their words, introverts speak more slowly and with long pauses compared to extroverts.

Empathy (from the Greek Pathos - "a strong and deep feeling close to suffering", em - a prefix meaning "inward direction) - a person's ability plays a big role in communication, in establishing mutual understanding. Empathy, according to scientists, can be manifested in two forms - empathy and sympathy.Empathy is the experience of the subject of the same feelings that the other feels.compassion is a sensitive attitude to the experiences and unhappiness of the other.The first, according to psychologist Tatyana Gavrilova, is based largely on her past experience and is connected with the need in their own well-being, with their own interests, the second is based on understanding the problems of another person and is associated with his needs and interests.

As noted by scientists, for people with high level the formation of empathy is characterized by benevolence, sociability, emotionality, and for those who have low level empathy - isolation, ill will.

The accentuation of a person's desire for power over other people ("the motive of power") leads to such personal characteristics as love of power. This desire compensates for the natural deficiencies of people experiencing an inferiority complex. The desire for power is expressed in the desire to control the social environment and be able to reward and punish people, as well as forcing them to perform certain actions outside their desire. If control or power over people is lost, this causes strong emotional experiences in the power-hungry. At the same time, he himself does not want to obey other people, he actively strives for independence.

There is no need to explain the negative role of conflict and aggressiveness for the process of communication, the establishment of mutual understanding and relationships between people.

Conflict is a complex personality trait, including vulnerability, hot temper, suspicion. Vulnerability as an emotional personality trait determines the ease with which an emotion of resentment arises. In proud, self-centered people, there is an increased sensitivity (hyperesthesia) to self-esteem, so they regard ordinary words spoken in their address as injustice, suspect others of their intentions to cheat, although people did not think about it.

Sensitivity is associated with a tendency towards aggressive behavior. It should be noted that aggressiveness as a personality trait and aggressive behavior (a form of manifestation of aggression) are different things, although in the psychological literature they are often identified. Aggressiveness is the tendency to react aggressively when a conflict situation arises. Aggression is human behavior in these situations.

According to psychologists, aggressiveness as a personality trait is very well distinguished by people in the process of communication.

In psychology, tolerance (lat. Tolerantia - "tolerance") is tolerance, indulgence towards someone or something. This is an attitude of respect in relationships and acceptance (understanding) of the behavior of another person, his / her beliefs, national and other traditions and values that differ from their own. Tolerance contributes to the prevention of conflicts and the establishment of mutual understanding between people.

Communicative tolerance is a characteristic of a person's attitude to people, showing the degree of transfer of unpleasant, in her opinion, mental states, qualities and actions of interaction partners.

Scientists identify the following types of communicative tolerance:

Situational communicative tolerance, which manifests itself in the attitude of a given person to a particular person;

Typological communicative tolerance, which manifests itself in relation to a certain type of personality or a certain group of people (representatives of a certain race, nationality, social stratum)

Professional communicative tolerance manifests itself in the process of professional activity;

General communicative tolerance is a tendency in attitudes towards people in general, conditioned by the characteristics of character, moral principles, and the level of mental health; this kind affects other types of communicative tolerance.

Shyness is a human trait associated with a tendency to avoid communication or to avoid social contacts. Some scholars argue that shyness is determined by both heredity and the conditions of upbringing.

In shy people, self-awareness often focuses on the impression they create and on social evaluations. Researchers have found that shy people have less extroversion, have less control over their behavior in situations of social interaction, and are more anxious about relationships with others than those who do not feel shy. In men, such a personality characteristic, according to scientists, correlates with neuroticism. Among shy women, such a connection is noted only in those who have a tendency to self-digging. Some scholars believe that shyness is due to introversion, reduced level self-esteem and bad experiences of interpersonal contacts.

Shy people are often self-absorbed, uncommunicative. they find it easier to contact younger people than older and more competent people.

