What can you cook from squid: quick and tasty

In fact, in the 1970s, he technically realized the dreams of NATO and the United States of constant aerial patrols of Iraq (Libya, Syria, etc.) with drones with cameras, hunting (or recording) "terrorists" on-line for 24 hours.

In 1968, American space researcher Peter E. Glaser proposed placing large solar panels in geostationary orbit, and transmitting the energy they generate (5-10 GW) to the Earth's surface with a well-focused microwave beam. , then convert it into energy of direct or alternating current of technical frequency and distribute it to consumers.

This scheme made it possible to use the intense flux of solar radiation that exists in the geostationary orbit (~ 1.4 kW / sq. M.), And transmit the received energy to the Earth's surface continuously, regardless of the time of day and weather conditions. Due to the natural inclination of the equatorial plane to the plane of the ecliptic with an angle of 23.5 degrees, a satellite located in a geostationary orbit is illuminated by a flux of solar radiation almost continuously, except for short periods of time near the days of the spring and autumn equinox, when this satellite falls into the shadow of the Earth. These periods of time can be accurately predicted, and in total they do not exceed 1% of the total length of the year.

The frequency of electromagnetic oscillations of the microwave beam should correspond to those ranges that are allocated for use in industry, scientific research and medicine. If this frequency is chosen equal to 2.45 GHz, then meteorological conditions, including thick clouds and intense precipitation, have practically no effect on the energy transfer efficiency. The 5.8 GHz band is tempting as it allows the size of the transmit and receive antennas to be reduced. However, the influence of meteorological conditions here already requires additional study.

The current level of development of microwave electronics allows us to speak about a rather high value of the efficiency of energy transfer by a microwave beam from a geostationary orbit to the Earth's surface - about 70% ÷ 75%. In this case, the diameter of the transmitting antenna is usually chosen equal to 1 km, and the terrestrial rectenna has dimensions of 10 km x 13 km for a latitude of 35 degrees. The SCES with an output power of 5 GW has a radiated power density in the center of the transmitting antenna 23 kW / m², in the center of the receiving antenna - 230 W / m².

Various types of solid-state and vacuum microwave generators for the transmitting antenna of the SCES have been investigated. William Brown showed, in particular, that magnetrons, well-developed by industry, intended for microwave ovens, can also be used in transmitting antenna arrays of SCES, if each of them is equipped with its own negative phase feedback circuit with respect to an external synchronizing signal (so called Magnetron Directional Amplifier - MDA).

The most active and systematic research in the field of SCES was carried out by Japan. In 1981, under the leadership of Professors M. Nagatomo (Makoto Nagatomo) and S. Sasaki (Susumu Sasaki), the Institute of Space Research of Japan began research on the development of a prototype SCES with a power level of 10 MW, which could be created using existing launch vehicles. The creation of such a prototype allows the accumulation of technological experience and prepares the basis for the formation of commercial systems.

The project was named SKES2000 (SPS2000) and received recognition in many countries around the world.

In 2008, assistant professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Marin Soljačić was awakened from his sweet sleep by the persistent beeping of his mobile phone. "The phone did not stop, demanding that I put it on charge," - said Soldzhacic. Tired and not going to get up, he began to dream that the phone, once at home, would start charging by itself.

In 2012-2015. engineers at the University of Washington have developed technology that allows Wi-Fi to be used as a power source to power portable devices and charge gadgets. The technology has already been voted one of the Best Innovations of 2015 by Popular Science magazine. The ubiquity of wireless technology has revolutionized itself. And now it was the turn of the wireless transmission of energy over the air, which the developers at the University of Washington called (for Power Over WiFi).

During the testing phase, the researchers were able to successfully charge small capacity lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Using an Asus RT-AC68U router and several sensors located at a distance of 8.5 meters from it. These sensors convert the energy of an electromagnetic wave into direct current with a voltage of 1.8 to 2.4 volts, which are necessary to power microcontrollers and sensor systems. The peculiarity of the technology is that the quality of the working signal does not deteriorate in this case. You just need to reflash the router, and you can use it as usual, plus supply power to low-power devices. In one of the demonstrations, a small, low-resolution covert surveillance camera located more than 5 meters from the router was successfully powered. Then the Jawbone Up24 fitness tracker was charged 41%, it took 2.5 hours.

