What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

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dawn

At dawn, the lighting changes very quickly. Natural light is bluish just before sunrise. And if the sky at this time is clear, the effect of a red sunset can be observed. In nature, a combination of high stratus or cirrus clouds with low spreading fog is often found. In such conditions, there is a transition of sunlight from the bottom up to the general more diffused light, in which the shadows are blurred. At negative temperatures, the effect is more pronounced.

At dawn, excellent pictures of plants, open landscapes, reservoirs, east-facing churches are obtained. Often the fog spreads in the lowlands, near the water surface. Valley landscapes, photographed from a high point in the east direction, look very impressive. Often, it is at dawn that scenes are shot with equipment, metal structures and any other objects that have a glossy shiny surface. In natural light, these surfaces and their reflections look great.

Photographer: Slava Stepanov.

The quality of light in the mountains is determined by location. If the terrain obscures the sunrise, it is nearly impossible to get interesting lighting effects. It should also be mentioned that calm is most often observed at dawn. This helps you get the perfect shots of flat water surfaces.

Natural light in the morning

After sunrise, the light changes very quickly. During the warmer months, the sun can disperse fog or haze, in the cold period it can create them (as a result of the evaporation of frost). Weak evaporation from water bodies, rivers, wet roads can be effective. If it rained at night, in the morning wet streets and plants, dull in normal conditions, will shine with many bright sparks.

As the distance increases, the landscape becomes blurred and brighter. This can be used to transfer the 3rd dimension. During the indicated period of the day, the color of the lighting changes from a warm bright yellow with golden notes to a warm-neutral tone. In the pictures taken in the morning, human skin looks very smooth. The fact is that at night our skin tightens, and in the morning our face seems refreshed - the main thing is to properly wash.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

An hour later, as the sun has risen, the lighting is ideal for photography. It is not uncommon for professional photographers to get up long before dawn to prepare for the session and catch the optimal light. The weather forecast is almost irrelevant, as morning weather is difficult to predict.

There are other reasons to get up early and get to the location well in advance. You will be able to independently track weather changes and, focusing on the position of the sun, understand at what time the optimal natural light will be for photographing specific scenes. It is advisable to keep appropriate records. Also, do not forget that the observation results will only be valid for a specific time of the year.

Noon

The timing and duration of ideal light depends on the latitude of the area and the season. In northern regions, where the sun does not set, but does not rise too high, this light is observed most of the night and all day. In temperate latitudes, suitable light is maintained for several hours. But do not forget that in this case the position of the star changes. In winter, it can be low all day (I will talk about this in detail).

The maximum brightness is observed for four hours in the very middle of the day. In hot summer, there are also 4 ideal hours for photography. Two of them are in the afternoon, and two more in the morning. There is a dead period between them. At this time, there is a very high probability of getting overexposures in the photo.

Photographer: Ovchinnikova Elena.

In equatorial and tropical regions, natural light at noon is not suitable for photography. The sun is high overhead and creates an annoying, blinding light that makes the surrounding landscapes expressionless.

Sequential shooting of people can only be carried out using fill light through direct supplementary lighting or reflectors. It is recommended to use light having a color temperature of approximately 5.2 Kelvin.

Midday light in such regions should only be used to photograph densely vegetated canyons and gorges. At other times of the day, sunlight does not enter such corners. The presence of direct rays helps the photographer to get bright contrasting pictures.

Afternoon and evening

When heated during the day, the air absorbs moisture from water or earth. Therefore, in the 2nd half of the day, changes in the spectral composition (color) are observed natural light which are not always present in the morning. Warm air absorbs more moisture. Cooling down as the luminary moves towards sunset, it loses its ability to retain moisture. The latter condenses into invisible tiny droplets that remain in suspension. With a sharp cold snap, fog is obtained. This is especially true in the maritime regions.

Usually fog is very weak and is visually noticeable by the presence of light haze, which can "dim" the light. For this reason, summer afternoons can seem dull and gloomy, even when the sun is shining brightly. In the pictures, this is expressed by "depressed" colors and tones. In the late afternoon, the situation improves as the sun's rays begin to work their way through the haze of dust and water particles and reveal an aerial perspective.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

In the second half of a summer day, the air in the city can look gray. If you look at the city from an airplane, you will notice a shroud of light bluish haze around it. Keep in mind that dust and moisture will scatter the rays of natural light. When the sun is high, red rays are absorbed and blue rays scattered, increasing the color temperature. A cold metallic blue appears in the pictures, which looks unattractive.

