What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

GOU VPO "Surgut State University"

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

Department of Life Safety

Course work

Topic: "Calculation of natural light"

Completed: student 04-42 group 5 course

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology

Semenova Yulia Olegovna

Teacher:

Ph.D., associate professor

Andreeva Tatiana Sergeevna

Course work contains: 15 figures, 9 tables, 2 sources used (including SP 23-102-2003 and SNiP 23-05-95), calculation formulas, calculations, plan and section of the premises (sheet 1, sheet 2, format A 3).

Purpose of the work: determination of the area of ​​light openings, that is, the number and geometric dimensions of the windows that provide the normalized value of KEO.

Research object: study.

Scope of work: 41 pages.

Result of work: the selected dimensions of the skylight meet the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the study.

Introduction 4

Chapter 1. Types of natural light 5

Chapter 2. The principle of normalization of natural light 6

Chapter 3. Designing Natural Lighting 9

Chapter 4. Calculation of natural light

4.1. Selecting Daylight Ratio Values ​​12

4.2. Preliminary calculation of the area of ​​light openings and KEO with side lighting 13

4.3. Checking calculation of KEO with side lighting 16

4.4. Preliminary calculation of the area of ​​skylights and KEO with overhead lighting 19

4.5. Checking calculation of KEO with overhead lighting 23

Chapter 5. Calculation of natural lighting in the office 29

Tables 32

Conclusion 39

List of used literature 40

Introduction

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural light.

Natural lighting - lighting of premises with direct or indirect light, penetrating through skylights in external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with constant presence of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises.

Types of natural lighting

There are the following types of natural lighting in rooms:

Side one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the outer walls of the room,

Figure 1 - Side one-sided natural lighting

Side - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,

Figure 2 - Side natural lighting

Top - when lanterns and light openings in the roof, as well as light openings in the walls of the height difference of the building,

· Combined - skylights provided for side (top and side) and top lighting.

The principle of rationing natural light

Natural light is used to general lighting production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most favorable effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account the meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and during the periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the arranged light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights of the upper floors of the building - with overhead lighting. In combined natural lighting, side lighting is added to the overhead lighting.

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural light. The dimensions of the light openings established by the calculation may be changed by +5, -10%.

The unevenness of natural lighting in industrial and public buildings with upper or upper and natural side lighting and the main premises for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3: 1.

Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP for the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters for construction heat engineering.

The quality of natural light illumination is characterized by the ratio of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of illumination on a horizontal surface inside the room to simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,

,

where E in - horizontal illumination inside the room in lux;

E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.

With side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized - keo min, and with top and combined lighting - its average value is keo avg. The method for calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in Sanitary standards design of industrial enterprises.

In order to create the most favorable working conditions, the norms of natural illumination have been established. In cases where natural light is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated with artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed on condition of additional lighting only for work surfaces in general natural lighting.

By building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95), the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises are established depending on the nature of the work in terms of the degree of accuracy.

To maintain the required illumination of the premises, the norms provide for mandatory cleaning of windows and skylights from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.

The norms of natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to the regulation of K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the standardization of the illumination of workplaces, all visual work is divided into eight categories according to the degree of accuracy.

SNiP 23-05-95 set the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of the production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light belts, for which the values ​​of K.E.O. determined by the formula:

where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision of natural light;

The value of the coefficient of natural illumination, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.

The coefficient of the light climate, which is found according to the SNiP tables, depending on the type of light openings, their orientation on the sides of the horizon and the group number of the administrative district.

To determine the compliance of natural illumination in the production room with the required standards, the illumination is measured with overhead and combined illumination at various points in the room, followed by averaging; at the side - at the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the external illumination is measured and the K.E.O. determined by calculation. compare with the normative.

Natural lighting design

1. The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes carried out in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the place of construction of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be determined:

characteristic and category of visual work;

the group of the administrative region in which the building is supposed to be constructed;

the normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual work and the light-climatic features of the location of buildings;

the required uniformity of natural light;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the premises from the glare of sunlight.

2. The design of natural lighting of the building should be carried out in the following sequence:

definition of requirements for natural light premises;

selection of lighting systems;

selection of types of skylights and light-transmitting materials;

selection of means to limit the glare of direct sunlight;

taking into account the orientation of the building and skylights on the sides of the horizon;

performing a preliminary calculation of natural lighting in premises (determining the required area of ​​light openings);

clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;

performing a verification calculation of natural lighting in premises;

determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).

3. The system of natural lighting of the building (side, top or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:

the purpose and the adopted architectural and planning, volumetric and spatial and constructive solutions of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work;

climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).

4. Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings. large area(covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

5. Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-storey public and residential buildings, single-storey residential buildings, as well as in single-storey public buildings in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the skylight above the conditional work surface does not exceed 8.

6. When choosing skylights and light-transmitting materials, one should take into account:

requirements for natural lighting of premises;

purpose, volumetric-spatial and constructive solution building;

orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;

climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation;

degree of air pollution.

