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GOST 30244-94

Group W19

INTERSTATE STANDARD

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Flammability test methods

Building materials. Methods for combustibility test

ISS 13.220.50
91.100.01
OKSTU 5719

Date of introduction 1996-01-01

FOREWORD

FOREWORD

1 DEVELOPED by the State Central Scientific Research and Design and Experimental Institute for Complex Problems building structures and facilities named after V.A. Kucherenko (TsNIISK named after Kucherenko) and the Center for Fire Research and Thermal Protection in Construction TsNIISK (TsPITZS TsNIISK) of the Russian Federation

INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Construction of Russia

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization and Technical Regulation in Construction (ISTC) on November 10, 1993

Voted for adoption:

3 Clause 6 of this standard is the authentic text of ISO 1182-80 * Fire tests - Building materials - Non-combustibility tests Fire tests. - Construction Materials. - Test for incombustibility (Third edition 1990-12-01).
________________
* Access to international and foreign documents mentioned in the text can be obtained by contacting the User Support Service. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.

4 PUT INTO EFFECT from January 1, 1996 as a state standard of the Russian Federation by the Decree of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 4, 1995 N 18-79

5 REPLACE ST SEV 382-76, ST SEV 2437-80

6 REDISSION. January 2006

1 area of ​​use

This International Standard specifies test methods building materials for flammability and their classification according to flammability groups.

The standard does not apply to varnishes, paints, and other building materials in the form of solutions, powders and granules.

2 Normative references

Throughout this standard, references are made to the following standards:

GOST 12.1.033-81 Occupational safety standards system. Fire safety. Terms and Definitions

GOST 18124-95 Asbestos-cement flat sheets. Technical conditions

3 Definitions

In this standard, the terms and definitions in accordance with GOST 12.1.033, as well as the following terms, are used.

stable flame combustion: Continuous flame combustion of the material for at least 5 s.

exposed surface Surface of a specimen exposed to heat and / or open flame in a combustibility test.

4 Key points

4.1 Test Method I (clause 6) is intended to classify building materials as non-combustible or combustible.

4.2 Test Method II (Clause 7) is intended to test combustible building materials in order to determine their flammability groups.

5 Classification of building materials by flammability groups

5.1 Building materials, depending on the values ​​of the flammability parameters determined by method I, are divided into non-combustible (NG) and combustible (G).

5.2 Building materials are classified as non-combustible with the following values ​​of combustibility parameters:

- the increase in temperature in the furnace is not more than 50 ° С;

- weight loss of the sample is not more than 50%;

- the duration of stable flame combustion is no more than 10 s.

Building materials that do not meet at least one of the specified parameter values ​​are classified as combustible.

5.3 Combustible building materials, depending on the values ​​of the flammability parameters determined by method II, are divided into four flammability groups: G1, G2, G3, G4 in accordance with Table 1. Materials should be assigned to a specific flammability group, provided that all the values ​​of the parameters established Table 1 for this group.

Table 1 - Flammability groups

6 Flammability test method for classifying building materials as non-combustible or combustible

Method I

6.1 Scope

The method is used for homogeneous building materials.

For laminated materials, the method can be used as an estimate. In this case, tests are carried out for each layer constituting the material.

Homogeneous materials - materials consisting of one substance or a uniformly distributed mixture of various substances (for example, wood, polystyrene, polystyrene concrete, particle boards).

Laminated materials - materials made of two or more layers of homogeneous materials (for example, drywall sheets, laminates, homogeneous materials with flame retardant treatment).

6.2 Test pieces

6.2.1 For each test, make five cylindrical specimens of the following dimensions: diameter mm, height (50 ± 3) mm.

6.2.2 If the thickness of the material is less than 50 mm, the specimens shall be made from an appropriate number of layers to provide the required thickness. In order to prevent the formation of air gaps between them, the layers of material are tightly connected using a thin steel wire with a maximum diameter of 0.5 mm.