The above explains in part how the afternoon light differs from the morning light. There are other factors, for example, the characteristic orientation of building and other structures in different places. The same gardens are positioned to capture sunlight as much as possible. Trees and plants take on their final shape, which depends on the peculiarities of hitting them sun rays... But in general, morning light is preferable to afternoon light.

Sunset

At sunset, specific natural lighting is created, characteristic of the low position of the luminary, when the atmosphere allows red long-wave radiation to pass through and reflects short-wave blue. During the day, some of the red rays were absorbed by the haze, and the blue ones were scattered. Now the situation is reversed. The upper part of the sky remains blue as its lighting angle has changed. The result is cool color combinations and smooth gradients of tones.

Sunset can be both the source of light and the subject of the shooting itself. In this case, we will only consider the quality of radiation typical for this time of day. At sunset, the sun's rays break through the haze or light clouds. Their color gradually warms (the color temperature decreases).

Many photographers find this state of the art to be the most conducive to natural lighting in the evening and interesting in terms of color. If it becomes necessary to make adjustments, this can be done by using blue filters.

When lighting industrial premises, use daylight, is carried out due to the direct and reflected light of the sky.

From a physiological point of view, natural light is the most favorable for humans. During the day, it changes within a fairly wide range, depending on the state of the atmosphere (cloudiness). Once in the room, light is repeatedly reflected from the walls and ceiling, and hits the illuminated surface at the point under study. Thus, the illumination at the investigated point is the sum of the illumination.

Structurally, natural lighting is divided into:

lateral(one-, two-sided) - carried out through skylights (windows) in the outer walls;

top- through skylights located in the upper part (roof) of the building;

combined- a combination of top and side lighting.

Natural lighting is characterized by the fact that the generated illumination changes depending on the time of day, year, and meteorological conditions. Therefore, the relative value is taken as a criterion for assessing natural lighting - natural light factor(KEO), or e independent of the above parameters.

Natural Illumination Ratio (KEO) - the ratio of illumination at a given point inside the room E ext to the simultaneous value of external horizontal illumination E n created by the light of a completely open sky (not covered by buildings, structures, trees) expressed as a percentage, i.e .:

(8) where E ext- illumination inside the room at the control point, lx;

E n - simultaneously measured illumination outside the room, lx.

For measuring actual KEO it is necessary to carry out simultaneous measurements indoor illumination E ext at the control point and outdoor illumination on a horizontal platform under completely open sky E n , free of objects(buildings, trees ) covering separate parts of the firmament. KEO measurements can only be carried out with continuous uniform ten-point cloudiness(overcast, no gaps). Measurements are carried out by two observers using two lux meters at the same time (observers must be equipped with chronometers).

Control points for measurements should be selected in accordance with GOST 24940-96 “Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring illumination ".

The KEO values for various premises are in the range of 0.1–12%. Normalization of natural lighting is carried out in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".

In small rooms with unilateral lateral lighting is normalized (i.e. the actual illumination is measured and compared with the norms) minimal KEO value at the point located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the premises and the conditional working surface at a distance of 1 m from the wall, the most distant from skylights.

Working surface- the surface on which the work is carried out and on which the illumination is normalized or measured.

Conditional work surface- horizontal surface at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.

Characteristic section of the room- this is a cross-section in the middle of the room, the plane of which is perpendicular to the glazing plane of the light openings (with side illumination) or the longitudinal axis of the spans of the room.

At bilateral lateral lighting ration minimal KEO value- in the plane in the middle premises.

V oversized production premises at lateral lighting, the minimum value of KEO is normalized at the point remote from skylights:

by 1.5 room heights - for works of I-IV categories;

2 heights of the room - for work of the V-VII categories;

3 heights of the premises for work of the VIII category.

At upper and combined lighting is standardized the average KEO value at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface or floor. The first and last points are taken at a distance of 1 m from the surface of walls or partitions.

(9)

where e 1 , e 2 , ..., e n - KEO values at individual points;

n- number of light control points.

It is allowed to divide the room into zones with different natural lighting conditions, the calculation of natural lighting is carried out in each zone independently of each other.

At inadequate natural light in its production premises supplemented with artificial lighting... Such lighting is called combined .

In industrial premises with visual work of I – III categories, combined lighting should be arranged.

In large-span assembly shops, in which work is carried out in a significant part of the volume of the premises on different levels from the floor and on variously oriented work surfaces in space, upper natural lighting is used.

Natural light should illuminate workplaces evenly. For upper and combined natural lighting, determine unevenness natural lighting of industrial premises, which should not exceed 3: 1 for jobs I – VI discharges for visual conditions, i.e.