To tricky questions about why these processes do not negatively affect the quality of the network communication channel, the developers replied that this becomes possible due to the fact that the flashed router sends energy packets through the channels that are not busy transmitting information. They came to this decision when they discovered that during periods of silence, energy simply leaks out of the system, and in fact it can be directed to power low-power devices.

During the research, the PoWiFi system was placed in six houses, and the residents were offered to use the Internet as usual. Load web pages, watch streaming videos, and then tell what has changed. As a result, it turned out that the network performance did not change in any way. That is, the Internet worked as usual, and the presence of the added option was not noticeable. And these were only the first tests, when relatively little power was collected over Wi-Fi.

In the future, PoWiFi technology may well serve to power sensors built into household appliances and military equipment to operate them wirelessly and perform remote charging / recharging.

The transfer of energy for the UAV is relevant (most likely, already by technology or from the carrier aircraft):

The idea looks pretty tempting. Instead of today's 20-30 minutes of flight time:
→
→

→ Intel ran a drone show during Lady Gaga's halftime performance
get 40-80 minutes by recharging drones using wireless technologies.

Let me explain:
-the exchange of m / y drones is still necessary (swarm algorithm);
-exchange of m / y drones and aircraft (uterus) is also necessary (control center, correction of BZ, retargeting, a command to eliminate, preventing "friendly fire", the transfer of reconnaissance information and commands for use).

Who's next in line?

Note: A typical WiMAX base station transmits power at approximately +43 dBm (20 W), while a mobile station typically transmits at +23 dBm (200 mW).

The permissible levels of radiation of base stations of mobile communications (900 and 1800 MHz, the total level from all sources) in the sanitary-residential area in some countries differ markedly:
Ukraine: 2.5 µW / cm². (the most stringent sanitary standard in Europe)
Russia, Hungary: 10 µW / cm².
Moscow: 2.0 μW / cm². (the norm existed until the end of 2009)
USA, Scandinavian countries: 100 µW / cm².

The temporarily permissible level (VLU) from mobile radiotelephones (MRT) for users of radiotelephones in the Russian Federation is defined as 10 μW / cm² (Section IV - Hygienic requirements for mobile stations of land radio communication SanPiN 2.1.8 / 2.2.4.1190-03).

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certifies cellular devices with a maximum SAR level of 1.6 W / kg (with the absorbed radiation power referred to 1 gram of human tissue).

In Europe, according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) directive, the SAR of a mobile phone should not exceed 2 W / kg (with the absorbed radiation power being reduced to 10 grams of human tissue).

More recently, in the UK, a safe SAR level of 10 W / kg was considered. The same picture was approximately the same in other countries. The SAR limit of 1.6 W / kg in the standard cannot even be categorized as a “hard” or “soft” limit. The standards for determining the SAR value adopted both in the United States and in Europe (all the rationing of microwave radiation from cell phones in question is based only on the thermal effect, that is, associated with heating the tissues of human organs).

FULL CHAOS.

Medicine has not yet given a clear answer to the question: is mobile / WiFi harmful and to what extent? And what about the wireless transmission of electricity by microwave technologies?

Here the power is not watts and miles of watts, but already kW ...

Links, used documents, photos and videos:
"(JOURNAL OF RADIO ELECTRONICS!" N 12, 2007 (ELECTRIC POWER FROM SPACE - SOLAR SPACE POWER PLANTS, V. A. Banke)
"Microwave electronics - perspectives in space energy" V. Banke, Ph.D.
www.nasa.gov
www. whdi.org
www.defense.gov
www.witricity.com
www.ru .pinterest .com
www. raytheon.com
www. ausairpower.net
www. wikipedia.org
www.slideshare.net
www.homes.cs.washington.edu
www.dailywireless.org
www.digimedia.ru
www. powercoup.by
www.researchgate.net
www. proelectro.info
www.youtube.com

Wireless transmission of electricity

Wireless transmission of electricity- a method of transferring electrical energy without using conductive elements in an electrical circuit. By the year, there were successful experiments with the transmission of energy with a power of the order of tens of kilowatts in the microwave range with an efficiency of about 40% - in 1975 in Goldstone, California and in 1997 in Grand Bassin on Reunion Island (range of about a kilometer, research in the field of energy supply to the village without laying a cable power grid). Technological principles such transmissions include inductive (at short distances and relatively low powers), resonant (used in contactless smart cards and RFID chips) and directional electromagnetic for relatively long distances and powers (ranging from ultraviolet to microwaves).