In a group of people, a shy person usually keeps aloof, rarely enters into a conversation, even less often she starts herself. During a conversation, such a person often does not know how to behave, tries not to be in the spotlight, speaks less and quietly. She always listens rather than speaks herself, does not dare to ask unnecessary questions, argue, and usually expresses her opinion hesitantly.

It is difficult to call a shy person into a conversation, often he cannot "squeeze" a word out of himself. Such a person often cannot find the necessary words for a conversation, or even completely stops talking. During the attention of everyone to her, he does not know what to answer, how to react to the remark of a joke; shy communication is often a burden. It is difficult for him to make a decision.

Complications in communication, which a shy person feels, often lead to the fact that she withdraws into herself, and this, in turn, often leads to loneliness. The stress that a shy person experiences during communication can cause neuroses.

Extreme shyness, according to scientists, has negative consequences, namely:

Promotes social isolation and thereby completely or partially deprives a person of the joy of communication and social (emotional) support;

The person becomes vulnerable in stressful situations due to underdevelopment of social interaction skills;

Having no experience of sincere and honest communication, shy people often think of themselves as limited, unaware that others may be embarrassed as well. Through such ignorance, they develop a wrong idea of their social behavior;

Prevents other people from positively assessing the merits of the shy person. her embarrassment is not always recognized by outside observers, especially when she tries to compensate for her shyness with swagger, persistence, noisy behavior (this is especially typical for men). Sometimes embarrassment is regarded as isolation, alienation, arrogance, conceit, and shyness of adolescents is often mistaken by adults for secrecy. True, shyness can be perceived by others as a positive trait of a person, for example, modesty;

Keeps a person from expressing their opinions and defending their rights;

It is accompanied by negative experiences of loneliness, anxiety and depression, which deepens the focus on oneself and one's behavior.

In contrast to the shy ones, there are people who are too liberated in communication, comradely to the point of obsession, and arrogant. According to scientists, among students and schoolchildren there are 13 %. These people are Extroverted, emotionally excited, courageous, risk-taking and adventurous. They are especially conflicted, authoritarian, low self-control.

Shyness, which is close to shyness, but manifests itself during public speaking, interferes with communication. Shyness is mental retardation. It often manifests itself in fear associated with social situations, therefore it is defined as "social shyness". Such a person is characterized by isolation and limited mobility. Shyness, as a rule, is accompanied by anxiety, embarrassment, inconvenience, concern, even physical weakness.

Concept "rigidity" means inertia, conservatism of attitudes, intransigence to changes, innovations that are introduced, weak switching from one type of work to another.

Mobility, on the other hand, is characterized by an easy compliance with changes in the situation, an easy change in attitudes and judgments.

Several types of rigidity are described in the scientific literature, namely:

Sensory (sensation remains for a long time after the termination of the stimulus that caused it)

Motor (difficulty of processing motor skills)

Emotional (the experience of the event continues after the disappearance of emotiogenic stimuli)

Cognitive (integration of judgments, ways of solving problems)

Mnemic (obsession with representations, secondary images).

It is believed that different kinds rigidity is not related to each other by a single factor, since there are no correlations between the degrees of their severity. This means that a person can be rigid in one manifestation and plastic in another. At the same time, the inertness of nervous processes can be a component common to all types of rigidity.

In the research of scientists, a positive and statistically significant relationship between rigidity and suggestibility and a negative relationship with the creative potential of a person were revealed.

Well-known psychological types were identified and described by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst C.G. Jung.

His theory of "introversion - extraversion", as well as the four types of perception of the world has developed and continues to develop.

Psychotypes of personality proposed by Jung:

Types of personality depending on the vector of its orientation:

Extrovert - a person who is psychologically oriented towards the outside world; sociable, active, active.
- a person focused on inner world; closed, sensitive, judicious.