7. When designing lateral natural lighting, account should be taken of the shading from opposing buildings.

8. Translucent fillings of light openings in residential and public buildings are selected taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.

9. With lateral natural illumination of public buildings with increased requirements for the constancy of natural lighting and sun protection (for example, art galleries), the skylights should be oriented to the northern quarter of the horizon (N-NW-N-NE).

10. The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

directions sun rays relative to a person in a room with a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);

working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the difference between the solar time, according to which the solar maps are built, and the daylight saving time, adopted in the territory Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

11. With a one-shift work (educational) process and with the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented towards the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreens is not necessary.

Calculation of natural light

The purpose of calculating natural lighting is to determine the area of ​​light openings, that is, the number and geometric dimensions of windows that provide the normalized value of KEO.

Selecting KEO values

1. In accordance with SNiP 23-05, the territory of the Russian Federation is zoned into five groups of administrative districts by light climate resources. The list of administrative districts included in the groups of natural light provision is shown in Table 1.

2. The values ​​of KEO in residential and public buildings located in the first group of administrative districts are taken in accordance with SNiP 23-05.

3. The values ​​of KEO in residential and public buildings located in the second, third, fourth and fifth groups of administrative districts are determined by the formula

e N = e n m N , (1)

where N- the number of the group of administrative districts according to table 1;

e n- normalized value of KEO according to Appendix I SNiP 23-05;

m N- coefficient of light climate, taken according to table 2.

The values ​​obtained by formula (1) should be rounded to tenths.

4. The dimensions and location of light openings in the room, as well as compliance with the requirements of the norms of natural lighting in the premises, are determined by preliminary and verification calculations.

Preliminary calculation of the area of ​​light openings and KEO with side lighting

1. A preliminary calculation of the size of light openings with side lighting without taking into account the opposing buildings should be carried out using the graphs given for the premises of residential buildings in Figure 3, for the premises of public buildings - in Figure 4, for school classes - in Figure 5. The calculation should be made in following sequence:

Drawing 3 - Graph for determining the relative area of ​​the skylights A s.o /A n with side lighting of living quarters

Drawing 4 - Graph for determining the relative area of ​​the skylights A s.o /A n with side illumination of premises of public buildings

Drawing 5 - Graph for determining the relative area of ​​the skylights A s.o /A n with side lighting of school classrooms

a) depending on the category of visual work or the purpose of the room and the group of administrative districts for the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation according to SNiP 23-05, the standardized value of the KEO for the room in question is determined;

d NS h 01 and attitude d NS /h 01 ;

c) on the abscissa axis of the graph (Figures 3, 4 or 5) determine the point corresponding to a certain value d NS /h 01 a vertical line is drawn through the found point until it intersects with the curve corresponding to the normalized value of KEO. By the ordinate, the intersection points determine the value A s.o /A n ;

d) dividing the found value A s.o /A n by 100 and multiplying by the floor area, find the area of ​​the light openings in m 2.

2. In the case when the dimensions and location of light openings in the building design were chosen for architectural and construction considerations, a preliminary calculation of the KEO values ​​in the premises should be made according to Figures 3-5 in the following sequence:

a) according to the construction drawings, find the total area of ​​the light openings (in the light) A s.o and illuminated floor area of ​​the room A n and define the attitude A s.o /A n ;

b) determine the depth of the room d NS, the height of the upper edge of the light openings above the level of the conditional working surface h 01 and attitude d NS /h 01 ;

c) taking into account the type of premises, select the appropriate schedule (Figures 3, 4 or 5);

d) by values A s.o /A n and d NS /h 01 on the chart, find a point with the corresponding KEO value.

Graphs (Figures 3-5) have been developed in relation to the most frequently encountered in design practice dimensional schemes of premises and a typical solution of translucent structures - wooden double opening sashes.

Checking calculation of KEO with side lighting

1. Checking calculation of KEO Calculation of KEO should be done in the following sequence:

a) graph I (Figure 6) is superimposed on the cross-section of the room so that its pole (center) 0 coincides with the design point A(Figure 8), and the bottom line of the graph - with a trace of the working surface;

b) according to schedule I, the number of rays passing through the cross section of the light opening from the sky is counted n 1 and from the opposing building to the design point A ;

c) mark the numbers of the semicircles on the graph I, coinciding with the middle WITH 1 section of the light opening through which the sky is visible from the calculated point, and from the middle WITH 2 sections of the light opening through which the opposing building is visible from the design point (Figure 8);

d) schedule II (Figure 7) is imposed on the floor plan in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the number of the concentric semicircle (point "c"), pass through the point WITH 1 (Figure 8);

e) count the number of rays NS 2 according to graph II, passing from the sky through the light opening on the floor plan to the calculated point A ;

f) determine the value of the geometric KEO, taking into account the direct light from the sky;

g) schedule II is superimposed on the floor plan in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the number of the concentric semicircle (point "c"), pass through the point WITH 2 ;

h) count the number of rays according to schedule II passing from the opposing building through the light opening on the floor plan to the calculated point A ;

i) determine the value of the geometric coefficient of natural illumination, which takes into account the light reflected from the opposing building;

j) determine the value of the angle at which the middle of the sky is visible from the calculated point on the cross-section of the room (Figure 9);

k) by the value of the angle and the specified parameters of the room and surrounding buildings, the values ​​of the coefficients are determined q i , b f , k ZD , r O, and K s, and calculate the value of KEO at the design point of the room.