History of wireless power transmission

1820 : André Marie Ampere discovered a law (after named after the discoverer, Ampere's law) showing that an electric current produces a magnetic field.
1831 : Michael Faraday discovered the law of induction, an important basic law of electromagnetism.
1862 : Carlo Matteuchi was the first to experiment on the transmission and reception of electrical induction using flat spiral coils.
1864 : James Maxwell has systematized all previous observations, experiments and equations on electricity, magnetism and optics into a coherent theory and rigorous mathematical description of the behavior of the electromagnetic field.
1888 : Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of an electromagnetic field. " Apparatus for generating an electromagnetic field Hertz was a microwave or UHF spark radio transmitter.
1891 : Nikola Tesla improved the Hertz wave transmitter of radio frequency power supply in his patent No. 454.622, Electric Lighting System.
1893 Tesla demonstrates wireless fluorescent lighting in a project for the Columbian World's Fair in Chicago.
1894 Tesla wirelessly lights an incandescent light bulb in the Fifth Avenue laboratory and later in the Houston Street laboratory in New York using "electrodynamic induction," that is, wireless resonant mutual induction.
1894 Jagdish Chandra Bose remotely ignites gunpowder and hits a bell using electromagnetic waves, indicating that communication signals can be sent wirelessly.
1895 : A.S. Popov demonstrated the radio receiver he invented at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physicochemical Society on April 25 (May 7) of the year
1895 : Boche transmits a signal over a distance of about one mile.
1896 : Guglielmo Marconi applies for the invention of radio on June 2, 1896.
1896 : Tesla transmits a signal over a distance of about 48 kilometers.
1897 : Guglielmo Marconi transmits a text message in Morse code over a distance of about 6 km using a radio transmitter.
1897 : Tesla registers the first of its patents for the use of wireless transmission.
1899 : In Colorado Springs, Tesla writes: by the method of excitation of the charge of earth and air».
1900 : Guglielmo Marconi was unable to obtain a patent for the invention of radio in the United States.
1901 : Marconi transmits a signal across the Atlantic Ocean using Tesla's apparatus.
1902 : Tesla vs. Reginald Fessenden: Conflict of US Patent No. 21.701 "Signal transmission system (wireless). Selective switching on of incandescent lamps, electronic logic elements in general. "
1904 : At the St. Louis World's Fair, an award is offered for successful control of a 0.1 hp airship engine. (75 watts) from power transmitted remotely over a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m).
1917 : Destroyed the Vordencliff Tower, built by Nikola Tesla to conduct experiments on high-power wireless transmission.
1926 : Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi publish their first article “ about adjustable directional communication channel with high gain", Well known as" Yagi-Uda antenna "or" wave channel "antenna.
1961 : William Brown publishes an article on the study of the possibility of transmitting energy through microwaves.
1964 : William Brown and Walter Cronict are showing on the channel CBS News a model of a helicopter that receives all the energy it needs from a microwave beam.
1968 : Peter Glazer proposes wireless transmission of solar energy from space using Energy Beam technology. This is believed to be the first description of an orbital energy system.
1973 : World's first passive RFID system demonstrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1975 : The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex is experimenting with the transmission of tens of kilowatts of power.
2007 : A research group led by Professor Marina Solyachich from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology transmitted wirelessly over a distance of 2 m, enough power for a 60 W light bulb to glow, with an efficiency 40%, using two coils with a diameter of 60 cm.
2008 : Bombardier offers a new wireless transmission product PRIMOVE, a powerful system for tram and light rail applications.
2008 : Intel reproduces the experiments of Nikola Tesla in 1894 and the group of John Brown in 1988 on wireless power transmission for glowing incandescent lamps with efficiency. 75%.
2009 : A consortium of interested companies named the Wireless Power Consortium announced soon completion developing a new industry standard for low power induction chargers.
2009 : Introduced a non-contact industrial flashlight capable of operating and recharging safely in a flammable gas atmosphere. This product was developed by the Norwegian company Wireless Power & Communication.
2009 : Haier Group introduced the world's first fully wireless LCD TV based on Professor Marina Solyachich's research on wireless power transmission and wireless home digital interface (WHDI).

Technology (ultrasonic method)

Invention by the students of the University of Pennsylvania. For the first time, the installation was presented to the general public at The All Things Digital (D9) in 2011. As with other methods of wirelessly transmitting something, a receiver and a transmitter are used. The transmitter emits ultrasound, the receiver, in turn, converts the audible into electricity. At the time of the presentation, the transmission distance reaches 7-10 meters, a line of sight of the receiver and transmitter is required. Of the known characteristics - the transmitted voltage reaches 8 volts, but the received current is not reported. The ultrasonic frequencies used have no effect on humans. There is also no information about the negative effects on animals.