Psychological types depending on preferential way perception of life, in other words, from the main mental function:

Thinking type - a person who predominantly relies on logic and thinking in making decisions. The sphere of feelings is suppressed.
The feeling type - a person oriented towards, judges in terms of "good - bad", and not logically.
Sensing type - a person who perceives life directly with the senses, he looks, listens, touches and makes a decision based on the information received. it is suppressed.
Intuitive type - a person who relies on the "sixth" sense; such people make decisions based on intuitive, unconscious knowledge, and not on immediate sensations.

Based on Jung's typology, in the seventies and eighties of the last century, the Soviet sociologist A. Augustinavichiute developed one of the most detailed and reliable personality typologies and became the founder of the scientific direction called socionics.

A. E. LICHKO

Another Soviet scientist AE Lichko, observing adolescents, identified psychological types that describe the types of character accentuations. Accentuation is an excessive strengthening of certain character traits, psychological deviations bordering on psychopathology, but not going beyond the norm.

In adolescence, the crisis age, accentuation is most pronounced.
Later, the character is "smoothed", and accentuation is manifested only in crisis,.

K. LEONGARD

German scientist K. Leonhard proposed a similar classification, but did not limit it to the framework of the pubertal period. The classification is based on the assessment of a person's communication style with a close environment.

Psychological types according to K. Leonhard:

Hypertensive. Optimistic, sociable, proactive, active, conflicted, irritable, frivolous.
Disty. Pessimistic, silent, withdrawn, non-conflict, conscientious, fair.
Cycloid. A changeable type combining hyperthymia and dysthymia.
Excitable. Slow, irritable, morose, domineering, conscientious, neat, loving animals and children.
Stuck. , inquisitive, fair, ambitious, touchy, suspicious, jealous.
Pedantic. Formalist and neat, serious, reliable, non-conflicting, passive, boring.
Anxious. Timid, insecure, defenseless, pessimistic, self-critical, friendly, executive, sensitive.
Emotive. Overly vulnerable, tearful, passive, kind, compassionate, responsive, executive.
Demonstrative. Can be both a leader and an opportunist; self-confident, artistic, courteous, captivating, extraordinary, selfish, boastful, lazy.
Exalted. Extremely sociable, experiencing vivid and sincere feelings, amorous, altruistic, compassionate, changeable, prone to panic and exaggeration.
Extroverted. Sociable and talkative, open-minded, executive, frivolous, inclined to excitement and risk.
Introverted. An idealist, withdrawn, philosophizing, non-conflictual, principled, restrained, stubborn, stubborn.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on temperament

Most often, personality typology is compiled based on differences in temperaments and characters of people.

HIPPOCRATES

The first known personality typology, depending on the type of temperament, was proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. It still remains relevant and popular, although the scientist did not connect the individual typological characteristics of the personality with the properties of the nervous system (as is customary now).

The psychotype of a person according to Hippocrates depends on the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and two types of bile.

Psychological types of temperament according to Hippocrates:

phlegmatic - a person whose body is dominated by lymph (phlegm), which makes him calm and slow;
melancholic - a person whose body is dominated by black bile (melane chole), which makes him fearful and prone to sadness;
sanguine - a person in whose body there is a lot of blood (sanguis), agile and cheerful;
the choleric person is hot and impulsive, there is a lot of yellow bile (chole) in his body.

For many centuries in a row, the teaching of temperaments has been developed and supplemented. In particular, the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov were engaged in this. Today, the names of the types of temperament have remained the same, but the essence has changed.

Temperament is a combination of innate features of the work of higher nervous activity. It depends on the speed and strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Thus, a weak type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic; strong balanced, but inert - phlegmatic; choleric - strong and unbalanced; strong, balanced and agile - a sanguine person.

E. KRECHMER

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer singled out Various types personality depending on the character. This was the first character classification. Kretschmer linked the psychotype of a person with the constitution of his body.