Drawing 6- Graph I for calculating geometric KEO

Drawing 7 - Schedule II for calculating geometric KEO

Notes (edit)

1 Graphs I and II apply only to rectangular skylights.

2 The plan and section of the premises are performed (drawn) on the same scale.

A- calculated point; 0 - pole of graph I; WITH 1 - the middle of the section of the skylight through which the sky is visible from the calculated point; WITH 2 - the middle of the section of the skylight through which the opposing building is visible from the calculated point

Drawing 8 - Example of using graph I to count the number of rays from the sky and an opposing building

Preliminary calculation of the area of ​​light openings and KEO with overhead lighting

1. For a preliminary calculation of the area of ​​light openings with overhead lighting, the following graphs should be used: for rooflights with a depth of the opening (light conduit shaft) up to 0.7 m - according to Figure 9; for mine lanterns - according to Figures 10, 11; for rectangular, trapezoidal lanterns, shed with vertical glazing and shed with inclined glazing - according to Figure 12.

Table 1

Area of ​​light openings of lanterns And s.f determined by the graphs in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:

a) depending on the category of visual work or the purpose of the premises and the group of administrative districts for the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation according to SNiP 23-05;

b) on the ordinate of the graph, a point is determined corresponding to the normalized value of KEO, a horizontal line is drawn through the found point until it intersects with the corresponding curve of the graph (Figures 9-12), along the abscissa of the intersection point, the value is determined And s.f /A n ;

c) dividing the value And s.f /A n by 100 and multiplying by the floor area, find the area of ​​the light openings of the lanterns in m 2.

A preliminary calculation of KEO values ​​in rooms should be made using the graphs in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:

a) according to the construction drawings, find the total area of ​​the light openings of the lanterns And s.f, illuminated floor area of ​​the room A n and define the attitude And s.f /A n ;

b) taking into account the type of lantern, select the appropriate figure (8, 10, 11 or 12);

c) in the selected figure through a point with an abscissa And s.f /A n draw a vertical line to the intersection with the corresponding schedule; the ordinate of the intersection point will be equal to the calculated average value of the coefficient of natural light e wed .

Drawing 9 - Graph for determining the average value of KEO e wed in rooms with skylights with an opening depth of up to 0.7 m and plan dimensions, m:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 3 - 1.5x1.7

Drawing 10 - Graph for determining the average value of KEO e wed in public premises with mine lanterns with a light-guide shaft depth of 3.50 m and plan dimensions, m:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7

Drawing 11 - Graph for determining the average value of KEO e wed in public premises with mine lanterns of diffuse light with a light guide shaft depth of 3.50 m and plan dimensions, m:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x 2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7

1 - trapezoidal lantern; 2 - shed with inclined glazing;

3 - rectangular lantern; 4 - shed with vertical glazing

Drawing 12- Graph for determining the average value of KEO e cp in public areas with lanterns

Checking calculation of KEO with overhead lighting

The calculation of KEO is carried out in the following sequence:

a) graph I (Figure 6) is superimposed on the cross section of the room so that the pole (center) 0 of the graph coincides with the calculated point, and the lower line of the graph - with the trace of the working surface. Count the number of radially directed rays of the graph I passing through the cross section of the first opening ( n 1) 1, the second opening - ( n 1) 2, third opening - ( n 1) 3, etc .; at the same time, the numbers of the semicircles are noted that pass through the middle of the first, second, third openings, etc.;

b) determine the angles,, etc. between the lower line of the graph I and the line connecting the pole (center) of the graph I with the middle of the first, second, third openings, etc .;

c) schedule II (Figure 7) is applied to the longitudinal section of the room; in this case, the graph is positioned so that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which must correspond to the number of the semicircle on graph I, pass through the middle of the opening (point C).

Count the number of rays according to graph II passing through the longitudinal section of the first opening ( n 2) 1, the second opening - ( NS 2) 2, third opening - ( n 2) 3, etc .;

d) calculate the value of the geometric KEO, at the first point of the characteristic section of the room according to the formula

where R- the number of light openings;

q- coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the area of ​​the sky, visible from the first point, respectively, at angles,, etc .;

e) repeat the calculations in accordance with paragraphs "a", "b", "c", "d" for all points of the characteristic section of the room to N inclusive (where N- the number of points at which the calculation of the KEO is made);

f) determine the average value of the geometric KEO;

g) according to the specified parameters of the room and light openings, determine the values r 2 , k f , ;

The verification calculation of the KEO values ​​at the points of the characteristic section of the room with overhead illumination from zenith and mine lanterns should be performed according to the formula:

where A f.v- the area of ​​the upper entrance opening of the lantern;