Electromagnetic induction method

The electromagnetic induction wireless transmission technique uses a near electromagnetic field at distances of about one-sixth of a wavelength. Near-field energy itself is not radiating, but some radiation losses do occur. Besides, as a rule, resistive losses also take place. Due to electrodynamic induction, an alternating electric current flowing through the primary winding creates an alternating magnetic field that acts on the secondary winding, inducing an electric current in it. To achieve high efficiency, the interaction must be sufficiently close. As the secondary winding moves away from the primary, more and more of the magnetic field does not reach the secondary. Even over relatively short distances, inductive coupling becomes highly inefficient, wasting much of the transmitted energy.

An electrical transformer is the simplest device for wireless power transmission. The primary and secondary windings of the transformer are not directly related. Energy transfer occurs through a process known as mutual induction. The main function of the transformer is to increase or decrease the primary voltage. Contactless chargers for mobile phones and electric toothbrushes are examples of the use of the electrodynamic induction principle. Induction cookers also use this method. The main disadvantage of the wireless transmission method is its extremely short range. The receiver must be in close proximity to the transmitter in order to communicate effectively with it.

The use of resonance slightly increases the transmission range. With resonant induction, the transmitter and receiver are tuned to the same frequency. Performance can be further improved by changing the drive current waveform from sinusoidal to non-sinusoidal transient waveforms. Pulsed energy transfer occurs over several cycles. Thus, significant power can be transferred between two mutually tuned LC circuits with a relatively low coupling coefficient. The transmitting and receiving coils, as a rule, are single-layer solenoids or a flat spiral with a set of capacitors that allow the receiving element to be tuned to the transmitter frequency.

A common application of resonant electrodynamic induction is to charge rechargeable batteries in portable devices such as laptop computers and Cell Phones, medical implants and electric vehicles. The localized charging technique uses the selection of an appropriate transmitter coil in the structure of an array of multilayer windings. Resonance is used in both the wireless charging panel (transmitting circuit) and the receiver module (built into the load) to maximize energy transfer efficiency. This transfer technique is suitable for universal wireless charging boards for recharging portable electronics such as mobile phones. The technique is adopted as part of the Qi wireless charging standard.

Resonant electrodynamic induction is also used to power devices without batteries, such as RFID tags and contactless smart cards, and to transfer electrical energy from the primary inductor to the Tesla transformer screw resonator, which is also a wireless transmitter of electrical energy.

Electrostatic induction

Alternating current can be transmitted through layers of the atmosphere that have an atmospheric pressure of less than 135 mm Hg. Art. The current flows through electrostatic induction through the lower atmosphere at about 2–3 miles above sea level and through the flow of ions, that is, electrical conduction, through an ionized region located at an altitude of over 5 km. Intense vertical beams of ultraviolet radiation can be used to ionize atmospheric gases directly above the two elevated terminals, resulting in plasma high-voltage power lines leading directly to the conductive layers of the atmosphere. As a result, an electric current is generated between the two elevated terminals, passing to the troposphere, through it and back to the other terminal. Electrical conductivity through the layers of the atmosphere is made possible by a capacitive plasma discharge in an ionized atmosphere.

Nikola Tesla discovered that electricity can be transmitted both through the earth and through the atmosphere. In the course of his research, he achieved lamp ignition at moderate distances and recorded the transmission of electricity at long distances. The Wardencliff Tower was conceived as a commercial project for transatlantic wireless telephony and became a real demonstration of the possibility of wireless transmission of electricity on a global scale. The installation was not completed due to insufficient funding.

Earth is a natural conductor and forms one conductive circuit. The return contour is realized through the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at an altitude of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km).

A global system for the transmission of electricity without wires, the so-called "World Wireless System", based on high electrical conductivity of plasma and high electrical conductivity of the earth, was proposed by Nikola Tesla at the beginning of 1904 and could well have caused the Tunguska meteorite, which arose as a result of a "short circuit" between a charged atmosphere and earth.

Worldwide wireless system

The early experiments of the famous Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla concerned the propagation of ordinary radio waves, that is, Hertz waves, electromagnetic waves propagating in space.