6.2.3 In the upper part of the specimen, a 2 mm diameter hole should be provided for installing a thermocouple in the geometric center of the specimen.

6.2.4 The samples are conditioned in a ventilated oven at a temperature of (60 ± 5) ° С for 20-24 h, after which they are cooled in a desiccator.

6.2.5 Before testing, each sample is weighed to determine its mass to the nearest 0.1 g.

6.3 Test equipment

6.3.1 In the following equipment description, all dimensions other than those with tolerances are nominal.

6.3.2 The test setup (Figure A.1) consists of an oven placed in an insulating environment; cone-shaped air flow stabilizer; a protective screen providing traction; a sample holder and a device for introducing the sample holder into the oven; the frame on which the furnace is mounted.

6.3.3 The furnace is a pipe made of refractory material (Table 2) with a density of (2800 ± 300) kg / m, a height of (150 ± 1) mm, an inner diameter of (75 ± 1) mm, and a wall thickness of (10 ± 1) mm. The total wall thickness, taking into account the refractory cement layer that fixes the electric heating element, should be no more than 15 mm.

6.3.5 The tube furnace is installed in the center of a casing filled with insulating material (outer diameter 200 mm, height 150 mm, wall thickness 10 mm). The upper and lower parts of the casing are limited by plates having recesses on the inside for fixing the ends of the tube furnace. The space between the tube furnace and the walls of the casing is filled with powdered magnesium oxide with a density of (140 ± 20) kg / m.

6.3.6 The bottom of the tube furnace is connected to a cone-shaped air flow stabilizer 500 mm long. The inner diameter of the stabilizer should be (75 ± 1) mm at the top, (10 ± 0.5) mm at the bottom. The stabilizer is made of 1 mm thick sheet steel. The inner surface of the stabilizer must be polished. The seam between the stabilizer and the oven should be tightly fitted to ensure a tight seal and carefully finished to remove any roughness. The upper half of the stabilizer is insulated from the outside with a layer of mineral fiber 25 mm thick [thermal conductivity (0.04 ± 0.01) W / (m · K) at 20 ° C].

6.3.7. The upper part of the furnace is equipped with a protective screen made of the same material as the stabilizer cone. The height of the screen should be 50 mm, the inner diameter (75 ± 1) mm. The inner surface of the screen and the joint with the oven are carefully processed until a smooth surface is obtained. The outer part is insulated with a layer of mineral fiber 25 mm thick [thermal conductivity (0.04 ± 0.01) W / (m · K) at 20 ° C].

6.3.8 The unit, consisting of a furnace, a cone-shaped stabilizer and a protective screen, is mounted on a frame equipped with a base and a screen to protect the lower part of the cone-shaped stabilizer from directed air flows. The height of the protective shield is approximately 550 mm, the distance from the bottom of the tapered stabilizer to the base of the bed is approximately 250 mm.

6.3.9 To observe the flame combustion of the sample above the furnace at a distance of 1 m at an angle of 30 °, a mirror with an area of ​​300 mm is installed.

6.3.10 The installation should be placed so that directed air currents or intense sunlight, as well as other types of light radiation, do not interfere with the observation of the flame combustion of the sample in the furnace.

6.3.11 The sample holder (Figure A.3) is made of nichrome or heat-resistant steel wire. The base of the holder is a thin mesh made of heat-resistant steel. The mass of the holder should be (15 ± 2) g. of stainless steel with an outer diameter of 6 mm with a hole drilled in it with a diameter of 4 mm.

6.3.12 The device for introducing the sample holder consists of metal rods freely moving within the guides installed on the sides of the casing (Figure A.1). The device for introducing the sample holder should ensure its smooth movement along the axis of the tubular furnace and rigid fixation in the geometric center of the furnace.

6.3.13 To measure temperature, use nickel / chromium or nickel / aluminum thermocouples with a nominal diameter of 0.3 mm, the junction is insulated. Thermocouples should have a 1.5 mm stainless steel sheath.