N f- the number of lights;

q() - coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the cloudy sky of the MCO;

The angle between the straight line connecting the calculated point with the center of the lower hole of the lantern and the normal to this hole;

The mean value of the geometric KEO;

K with- coefficient of light transmission of the lantern, determined for lanterns with diffuse reflection of the walls, and for lanterns with directional reflection of the walls -by value the index of the skylight of the mine lantern i f ;

Drawing 13 - Graph for determining the coefficient q() depending on the angle

Drawing 14 K with lanterns with diffuse reflection of the shaft walls

Drawing 15 - Graph for determining the light transmission coefficient K c lanterns with directional reflection of the shaft walls at different values ​​of the diffuse reflection coefficient of the shaft walls

K s- a calculated factor that takes into account the decrease in KEO and illumination during operation due to pollution and aging of translucent fillings in skylights, as well as a decrease in the reflective properties of the surfaces of the room (safety factor).

Skylight index with rectangular holes i f determined by the formula

where A ph.n- area of ​​the lower opening of the lantern, m 2;

A f.v- area of ​​the upper opening of the lantern, m 2;

h s.f- height of the light-conductor shaft of the lantern, m.

R f.v , R phn- the perimeter of the upper and lower openings of the lantern, respectively, m.

The same, with holes in the shape of a circle - according to the formula

i f = (r f.v + r ph.n) / 2h s.f , (5)

where r f.v , r ph.n- the radius of the upper and lower holes of the lantern, respectively.

Calculate the value of the geometric KEO at the first point of the characteristic section of the room according to the formula

Repeat calculations for all points of the characteristic section of the room up to N j inclusive (where N j- the number of points at which the calculation of the KEO is made).

Determined by the formula

Sequentially for all points, the direct component of the KEO is calculated by the formula

Determine the reflected KEO component, the value of which is the same for all points, according to the formula

. (9)

Calculation of natural lighting in the study

Theoretical part

Lighting for workrooms and offices should be designed based on the following requirements:

a) creation necessary conditions lighting on desks located in the back of the room when performing a variety of visual work (reading typographic and typewritten texts, handwritten materials, distinguishing the details of graphic materials, etc.);

b) provision visual communication with outdoor space;

c) protection of premises from glare and thermal effects of insolation;

d) favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view.

Lateral lighting of offices should be carried out, as a rule, by separate light openings (one window for each office). In order to reduce the required area of ​​light openings, the height of the window sill above the floor level is recommended to be taken at least 0.9 m.

When the building is located in the administrative districts of the Russian Federation of groups by light climate resources, the normalized value of KEO should be taken: with a depth of study rooms (offices) of 5 m or more - according to Table 3 in relation to the combined lighting system; less than 5 m - according to table 4 in relation to a natural lighting system.

To ensure visual contact with the outside space, filling of light openings should, as a rule, be done with translucent window glass.

To limit the glare of solar radiation in workrooms and offices, it is necessary to provide curtains and light adjustable blinds. When designing control buildings and office buildings for climatic regions III and IV of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to provide for the equipment of light openings oriented to the horizon sector within 200 ° -290 ° with sun protection devices.

In rooms, the values ​​of the reflection coefficient of surfaces must be at least:

ceiling and top of walls .. 0.70

the bottom of the walls .................... 0.50

gender .......................................... 0.30.

Practical part

It is required to determine the required window area in the offices of the management building located in the city of Surgut (sheet 1).

The original data. Depth of the room d NS= 5.5 m, height h= 3.0 m, width b NS= 3.0 m, floor area A n= 16.5 m 2, the height of the upper edge of the skylight above the conventional working surface h 01 = 1.9 Filling of skylights with transparent glazing on single metal sashes; the thickness of the outer walls is 0.35 m. There is no shading by the opposing buildings.

Solution

1. Considering that the depth of the room d NS over 5 m, according to table 3 we find that the normalized value of KEO is 0.5%.

2. We make a preliminary calculation of natural lighting according to the initial depth of the room d NS= 5.5 m and the height of the upper edge of the skylight above the conventional working surface h 01 = 1.9 m; determine that d NS /h 01 = 5,5/1,9=2,9.

3. In Figure 4 on the corresponding curve e= 0.5% find a point with an abscissa d NS /h 01 = 2.9. By the ordinate of this point, we determine that the required relative area of ​​the light opening A O / A NS = 16,6%.

4. Determine the area of ​​the skylight Oh according to the formula:

0,166 A n= 0.166 16.5 = 2.7 m 2.

Therefore, the width of the aperture b o= 2.7 / 1.8 = 1.5 m.

We accept window unit measuring 1.5 x 1.8 m.

5. We make a verification calculation of KEO at the point A(sheet 1) by the formula:

.

6. Overlay graph I for calculating KEO by the method of A.М. Danilyuk on a cross-section of the room (sheet 2), aligning the pole of the I - 0 graph with a point A, and the bottom line - with a conditional working surface; we count the number of rays according to graph I passing through the cross section of the light opening: n 1 = 2.