In 1919, Nikola Tesla wrote: “It is believed that I started work on wireless transmission in 1893, but in fact the two previous years I had been doing research and designing equipment. It was clear to me from the outset that success can be achieved through a series of radical solutions. High frequency generators and electrical oscillators had to be created in the first place. Their energy had to be converted into efficient transmitters and received at a distance by appropriate receivers. Such a system would be effective in the case of excluding any outside interference and ensuring its complete exclusivity. Over time, however, I realized that for devices of this kind to work effectively, they must be designed taking into account the physical properties of our planet. "

One of the conditions for creating a worldwide wireless system is the construction of resonant receivers. A grounded Tesla coil resonator and elevated terminal can be used as such. Tesla personally has repeatedly demonstrated the wireless transmission of electrical energy from Tesla's transmitting to receiving coil. This became part of his wireless transmission system (US Patent No. 1,119,732, Apparatus for the Transmission of Electrical Power, January 18, 1902). Tesla proposed to install more than thirty transmitting and receiving stations around the world. In this system, the take-up coil acts as a step-down transformer with a high output current. The parameters of the transmitting coil are identical to the receiving one.

Tesla's global wireless system aimed to combine power transmission with radio broadcasting and directional wireless communications, eliminating the many high-voltage power lines and facilitating the interconnection of power generators on a global scale.

Notes (edit)

"Electricity at the Columbian Exposition," by John Patrick Barrett. 1894, pp. 168-169 (eng.)
Experiments with Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination, AIEE, Columbia College, N.Y., May 20, 1891
Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency, IEE Address, London, February 1892 (English)
On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, February 1893 and National Electric Light Association, St. Louis, March 1893
The Work of Jagdish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power, pp. 26-29. (English)
June 5, 1899, Nikola Tesla Colorado spring notes 1899-1900, Nolit, 1978 (English)
Nikola Tesla: Guided Weapons & Computer Technology (eng.)
The electrician(London), 1904 (eng.)
Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past, Hidetsugu Yagi
A survey of the elements of power Transmission by microwave beam, in 1961 IRE Int. Conf. Rec., Vol. 9, part 3, pp. 93-105 (English)
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Bill Brown's Distinguished Career
Power from the Sun: Its Future, Science Vol. 162, pp. 957-961 (1968)
Solar Power Satellite patent
History of RFID
Space Solar Energy Initiative (eng.)
Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellite (SPS) (Second Draft by N. Shinohara), Space Solar Power Workshop, Georgia Institute of Technology (eng.)
W. C. Brown: The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves: Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on September, 1984, v. 32 (9), pp. 1230-1242 (English)
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances. Science (7 June 2007). Archived,
A new method of wireless transmission of electricity has been launched (Russian). MEMBRANA.RU (8 June 2007). Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Bombardier PRIMOVE Technology
Intel imagines wireless power for your laptop
wireless electricity specification nearing completion
TX40 and CX40, Ex approved Torch and Charger
Haier’s wireless HDTV lacks wires, svelte profile (video) (English),
Wireless electricity amazed its creators. MEMBRANA.RU (February 16, 2010). Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Eric Giler demos wireless electricity | Video on TED.com
"Nikola Tesla and the Diameter of the Earth: A Discussion of One of the Many Modes of Operation of the Wardenclyffe Tower," K. L. Corum and J. F. Corum, Ph.D. 1996
William Beaty, Yahoo Wireless Energy Transmission Tech Group Message # 787, reprinted in WIRELESS TRANSMISSION THEORY.
Wait, James R., The Ancient and Modern History of EM Ground-Wave Propagation, " IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 5, October 1998.
SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY, Sept. 2, 1897, U.S. Patent No. 645,576, Mar. 20, 1900.

I have to say here that when I filed the applications of September 2, 1897, for the transmission of energy in which this method was disclosed, it was already clear to me that I did not need to have terminals at such high elevation, but I have, above my signature, never announced anything that I did not prove first. That is the reason why no statement of mine was ever contradicted, and I do not think it will be, because whenever I publish something I go through it first by experiment, then from experiment I calculate, and when I have the theory and practice meet I announce the results.

At that time I was absolutely sure that I could put up a commercial plant, if I could do nothing else but what I had done in my laboratory on Houston Street; but I had already calculated and found that I did not need great heights to apply this method. My patent says that I break down the atmosphere "at or near" the terminal. If my conducting atmosphere is 2 or 3 miles above the plant, I consider this very near the terminal as compared to the distance of my receiving terminal, which may be across the Pacific. That is simply an expression. ... ... ...

Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power

Since the discovery of electricity by man, many scientists have been trying to study the amazing phenomenon of currents and increase the useful coefficient of action, conducting numerous experiments and inventing more modern materials with improved power transmission properties with zero resistance. The most promising direction in such a scientific work is wireless transmission of electricity over long distances and with minimal transportation costs. This article discusses the methods of transferring energy over a distance, as well as the types of devices for such actions.

Wireless transmission of energy is a method of transportation in which no conductors or cable networks are used, and the current is transmitted over a considerable distance to the consumer with the maximum useful power factor through the air. For this, devices are used to generate electricity, as well as a transmitter that stores current in itself and dissipates it in all directions, as well as a receiver with a consuming device. The receiver picks up electromagnetic waves and fields and, by concentrating them on a short section of the conductor, transmits energy to a lamp or any other device of a certain power.

There are many ways for the wireless transmission of electricity, which were invented in the process of studying currents by many scientists, but Nikola Tesla achieved the greatest results in practical terms. He managed to make a transmitter and a receiver, which were separated from each other by a distance equal to 48 kilometers. But at that time there was no technology that could transmit electricity over such a distance with a coefficient of more than 50%. In this regard, the scientist expressed a great prospect not for the transfer of the ready generated energy, but for generating current from the earth's magnetic field and using it for domestic needs. The transportation of such electricity was to be carried out wirelessly, by means of transmission over magnetic fields.

Ways of wireless transmission of electricity

Most theorists and practitioners who study the work of electric current have proposed their own methods of transmitting it over a distance without using conductors. At the beginning of such research, many scientists tried to borrow practice from the principle of operation of radio receivers, which are used to transmit Morse code or shortwave radio. But such technologies did not justify themselves, since the current dissipation was too small and could not cover long distances, moreover, the transportation of electricity through radio waves was possible only when working with low powers, not capable of activating even the simplest mechanism.

As a result of experiments, it was revealed that microwave waves are most acceptable for transmitting electricity without a wire, which have a more stable configuration and voltage, and also lose much less energy when scattered than any other method.

Successfully apply for the first time this way was able to the inventor and designer William Brown, who modeled a flying platform consisting of a metal platform with an engine with a power of about 0.1 horsepower... The platform was made in the form of a receiving antenna with a grid that captures microwave waves, which were transmitted by a specially designed generator. After just fourteen years, the same designer presented a low-power aircraft that received energy from a transmitter at a distance of 1.6 kilometers, the current was transmitted in a concentrated beam over microwave waves. Unfortunately, this work did not receive wide distribution, since at that time there were no technologies that could ensure the transportation of high voltage current by this method, although the coefficient useful action the receiver and generator were equal to more than 80%.

In 1968, American scientists developed a research-backed project that proposed placing large solar panels in low-Earth orbit. The energy receivers had to be directed towards the sun, and current storage devices were located at their base. After absorbing solar radiation and transforming it into microwave or magnetic waves through a special device, the current was directed to the ground. Reception had to be carried out by a special antenna of a large area, tuned to a certain wave and converting the waves into direct or alternating current. This system has been highly regarded in many countries as a promising alternative to modern electricity sources.

Electric vehicle power supply wirelessly

Many manufacturers of electric cars are developing alternative charging for cars without connecting to the mains. The technology of charging vehicles from a special roadbed has achieved great success in this area, when the car received energy from a surface charged with a magnetic field or microwave waves. But such a recharge was possible only if the distance between the road and the receiving device was no more than 15 centimeters, which is not always feasible in modern conditions.

This system is at the development stage, so it can be assumed that this type of power transmission without a conductor will still be developed and, possibly, will be introduced into the modern transport industry.

State-of-the-art power transmission developments

In modern realities, wireless electricity is again becoming a relevant area of study and design of devices. There are the most promising ways of developing wireless power transmission, which include:

The use of electricity in mountainous areas, in cases where it is not possible to lay the carrier cables to the consumer. Despite the study of the issue of electricity, there are places on earth where there is no electricity, and people living there cannot enjoy such a benefit of civilization. Of course, autonomous power sources are often used there, such as solar panels or generators, but this resource is limited and cannot meet the needs in full;
Some manufacturers of modern household appliances are already introducing devices for the transmission of energy without wires into their products. For example, a special unit is offered on the market, which is connected to the mains supply and, by converting direct current into microwave waves, transmits them to the surrounding devices. The only condition for using this device is that household appliances have a receiving device that converts these waves into direct current. There are televisions commercially available that operate entirely on the received wireless energy from the transmitter;
For military purposes, in most cases in the defense sphere, there are developments in communication devices and other auxiliary devices.