(10)

A certain according to table 1 SNiP 23-05-95 KEO value, is specified taking into account the characteristics of visual work, lighting system, the area where buildings are located on the territory of the country according to the formula

, (11)

where N- number of the group of provision with natural light (Appendix D SNiP 23–05–95);

e n- coefficient of natural lighting (table 1 SNiP 23-05-95);

m N- coefficient of light climate, determined depending on the area of the building in the country and the orientation of the building relative to the cardinal points (see Table 4 of SNiP 23-05-95).

Natural light is most favorable for vision, since sunlight is necessary for normal human life. Visible rays solar spectrum (400-760 microns) provide the function of vision, determine the natural biorhythm of the body, have a positive effect on emotions, the intensity of metabolic processes; ultraviolet spectrum (290-400 microns) - stimulates metabolic processes, hematopoiesis, tissue regeneration and has antirachitic (vitamin D synthesis) and bactericidal action.

All premises with permanent residence of people should, as a rule, have natural light.

Natural lighting in rooms is created by direct, diffused and reflected sunlight. It can be side, top, combined. Side lighting - through skylights in the outer walls, overhead - through skylights in the roof and lanterns, and combined light - in the outer walls and in the roofs.

The most hygienic side lighting, penetrating through the windows, since the overhead light with the same glazing area creates less illumination of the room; in addition, skylights and lamps located in the ceiling are less convenient for cleaning and require special tools for this purpose. It is possible to use secondary lighting, i.e. lighting through glazed partitions from an adjacent room equipped with windows. However, it does not meet hygienic requirements and is allowed only in rooms such as corridors, wardrobes, bathrooms, showers, utility rooms, washing departments.

The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on a detailed study of technological or other processes carried out in the room, as well as on the light and climatic features of the territory. This takes into account:

Characteristics of visual work; the location of the building on the light climate map;

The required uniformity of natural light;

Equipment location;

The desired direction of incidence of the luminous flux on work surface;

The duration of the use of natural light during the day;

The need for protection from the glare of direct sunlight.

The following are used as hygienic indicators of natural illumination of premises:

The coefficient of natural illumination (KEO) is the ratio of natural illumination inside the room at the control points of measurement (at least 5) to the illumination outside the building (%). There are two groups of methods for determining KEO - instrumental and calculated.

In rooms with side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient is normalized, and in rooms with overhead and combined lighting - the average. For example, KEO in sales areas with side lighting should be equal to 0.4-0.5%, with top lighting - 2%.

For enterprises Catering when designing lateral natural lighting, KEO should be: for halls, buffets - 0.4-0.5%; hot, cold, confectionery, preproduction and procurement shops - 0.8-1%; washing kitchen and tableware - 0.4-0.5%.

Light coefficient - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of the windows to the area of the floor. In industrial, commercial and administrative premises, it should be at least -1: 8, in household - 1:10.

However, this factor does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features of the building and other factors that affect the intensity of lighting. So, the intensity of natural light largely depends on the device and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by nearby buildings, green spaces.

Angle of incidence - the angle formed by two lines, one of which runs from the workplace to the upper edge of the glazed part of the window opening, the other - horizontally from the workplace to the window. The angle of incidence decreases with distance from the window. It is believed that for normal illumination with natural light, the angle of incidence should be at least 27 °. The higher the window, the greater the angle of incidence.

Hole angle - the angle formed by two lines, one of which connects workplace with the top edge of the window, and the other with the highest point of the darkening object in front of the window (an opposing building, tree, etc.). With this dimming, the illumination in the room may not be satisfactory, although the angle of incidence and the light coefficient are quite sufficient. The hole angle must be at least 5 °.

The illumination of the premises is directly dependent on the number, shape and size of windows, as well as on the quality and purity of glass.

Dirty glass with double glazing reduces natural illumination to 50-70%, smooth glass retains 6-10% of light, frosted glass - 60, frozen - up to 80%.

The illumination of the premises is influenced by the color of the walls: white reflects up to 80% of the sun's rays, gray and yellow - 40%, and blue and green - 10-17%.

For better use the luminous flux entering the room, walls, ceilings, and equipment should be painted in light colors. Especially important light color sashes, ceilings, tops of walls that maximize reflected light rays.

Dramatically reduces the natural illumination of the premises by cluttering the light openings. Therefore, it is prohibited at enterprises to force windows with equipment, products, containers both inside and outside the building, as well as to replace glass with plywood, cardboard, etc.