7. Note that through the point WITH on the section of the room (sheet 2) there is a concentric semicircle 26 of graph I.

8. We impose schedule II for calculating the KEO on the floor plan (sheet 1) in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal 26 pass through the point WITH; we calculate according to graph II the number of rays passing from the sky through the light opening: NS 2 = 16.

9. Determine the value of the geometric KEO by the formula:

10. On a cross-section of the room at a scale of 1:50 (sheet 2), we determine that the middle of the sky section, visible from the calculated point A through the light opening, is at an angle; by the value of this angle, according to Table 5, we find the coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the cloudy sky of the MCO: q i =0,64.

11. According to the size of the room and the skylight, it is found that d NS /h 01 = 2,9;

l T /d NS = 0,82; b NS /d NS = 0,55.

12. Weighted average reflectance .

13. By found values d NS /h 01 ; l T /d NS ; b NS /d NS according to table 6 we find that r o = 4,25.

14. For transparent glazing with a single metal sash, find overall ratio light transmission.

15 According to SNiP 23-05, we find that the safety factor for windows of public buildings K s = 1,2.

16 Determine the geometric KEO at point A by substituting the values ​​of all found coefficients into the formula:

.

Consequently, the selected dimensions of the skylight provide the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the study.

Table 1

Groups of administrative districts

table 2

Light Climate Coefficient

Table 3

Normalized KEO values ​​for side combined lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in administrative districts of various groups by light climate resources

Table 4

Normalized KEO values ​​with lateral natural lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in different groups administrative districts by light climate resources

Table 5

Coefficient values q i

Table 6

The values r o for a conventional working surface

If the surface finish of the premises is unknown, then for premises of residential and public buildings the weighted average reflection coefficient should be taken equal to 0.50.

Table 7

The values ​​of the coefficients 1 and

Table 8

The values ​​of the coefficients and

Conclusion

During term paper I studied such a parameter as natural lighting. The principle of rationing of natural lighting was considered, as well as the design of natural lighting. In this work, I made a calculation of natural lighting in the office. The normalized value of the natural light coefficient of 0.5% for the selected county. Having made a preliminary calculation, I found out the size of the window block for sufficient illumination: 1.5 * 1.8. In the verification calculation, I confirmed the correctness of the chosen dimensions of the skylight, as they meet the requirements of the norms for combined lighting of the study. The coefficient of natural light in the test calculation is 0.53%.

The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes carried out in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the place of construction of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be determined:

characteristic and category of visual work;

the group of the administrative region in which the building is supposed to be constructed;

the normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual work and the light-climatic features of the location of buildings;

the required uniformity of natural light;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the premises from the glare of sunlight.

The design of natural lighting for a building should be performed in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

selection of lighting systems;

selection of types of skylights and light-transmitting materials;

selection of means to limit the glare of direct sunlight;

taking into account the orientation of the building and skylights on the sides of the horizon;

performing a preliminary calculation of natural lighting in premises (determining the required area of ​​light openings);

clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;

performing a verification calculation of natural lighting in premises;

determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).

The system of natural lighting of the building (side, top or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors: purpose and the adopted architectural and planning, volumetric and structural solution of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site; the efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).

Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in single-storey public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

Side natural lighting should be used in multi-storey public and residential buildings, single-storey residential buildings, as well as in single-storey public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the skylight above the conventional working surface does not exceed 8.

When choosing skylights and light-transmitting materials, consider:

requirements for natural lighting of premises; purpose, volumetric-spatial and constructive solution of the building; orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation; degree of air pollution.

When designing lateral natural lighting, account should be taken of the shading from the opposing buildings. Shading is accounted for in accordance with a section of this Code of Practice.

The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room with a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);

working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the difference between the solar time, according to which the solar maps are built, and the daylight saving time, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

With a one-shift work (educational) process and with the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented towards the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreens is not necessary.

In some cases, for example, when conducting expert examinations, it becomes necessary to objectively assess the natural lighting of premises based on measurements of KEO using lux meters. Modern photometric devices have silicon photocells equipped with yellow and green light filters as a sensor, which correct their spectral sensitivity according to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, as well as special nozzles for cosine correction. Correction of spectral sensitivity and cosine can also be performed using a computer. Selenium photocells are used less frequently, since they are short-lived and require constant calibration on a photometric bench.

Their sensitivity depends on the air temperature. Considering that all calculations and norms of KEO have a cloudy CIE sky as the main assumption, KEO measurements can be made only with continuous ten-point cloud cover. However, there may be exceptions, for example, in the case of measuring KEO in the presence of optical fibers or light-guiding devices. In this case, the value of KEO becomes conditional. And when measuring outdoor illumination, it is necessary to screen the direct light of the sun.

When calculating the efficiency of such devices, the total illumination from the direct sun and sky (Eq) should be taken as the value of external illumination.