A big breakthrough in this area of technology occurred in 2014, when a group of scientists developed a device for generating and receiving energy over a distance without wires, using a system of lenses placed between the transmitting and receiving coils. Previously, it was believed that the transmission of current without a conductor was possible at a distance not exceeding the size of devices, therefore, a huge structure was required to transport electricity over a long distance. But modern designers have changed the principle of operation of this device and created a transmitter that directs not microwave waves, but magnetic fields with low frequencies. In this case, electrons do not lose power and are transmitted over a distance by a concentrated beam; moreover, energy consumption is possible not only by connecting to the receiving part, but also simply being in the area of action of the fields.

Recharging mobile devices without connecting to a cable;
The implementation of power for unmanned aerial vehicles is a trend that will be in great demand in both the civil and military industries, as such devices have recently become often used for various purposes.

The very procedure for transmitting data over a distance without using wires was considered a breakthrough in physics and energy research some time ago, now it does not surprise anyone and has become available to any person. Thanks to the modern development of technologies and developments, the transportation of electricity by this method is becoming a reality and may well be implemented.

Video

Ecology of Consumption.Technology: Scientists at the American Research Laboratory of Disney (Disney Research) have developed a method of wireless charging, which made wires and chargers unnecessary.

Today's smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other portable devices have tremendous power and performance. But, in addition to all the advantages of mobile electronics, it also has a downside - the constant need to recharge via wires. Despite all the new battery technologies, this need diminishes the convenience of devices and limits their movement.

Scientists at the American Disney Research Laboratory have found a solution to this problem. They developed a wireless charging method that made wires and chargers unnecessary. Moreover, their method allows you to simultaneously charge not only gadgets, but also, for example, household appliances and lighting.

“Our innovative method makes electric current as ubiquitous as Wi-Fi,” says Alencon Sample, co-director of the lab and lead scientist. “It opens the way for further developments in the field of robotics, previously limited by the capacity of batteries. While we have demonstrated how the installation works in small room, but there are no obstacles to increasing its capacity to the size of a warehouse. "

The system of wireless transmission of electricity was developed back in the 1890s by the famous scientist Nikola Tesla, but the invention did not receive mass distribution. Today's wireless current transmission systems operate primarily in extremely confined spaces.

The method, called quasistatic cavity resonance (QSCR), involves injecting current into the walls, floor, and ceiling of a room. These, in turn, generate magnetic fields that act on a receiver connected to the device to be charged and containing a coil. The electricity generated in this way is transferred to the battery, having previously passed through capacitors that exclude the effect of other fields.

Tests have shown that in this way, up to 1.9 kilowatts of power can be transmitted through a conventional electrical network. This energy is enough to simultaneously charge up to 320 smartphones. Moreover, according to scientists, this technology is not expensive and its commercial production can be easily established.

The tests took place in a 5 by 5 meter room specially created from aluminum structures. Sample stressed that in the future, metal walls may not be required. Conductive panels or special paint can be used.

The developers assure that their method of transmitting energy through the air does not pose any threat to human health and any other living beings. Their safety is ensured by discrete capacitors that act as an insulator for potentially hazardous electrical fields. published by

The law of the interaction of electric currents discovered by André Marie Ampere in 1820 laid the foundation for the further development of the science of electricity and magnetism. 11 years later, Michael Faraday experimentally established that a changing magnetic field generated by an electric current can induce an electric current in another conductor. So it was created.

In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell finally systematized Faraday's experimental data, giving them the form of exact mathematical equations, thanks to which the basis of classical electrodynamics was created, because these equations described the relationship of the electromagnetic field with electric currents and charges, and the consequence of this should have been the existence of electromagnetic waves.

In 1888, Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell. His spark transmitter with a Rumkorf coil chopper could produce electromagnetic waves up to 0.5 gigahertz, which could be received by multiple receivers tuned into resonance with the transmitter.

The receivers could be located at a distance of up to 3 meters, and when a spark appeared in the transmitter, sparks appeared in the receivers. This is how first experiments on wireless transmission of electrical energy using electromagnetic waves.

In 1891, while researching alternating currents high voltage and high frequency, comes to the conclusion that it is extremely important for specific purposes to select both the wavelength and the operating voltage of the transmitter, and it is not at all necessary to make the frequency too high.