Three types of bodily constitution:

Asthenic. Thin and tall people, they have elongated arms and legs, underdeveloped muscles.
Athletic. People are strong, well-muscled, average or above average height.
Picnic. People with underdeveloped muscles and a musculoskeletal system, of medium or small stature, tend to be overweight.

Since E. Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he compared personality psychotypes with a tendency to one or another psychopathology and grouped them into two personality types:

Schizotimics - mentally healthy people athletic or asthenic physique, vaguely reminiscent of patients with schizophrenia. They are characterized by the following character traits: artistry, sensitivity, alienation, selfishness, imperiousness.
Cyclothymics are mentally healthy people of a pycnic constitution, reminiscent of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. They are cheerful, optimistic, sociable, frivolous people.

E. Kretschmer's theory was based only on his personal observations, but served as the basis for subsequent, more complex typologies of character. Much later, scientists came to the conclusion that the shape of the body really affects the character and individually typological characteristics of the personality. The connection between the constitution of the body and the tendency to accentuation of character (the extreme degree of normal functioning of the psyche) and psychopathology does exist.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on character

People differ not only in their character traits, but also in their attitude to life, society and moral values. Despite the fact that there is a concept of proper behavior, people behave in different ways.

German psychoanalyst and sociologist E. Fromm introduced the concept of "social character" and defined it as a kind of identical set of character traits in the personality structure of most members of a particular community. Any community, class or group of people has a certain social character.

The social character was taken as the basis for the classification of psychological personality types.

Psychological personality types according to E. Fromm:

"Masochist-sadist"

A person who is inclined to direct aggression at himself or at other people, if he considers them to be guilty of ongoing personal failures or problems of the whole society. Such people strive for self-improvement, insecure, punctual, responsible, demanding, domineering, love to terrorize others, justifying their actions with good intentions.

Psychological masochism is almost always combined with sadism. However, there are people more inclined to one of the types.

Individually typological features of the "masochist": self-deprecation, self-criticism, a tendency to always blame oneself for everything. Fromm defined the "sadist" as an authoritarian personality. This is a man-exploiter, domineering and cruel.

"Destroyer"

Does not cause suffering to himself or to people, but aggressively removes the cause of his troubles. In order not to feel powerless and frustrated, a person ends the relationship or interrupts the business he has begun, that is, he uses destructiveness as a means of resolving any trouble. “Destroyers” are usually people anxious, desperate, cowardly, limited in the realization of their capabilities and abilities.

"Conformist automaton"

Unlike the two previous psychological types, the "conformist" is passive. He does not fight, but resigns himself to difficult life circumstances. This is too labile a person who has practically lost his

He is an opportunistic person who will change point of view, behavior, principles and even the type of thinking, if the situation requires it. Such people are immoral, that is why they do not see anything shameful in changing points of view and life values.

Such a social typology does not characterize people from the best side, but it reveals the problems of society and remains extremely relevant in our time.

It cannot be said which of the typologies is better, they complement each other. Any personality typology allows an individual to know himself and at the same time to realize his uniqueness.

The reason for the division into psychotypes

Philosophers and scientists at all times of the existence of a civilized society have tried to distinguish and distinguish psychological types of people from the diversity of the nature of human nature. Many classifications are based on observations of people, life experience or the conclusions of the scientist who proposed a specific typology. Only in the last century, in connection with the flourishing of psychology, personality psychotypes became the object of research and received due scientific justification.

Despite the variety of psychological types existing today, it can be difficult to determine what type of personality a person belongs to. Often, reading the classification of types and wanting to find oneself, he cannot decide or finds several types at once, similar to the individual typological characteristics of his own personality.

The disadvantage of any typology is that it cannot accommodate all possible types of personality, because every person is an individuality. We can say that it rather belongs to one type or another, is more similar to it, or at some moments manifests itself in a similar way.

Any psychotype of a person is a generalization, an attempt to unite into a group close and often observed together qualities, features of temperament, and other individually typological personality traits.