To measure KEO, a full-scale measurement log is prepared, which indicates the place, time and weather conditions during measurements, instruments, proportionality coefficient between the readings of lux meters (in the case of low-quality devices), geometric parameters of the room and light openings, reflection coefficients of internal and adjacent external surfaces, type filling the opening and contamination. The safety factor is determined by dividing the light meter readings when the sensor is positioned in a vertical plane outside the glass and inside behind the glass. The reflectances of surfaces are measured with a reflexometer. In addition to these data, the log should contain tables for recording the measurement results. The results of measurements indoors, usually at five points on the working surface, marked in advance along a characteristic section, are synchronized in time with the results of measurements of outdoor illumination carried out in an open, unshaded area, preferably on the roof of the building. For this, outdoor illumination is measured every minute. The measurement time is recorded for each result. Indoor illumination at the designated points is measured at the same time. The time of each measurement is also recorded. When filling out the measurement log in the "outdoor illumination" column, a result is selected that coincides in time with the result of measuring the indoor illumination at a given point. Measurement at each point should be carried out at least twice to eliminate random errors. The results obtained must be averaged.

KEO in percentage is determined by dividing the reading of the internal light meter by the reading of the external light meter and multiplied by 100. If there is a "calibration" coefficient k between the readings of the internal one, determine by the formula

GENERAL INFORMATION

The organization of rational lighting of workplaces is one of the main issues of occupational safety. Industrial injuries, productivity and quality of work performed largely depend on the correct lighting device.

There are two types of lighting: natural and artificial. When calculating them, it is necessary to be guided by building codes and rules SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".

The methodological instructions give calculation methods different types natural lighting.

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-05-95, all production, warehouse, utility and office premises should, as a rule, have natural lighting. It is not installed in rooms where the photochemical effect of natural light is contraindicated for technical and other reasons.

Natural lighting can be disregarded: in sanitary facilities; pending health centers; premises for personal hygiene of women; corridors, walkways and passages of industrial, auxiliary and public buildings. Natural lighting can be side, top, combined and combined.

Side natural lighting- this is natural lighting of a room with light coming through skylights in the outer walls of the building.

With one-sided side lighting, it is normalized value of the coefficient of natural light (KEO) at a point located at a distance of 1 m from the wall (Fig.1.1a), that is, the farthest from the light openings at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface (or floor). For side lighting, the effect of shading from opposing buildings is taken into account by the shading coefficient K ZD(fig. 1.26).

With two-sided side lighting, it is normalized minimum value KEO at a point in the middle of the room at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface (or floor) (Figure 1.16).

Overhead natural lighting- this is natural illumination of a room with light penetrating through light openings in the building's covering and lanterns, as well as through light openings in places of height differences in adjacent buildings.

Figure 1.1 - Natural light distribution curves: a - with one-sided side lighting; b - bilateral lateral; 1 - the level of the conventional working surface; 2 - curve characterizing the change in illumination in the plane of the section of the room; RT - point of minimum illumination with side one-sided and two-sided illumination e min.

With top or top and side natural lighting, it is normalized mean KEO at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface (or floor). The first and last points are taken at a distance of 1 m from the surface of walls or partitions or from the axes of rows of columns (Fig. 3.1a).

It is allowed to divide the room into zones with side lighting (zones adjacent to external walls with windows) and zones with overhead lighting; rationing and calculation of natural light in each zone are made independently. This takes into account the nature of visual work. Conditional work surface - conventionally accepted horizontal surface located at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.

Combined lighting is lighting that uses natural and artificial light at the same time during daylight hours. At the same time, natural lighting that is insufficient in terms of visual work is constantly supplemented by artificial lighting that meets special requirements for rooms (SNiP 23-05-95 for lighting design) with insufficient natural lighting.

Figure 1.2 - Scheme for designating the dimensions of a building for calculating natural side lighting:

a - size designation scheme for calculating natural side lighting: - the width of the room;

L PT - distance from outside wall to design point (RT);

1 m is the distance from the wall surface to the calculated point (PT);

In n- the depth of the room; h 1 - height from the level of the conventional working surface to the top of the window;

h 2- height from floor level to conditional working surface (0.8 m);

L p- the length of the room; H- room height; d- wall thickness;

6 - scheme for determining the coefficient K ZD: Nkz- cornice height

an opposing building above the windowsill of the building in question; Lj # - distance

between the building in question and the opposing building; M- shading border

The norms of the minimum illumination of the premises are determined KEO, representing the ratio of natural light , created at some point given plane indoors by the light of the sky (directly or after reflections), to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination , created by the light of a completely open firmament, defined in%.

The values KEO for rooms requiring different lighting conditions, take in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, table. 1.1.

The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on a detailed study of technological or other labor processes carried out in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the place of construction of buildings. In this case, the following characteristics must be determined:

The characteristic of visual work, determined depending on the smallest size of the object of discrimination, the category of visual work;

The location of the building on the light climate map;

Normalized value KEO taking into account the characteristics of visual work and the light-climatic features of the location of buildings;

The required uniformity of natural light;

Overall dimensions and location of equipment, possible darkening of working surfaces;

Desired direction of incidence of the luminous flux on the working surface;

The duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

The need to protect the premises from the glare of direct sunlight;

Additional lighting requirements arising from the specifics technological process and architectural requirements for the interior.