The scientist notes that the lower limit of frequencies and voltages at which he managed to achieve the best results at that time was from 15,000 to 20,000 vibrations per second at a potential of 20,000 volts. Tesla received high frequency and high voltage current by applying an oscillatory discharge of a capacitor (see -). He noticed that this kind of electrical transmitter is suitable for both the production of light and the transmission of electricity for the production of light.

In the period from 1891 to 1894, the scientist repeatedly demonstrates wireless transmission, and the glow of vacuum tubes in a high-frequency electrostatic field, while noting that the energy of the electrostatic field is absorbed by the lamp, converted into light, and the energy of the electromagnetic field is used for electromagnetic induction in order to obtain a similar the result is mostly reflected, and only a small fraction of it is converted into light.

Even using resonance when transmitting with the help of an electromagnetic wave, a significant amount of electrical energy cannot be transmitted, the scientist argued. His goal during this period of work was the transmission of a large amount of electrical energy wirelessly.

Until 1897, in parallel with Tesla's work, studies of electromagnetic waves were conducted by Jagdish Boche in India, Alexander Popov in Russia, and Guglielmo Marconi in Italy.

Following Tesla's public lectures, Jagdish Boche spoke in November 1894 in Calcutta with a demonstration of the wireless transmission of electricity, where he ignited gunpowder, transmitting electrical energy over a distance.

After Boche, namely on April 25, 1895, Alexander Popov, using Morse code, transmitted the first radio message, and this date (May 7, new style) is now celebrated annually in Russia as "Radio Day".

In 1896, when Marconi arrived in Great Britain, he demonstrated his apparatus by transmitting a signal using Morse code over a distance of 1.5 kilometers from the roof of the post office building in London to another building. After that, he improved his invention and was able to transmit a signal along the Salisbury Plain already at a distance of 3 kilometers.

Tesla in 1896 successfully transmits and receives signals at a distance of about 48 kilometers between transmitter and receiver. However, none of the researchers has succeeded in transmitting a significant amount of electrical energy over a long distance.

Experimenting in Colorado Springs, in 1899, Tesla wrote: "The inconsistency of the induction method is enormous in comparison with the method of exciting the charge of earth and air." This will be the beginning of the scientist's research aimed at transmitting electricity over long distances without using wires. In January 1900, Tesla will make a note in his diary about the successful transfer of energy to a coil “carried out into the field”, from which the lamp was powered.

And the most grandiose success of the scientist will be the launch on June 15, 1903, of the Wardencliffe Tower on Long Island, designed to transmit electrical energy over considerable distances in large quantities without wires. The earthed secondary winding of the resonant transformer, topped with a copper spherical dome, had to excite the earth charge and conductive layers of air to become an element of the large resonant circuit.

So the scientist managed to power 200 lamps of 50 watts at a distance of about 40 kilometers from the transmitter. However, based on economic feasibility, financing of the project was stopped by Morgan, who from the very beginning invested money in the project in order to get wireless communication, and the transfer of free energy on an industrial scale over a distance, as a businessman, was categorically not satisfied with it. In 1917, the tower, designed for the wireless transmission of electrical energy, was destroyed.

Much later, in the period from 1961 to 1964, an expert in the field of microwave electronics William Brown experimented in the United States with paths for the transmission of energy by a microwave beam.

In 1964, he first tested a device (model of a helicopter) capable of receiving and using the energy of a microwave beam in the form of direct current, thanks to an antenna array consisting of half-wave dipoles, each of which is loaded with highly efficient Schottky diodes. Already by 1976, William Brown had carried out the transmission of a microwave beam of 30 kW power over a distance of 1.6 km with an efficiency exceeding 80%.

In 2007, a research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Professor Marina Solyachich was able to wirelessly transmit energy over a distance of 2 meters. The transmitted power was sufficient to power a 60 watt light bulb.

Their technology (named) is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic resonance. The transmitter and receiver are two copper coils with a diameter of 60 cm each resonating at the same frequency. The transmitter is connected to an energy source and the receiver is connected to an incandescent lamp. The loops are tuned to 10 MHz. The receiver in this case receives only 40-45% of the transmitted electricity.

Around the same time, Intel demonstrated a similar wireless power transmission technology.

In 2010, the Haier Group, a Chinese home appliance manufacturer, unveiled its unique product at CES 2010, a fully wireless LCD TV based on this technology.