Personality types are often exaggerated and simplified, describing deviant behavior (even psychopathology) or only those personality traits that are pronounced and stereotyped, stereotyped.

Pure types are rare. However, every second person, reading this or that typology or passing a psychological test, easily determines his psychotype and agrees with the characteristics given to him.

The more developed the personality of an individual, the more difficult it is for him to attribute himself to a particular type of personality. A harmoniously developed personality and a bright individuality hardly "fit" into any separate psychotype.

Despite the imperfection of typologies and personality types, they allow you to understand yourself, notice shortcomings, and outline ways of development. It is easier for people around the individual, who know what psychological type he belongs to, to build relationships with him and predict behavior in a particular situation.

Personality typology helps professional psychologists to carry out psychodiagnostics of the client. The psychological portrait of a person necessarily includes a description of his psychotype. Individually typological personality traits are extremely important, because they will tell about temperament, character, abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, orientation, attitudes, motivation and values - about all the components of individuality.

There are many pseudo-scientific classifications of psychological types that people use in Everyday life... For example, the division of people, depending on the time of day, when there is the greatest activity and ability to work, into "larks" and "owls".

On the Internet, there is a huge number of pseudoscientific tests, which are more entertaining than allowing you to understand yourself. But even such psychological tests have a right to exist, since they give rise to a person's desire to know himself. What psychotypes of people are described in the science of psychology?

Communication is an extraordinary ability of an individual, you can even call it a talent. Repeatedly conducted, multifaceted psychological studies have made it possible to establish that sociability as a unique property of an individual implies a pronounced, constant need for communicative contacts with other individuals, the desire to stay among people and a sense of social community with them.

All people have a need for communication, but it is presented in each individual in its own way, it differs in degree of severity and character. Depending on these parameters, psychologists subdivide individuals into several basic communicative types.

We guess talent by one and only manifestation,
but it takes a long time and constant communication to guess the character.
Heinrich Heine

Sociable type

Individuals related to this type, with ease, at ease enter into new contacts. They are able in the shortest possible time to correctly and positively organize the communication process, as well as to summon the necessary disposition of a communication partner.

People of a sociable type easily create the necessary psychological mood in communication - and not only from their side, but also transmitted to the interlocutor. It is not difficult for them to talk to a complete stranger, as well as to maintain any conversation for a long time, regardless of the opponent and the topic.

Such individuals are also called "emotional magnets". In fact, this is the perfect communication option.

Non-initiative type

People who can be attributed to this type are rarely the first to take the initiative in the communication process themselves. But communication with them turns out to be very pleasant and easy, since they are organically located within the communicative context. Their main function is to maintain communication, and they succeed almost perfectly.

It is easy to communicate with individuals of a non-initiative type, despite their certain passivity, since they are excellent listeners, directing and “kindling” communication with remarks like: “Really?”, “Well, yes ?!” etc., while showing sincere interest in the reaction of the interlocutor. A feature of people of this type of communication is an excellently developed ability to feel their communication partner and create a favorable emotional background for the communication process.

Hypercommunicative type

They say about people of this type that the desire to constantly communicate literally covers them with their heads, overwhelms them like a wave. Such individuals always strive to be in the very center of any communication, they themselves begin a conversation on literally any topic.

They constantly demonstrate an unconditional readiness to communicate with any person and at any time. People of this type independently search for and suggest topics for conversation, but at the same time they practically cannot listen competently, they interrupt all the time. In fact, they are very bad conversationalists and listeners.

Such individuals show undisguised irritation if they are prevented from expressing whatever they want at a given moment, create, as psychologists say, a "ninth wave of communication" that covers their listeners and is very difficult for any interlocutors to perceive.

People of the hypercommunicative type need an opponent for self-expression and “letting off steam”, but the opinion of this opponent is of last importance to them. This type is also called "communicative egoists" in social psychology.