The design of natural lighting is carried out in a specific sequence:

1st stage - determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises; determination of normative value KEO according to the category of visual works prevailing in the room:

Lighting system selection;

Choice of types of skylights and light-transmitting material;

Selection of means to limit the glare of direct sunlight;

Taking into account the orientation of buildings and skylights on the sides of the horizon;

2nd stage - preliminary calculation of natural lighting in premises; i.e. calculation of the glazing area Soc:

Clarification of the parameters of light openings and the room;

3rd stage - performing a verification calculation of natural lighting in premises:

Determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;

Determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, areas and areas with insufficient natural lighting;

4th stage - making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).

CALCULATION OF SINGLE-SIDED NATURAL LIGHTING

In most cases, natural lighting of industrial and office buildings is provided by side one-way lighting (Fig.1.1a; Fig.1.2a).

The method for calculating natural side lighting can be summarized as follows.

1.1. The category of visual work and the standard value of the coefficient of natural illumination are determined.

The category of visual work is determined depending on the value of the smallest size of the object of discrimination (by assignment) and in accordance with this, according to SNiP 23-05-95 (Table 1.1), the standard value of the coefficient of natural illumination is established , %.

The object of discrimination- this is the object in question, its individual parts or a defect that needs to be distinguished in the process of work.

1.2. The required glazing area is calculated Soc:

where is the normalized value KEO for buildings located in different areas;

Light characteristic of the window;

Coefficient taking into account the darkening of windows by opposing buildings;

- floor area, m 2;

General coefficient of light transmission;

A coefficient that takes into account the reflection of light from surfaces in the room.

The values ​​of the parameters included in the formula (1.1) are determined by formulas, tables and graphs in a certain sequence.

Normalized value KEO e N for buildings located in different areas, should be determined by the formula

e N = e H -m N (%),(1.2)

where is the value KEO,%, is determined from the table. 1.1;

m N- coefficient of light climate (Table 1.2), taken taking into account the group of administrative districts by light climate resources (Table 1.3).

The value obtained by formula (1.2) KEO round to tenths.

1,5%; m N = 1,1

where is the length of the room (as assigned by Appendix 1);

Depth of the room, m, with side one-side lighting equal to + d,(fig.1.2а);

The width of the room (as assigned by Appendix 1);

d- wall thickness (as assigned by Appendix 1);

- height from the level of the conventional working surface to the top of the window, m (Appendix 1).

Knowing the values ​​of the ratios (1.3), according to the table. 1.4 find the value of the light characteristic of the window

To calculate the coefficient , taking into account the darkening of windows by a neighboring building (Fig. 1.26), it is necessary to determine the ratio

where is the distance between the considered and the opposing building, m;

The height of the location of the eaves of the opposing building above the window sill of the window in question, m.

Depending on the value according to the table. 1.5 find the coefficient

The overall coefficient of light transmission is determined by the expression

where is the coefficient of light transmission of the material (table 1.6);

The coefficient taking into account the loss of light in the window frames of light openings (Table 1.7);

The coefficient taking into account the loss of light in the supporting structures, with lateral natural illumination = 1;

- coefficient taking into account the loss of light in sun-protection devices (Table 1.8).

When determining the coefficient taking into account the reflection of light from surfaces in a room, it is necessary to calculate:

a) weighted average light reflectance from walls, ceiling and floor:

where - area of ​​walls, ceiling, floor, m 2 are determined by the formulas:

where is the width, length and height of the walls of the room, respectively (according to the assignment of Appendix 1).

Introduction

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural light.

Natural lighting - lighting of premises with direct or reflected light, penetrating through light openings in external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with constant presence of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises.

Types of natural lighting

There are the following types of natural lighting in rooms:

Side one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the outer walls of the room,

Figure 1 - Side one-sided natural lighting

Side - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,

Figure 2 - Side natural lighting

Top - when lanterns and light openings in the roof, as well as light openings in the walls of the height difference of the building,

· Combined - skylights provided for side (top and side) and top lighting.

The principle of rationing natural light

Natural lighting is used for general illumination of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most beneficial effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account the meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and during the periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the arranged light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights of the upper floors of the building - with overhead lighting. In combined natural lighting, side lighting is added to the overhead lighting.

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural light. The dimensions of the light openings established by the calculation may be changed by +5, -10%.

The unevenness of natural lighting in industrial and public buildings with upper or upper and natural side lighting and the main premises for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3: 1.

Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP for the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters for construction heat engineering.

The quality of natural light illumination is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of illumination on a horizontal surface indoors to simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,

where E in - horizontal illumination inside the room in lux;

E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.

With side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized - keo min, and with top and combined lighting - its average value is keo cf. The method for calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises.

In order to create the most favorable working conditions, the norms of natural illumination have been established. In cases where natural light is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated with artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed on condition of additional lighting only for work surfaces in general natural lighting.