In warehouses, lighting is usually not provided, and in some cases it is undesirable (for example, in pantries for storing vegetables), and is not allowed (in refrigerators). However, natural lighting is advisable for storing flour, cereals, pasta, food concentrates, dried fruits.

In case of insufficient natural light, it is allowed combined lighting, which uses natural and artificial light at the same time.

More on the topic Hygienic requirements for natural light:

Natural lighting is used during the daytime. It provides good illumination, uniformity; due to high diffusion (scattering), it has a beneficial effect on vision and is economical. In addition, sunlight has a biologically healing and tonic effect on humans.

The primary source of natural (daytime) light is the Sun, which emits a powerful stream of light energy into world space. This energy reaches the Earth's surface in the form of direct or scattered (diffuse) light. Only diffuse light is taken into account in the lighting calculations for natural room lighting.

The amount of natural outdoor illumination has large fluctuations in both seasons, and by the hour of the day. Significant fluctuations in the values of natural illumination during the day depend not only on the time of day, but also on the change in cloudiness.

Thus, natural light sources have features that create dramatically changing lighting conditions. The task of designing natural lighting for premises is reduced to the rational use of natural light resources available in a given area.

Daylight premises is carried out through light openings and can be made in the form of a side, top or combined.

Lateral- carried out through windows in the outer walls of the building; top- through skylights located in the ceilings and having various shapes and sizes; combined- through windows and skylights.

In natural light, the distribution of illumination throughout the room, depending on the type of lighting, is characterized by the curves shown in Fig. 36, a-d.

Rice. 36. Diagram of the distribution of the coefficients of natural illumination in the premises, depending on the location of the light openings:

a - one-sided - lateral; b - bilateral - lateral; in - top; g - combined (side and top)

The natural light curves of the premises must be taken into account when placing the equipment so that it does not obscure the workplaces farthest from the light openings.

The natural light in the room is determined natural light factor(KEO) - e, which is the percentage ratio of the illumination of any point in the room to a point on the horizontal plane outside the room, illuminated by the diffused light of the entire sky, at the same moment in time:

where E vn is the illumination of a point inside the room; E nap - illumination of a point outside the room.

The point for measuring the illumination inside the room is determined: with side illumination - on the line of intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room (axis of the window opening, etc.) and the horizontal plane located at a height of 1.0 m from the floor and at a distance farthest from light opening; with top lighting or combined (side and top) - on the line of intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the horizontal plane at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.

The coefficient of natural illumination is set by the norms and with side illumination is determined as the minimum - e min, and with the upper and combined as average - e cf.

The values of the coefficients of natural illumination for middle lane the European part of the USSR, established by SNiP II-A.8-72, are given in table. 6.

Table 6

Under the concept object of discrimination means the object in question, a separate part of it or a distinguishable defect (for example, a thread of fabric, a point, a risk, a crack, a line forming a letter, etc.), which must be taken into account in the process of work.

When determining the necessary natural illumination of workplaces in industrial premises, in addition to the coefficient of natural illumination, it is necessary to take into account the depth of the room, the area of the floor, windows and lanterns, darkening by neighboring buildings, shading of windows by opposing buildings, etc. -A.8-72.

Using this application, you can determine the area of light openings (windows or lanterns) according to the following formulas, depending on the type of lighting in the room:

with side lighting

where m is the coefficient of the light climate (excluding direct sunlight), determined depending on the area where the building is located; с - coefficient of sunshine of the climate (taking into account direct sunlight). The normalized value of e n is the minimum acceptable.

According to the light climate, the territory of the USSR is divided into V zones (I is the most northern, V is the most southern):

Climate sunshine- a characteristic that takes into account the zone of the light climate and the luminous flux penetrating through the light openings into the room during the year due to direct sunlight, the likelihood of sunshine, the orientation of the light openings on the sides of the horizon and their architectural design.

Sunshine coefficient with ranges from 0.65 to 1.

The task of calculating natural light is to determine the ratio total area glazed openings of windows and skylights to the floor area (S f / S p). The minimum values of this ratio are given in table. 7.

Table 7

Indicated in table. 7 values are determined based on the condition that glass cleaning in the room, as well as painting of walls and ceilings, are carried out regularly in the following terms. With insignificant emission of dust, smoke and soot - at least twice a year; painting - at least once every three years. With significant emissions of dust, smoke and soot - at least four times a year; painting - at least once a year.

Contaminated glass in skylights (windows and skylights) can reduce the illumination of rooms by five to seven times.