Uncommunicative type

Individuals of this type are most often completely immersed in themselves. They can be figuratively compared to a snail that has crawled into the depths of its shell.

It is extremely difficult to establish and maintain communication with such people, because they prefer to make contact only when they really need it. They are never a reflection of the emotions of the interlocutor, because they do not know how and do not want to feel their communicative partner, do not seek to understand his psychological attitude, and they themselves cannot clearly express own attitude during communication.

The uncommunicative type would be wrong to call the negative type, but it is always very difficult in terms of organizing a communicative connection. Due to their closeness and unwillingness to communicate, such individuals are able to have a negative impact on other participants in the communication process.

Output

Depending on what type of communication your communicative partner belongs to, it is necessary to organize a certain style of interaction with him, look for emotional and psychological "points of contact", and also form the level of communicative expectations. This will make any communication as comfortable as possible and will save you from possible disappointments.

From the point of view of psychology, the division of temperament into types is one of the systems for determining psychological characteristics.

The origins of this typology lie in ancient science, however, the modern interpretation of types of temperament is based on the characteristic psychological manifestations of a person, primarily mental activity and emotionality.

This article only slightly opens the "curtain", we also recommend a separate article entirely devoted to human temperaments "".

So a person with a pronounced mental activity, mobile, quickly reacting to all events, rather easily experiencing failures and striving for new impressions is called sanguine .

If a person is impressionable and vulnerable, prone to deep feelings, reacts sharply to external events, but outwardly shows these reactions weakly, then he is called melancholic .

A person who is fast, energetic, impetuous, unbalanced, prone to sudden changes in mood and bright emotional outbursts is called choleric .

And, finally, if a person is most often calm and calm, has a stable mood, a tendency to deep feelings and outwardly weakly expresses what is happening in his soul, then such a person is called phlegmatic .

The outstanding representatives of each type of temperament are the heroes of the famous work of A. Dumas. Porthos, a merry fellow and an optimist, is undoubtedly sanguine, Athos, calm and reasonable - a phlegmatic, Aramis, sensitive and emotional, of course a melancholic, and D'Artagnan, with his ardor and uncontrollable thirst for adventure, is certainly a choleric.

Temperament type can be determined by the external manifestations of a person - gait, speech, facial expression. For example, choleric people have fast, demanding, suggestive speech, very expressive facial expressions, and their movements are sharp and impetuous. In addition to external manifestations, the type of temperament is expressed in the manner of communication, the style of relationships, the characteristics of aspirations and activities. So, the choleric person is domineering in communication and seeks to dominate, while the melancholic needs protection, the phlegmatic person is calm and unperturbed, and the sanguine person is cheerful and easy-going. Representatives different types temperaments can behave differently in friendship and love. A phlegmatic person prefers friendship and calm affection, a choleric person is passionate and prone to jealousy, melancholic people have deep and persistent feelings, and a sanguine person easily falls in love and just as easily breaks up.

Of course, these individually typical properties, characteristic of any type of temperament, also influence the choice of human activity. It will be easier for a person to achieve good results and success in any sphere of life if it matches his characteristics as much as possible.

It should be borne in mind that the types of temperaments cannot be divided into "good" and "bad", as it might seem at first glance. The properties of a person's temperament can manifest themselves both with negative and with positive side... For example, easy adaptation to external conditions of a sanguine person is his positive quality, and superficiality, inconstancy of feelings and dispersion in activity - negative property... A passionate and active choleric person can push away with aggressiveness and irritability. A melancholic who always makes informed decisions may not be entirely attractive due to his isolation and shyness. The phlegmatic will impress with the depth of feelings and carefully performed work, but at the same time, he may not like the excessive slowness.

Temperament is only the biological basis of personality traits that are ultimately developed and nurtured by a person. Knowing yourself, your characteristics will allow you to choose the style of activity and interaction with the outside world, which will bring success and realize the personal potential of a person.

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