By building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95), the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises are established depending on the nature of the work in terms of the degree of accuracy.

To maintain the necessary illumination of the premises, the norms provide for the mandatory cleaning of windows and light-rails from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.

The norms of natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to the regulation of K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the rationing of the illumination of workplaces, all visual work is divided into eight categories according to the degree of accuracy.

SNiP 23-05-95 set the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of the production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light belts, for which the values ​​of K.E.O. determined by the formula:

where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision of natural light;

The value of the coefficient of natural illumination, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.

The coefficient of the light climate, which is found according to the SNiP tables, depending on the type of light openings, their orientation on the sides of the horizon and the group number of the administrative district.

To determine the compliance of natural illumination in a production room with the required standards, the illumination is measured with overhead and combined illumination - at different points in the room, followed by averaging; at the side - at the least lit workplaces. At the same time, they measure the external illumination and K.E.O. compare with the normative.

Natural lighting design

1. The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes carried out in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the construction site of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be determined:

characteristic and category of visual work;

the group of the administrative region in which the building is supposed to be constructed;

the normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual work and the light-climatic features of the location of buildings;

the required uniformity of natural light;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the premises from the glare of sunlight.

2. The design of natural lighting of the building should be carried out in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

selection of lighting systems;

selection of types of skylights and light-transmitting materials;

selection of means to limit the glare of direct sunlight;

taking into account the orientation of the building and skylights on the sides of the horizon;

performing a preliminary calculation of natural lighting in premises (determining the required area of ​​light openings);

clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;

performing a verification calculation of natural lighting in premises;

determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).

3. The system of natural lighting of the building (side, top or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:

the purpose and the adopted architectural and planning, volumetric and spatial and constructive solutions of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work;

climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).

4. Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in single-storey public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

5. Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-storey public and residential buildings, single-storey residential buildings, as well as in single-storey public buildings in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the skylight above the conventional working surface does not exceed 8.

6. When choosing skylights and light-transmitting materials, one should take into account:

requirements for natural lighting of premises;

purpose, volumetric-spatial and constructive solution of the building;

orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;

climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation;

degree of air pollution.

7. When designing lateral natural lighting, account should be taken of the shading from opposing buildings.

8. Translucent fillings of light openings in residential and public buildings are selected taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.

9. With lateral natural illumination of public buildings with increased requirements for the constancy of natural lighting and sun protection (for example, art galleries), the skylights should be oriented to the northern quarter of the horizon (N-NW-N-NE).

10. The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room with a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);

working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the difference between the solar time, according to which the solar maps are built, and the daylight saving time, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

11. With a one-shift work (educational) process and with the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented towards the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreens is not necessary.

I like

Surface illumination represents the ratio of the incident luminous flux to the area of ​​the illuminated surface.

In building lighting technology, the sky is considered as a source of natural light for the premises of a building. Since the brightness of individual points of the sky varies significantly and depends on the position of the sun, the degree and nature of cloudiness, the degree of transparency of the atmosphere and other reasons, it is impossible to establish the value of natural illumination in a room in absolute units (lx).

Therefore, to assess the natural light regime of the premises, a relative value is used, which makes it possible to take into account the uneven brightness of the sky, the so-called natural light factor (KEO)

Natural light factor e m anywhere in the room M represents the ratio of illumination at this point E in m to the simultaneous external illumination of the horizontal plane E n located in an open place and illuminated by the diffuse light of the entire firmament. KEO is measured in relative units and shows what percentage in a given point of the room is the illumination from the simultaneous horizontal illumination in the open air, i.e .:

The coefficient of natural illumination is a value specified by the sanitary and hygienic requirements for natural illumination of premises.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", natural lighting is divided into

• lateral,
• top,
• combined (top and side)

The main document regulating the requirements for natural lighting in residential and public buildings is SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03 " Hygiene requirements to natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings ".

In accordance with SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises", living rooms and kitchens should have direct natural lighting in residential buildings. According to these requirements, KEO in living rooms and kitchens should be at least 0.5% in the middle of the room.

According to SNiP 31-01-2003 "Residential multi-apartment buildings", the ratio of the area of ​​light openings to the floor area of ​​residential premises and kitchens should be taken no more than 1: 5.5 and not less than 1: 8 for upper floors with light openings in the plane of inclined enclosing structures - not less than 1:10, taking into account the lighting characteristics of the windows and the shading of the opposing buildings.

In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, the normalized values ​​of KEO - e N, for buildings located in different light-climatic regions, should be determined by the formula:

Illumination in a room is achieved by direct diffuse light from the firmament and reflected diffuse light from the interior surfaces of the room, opposing buildings and the ground surface adjacent to the building. Accordingly, KEO at the point of placement M is determined as the sum:

Direct light from the sky has the maximum effect on the KEO value.

The component from the direct light of the firmament is determined by the formula:

The total light transmission coefficient of the opening τ 0 under side illumination is determined as the product of two components:

The values ​​of the coefficients τ 1 can be taken from