6.3.14 New thermocouples are artificially aged to reduce reflectivity.

6.3.15 The furnace thermocouple should be installed so that its hot junction is in the middle of the height of the tube furnace at a distance of (10 ± 0.5) mm from its wall. Use a guide rod to position the thermocouple in the indicated position (Figure A.4). The fixed position of the thermocouple is ensured by placing it in a guide tube attached to the protective shield.

6.3.16 A thermocouple for measuring the temperature in the sample should be installed so that its hot junction is in the geometric center of the sample.

6.3.17 A thermocouple for measuring the temperature on the surface of the sample should be installed so that its hot junction from the very beginning of the test is in the middle of the height of the sample in close contact with its surface. The thermocouple should be installed in a position diametrically opposite to the oven thermocouple (Figure A.5).

6.3.18 Temperature registration is carried out throughout the experiment using appropriate instruments.

A schematic diagram of the installation with measuring instruments is shown in Figure A6.

6.4 Preparing the installation for testing

6.4.1 Remove the sample holder from the oven. The furnace thermocouple shall be installed in accordance with 6.3.15.

6.4.2 Connect the heating element of the furnace to the power supply in accordance with the diagram shown in Figure A.6. During testing, automatic control of the oven temperature should not be performed.

NOTE A new tube furnace should be warmed up gradually. A stepwise mode with a step of 200 ° C and holding for 2 hours at each temperature is recommended.

6.4.3 Establish a stable temperature regime in the oven. Stabilization is considered to be achieved provided that the average furnace temperature is maintained in the range of 745-755 ° C for at least 10 minutes. In this case, the permissible deviation from the boundaries of the specified range should be no more than 2 ° C in 10 minutes.

6.4.4 After the oven has stabilized in accordance with 6.4.3, the oven wall temperature shall be measured. Measurements are taken along three equidistant vertical axes. Along each axis, the temperature is measured at three points: in the middle of the height of the tube furnace, at a distance of 30 mm upwards and 30 mm downwards along the axis. For convenience of measurements, a scanning device with thermocouples and insulating tubes can be used (Figure A.7). When measuring, ensure that the thermocouple is in close contact with the furnace wall. The thermocouple reading at each point should be recorded only after a stable reading has been achieved for 5 minutes.

6.4.5 The average oven wall temperature, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the thermocouple readings at all points listed in 6.4.4, shall be (835 ± 10) ° C. The oven wall temperature should be maintained within the specified limits prior to testing.

6.4.6 If not correct installation the chimney (upside down) must be checked against the orientation shown in Figure A.2. To do this, use a thermocouple scanning device to measure the furnace wall temperature along one axis every 10 mm. The obtained temperature profile, if properly installed, corresponds to that shown by the solid line, if incorrect - by the dotted line (Figure A.8).

NOTE The operations described in 6.4.2-6.4.4 should be carried out during commissioning. new installation or when replacing a chimney, heating element, thermal insulation, power source.

6.5 Test procedure

6.5.1 Remove the sample holder from the furnace, check the installation of the furnace thermocouple, turn on the power supply.

6.5.2 Stabilize the oven in accordance with 6.4.3.

6.5.3 Place the sample in the holder, place the thermocouples in the center and on the surface of the sample in accordance with 6.3.16-6.3.17.

6.5.4 Insert the sample holder into the oven and set it in accordance with 6.3.12. The duration of the operation should be no more than 5 seconds.

6.5.5 Start the stopwatch immediately after introducing the sample into the oven. During the test, record the readings of thermocouples in the oven, in the center and on the surface of the sample.

6.5.6 The test duration is generally 30 min. The test is stopped after 30 minutes, provided that the temperature balance has been reached by this time. The temperature balance is considered achieved if the readings of each of the three thermocouples change by no more than 2 ° C in 10 minutes. In this case, the final thermocouples are fixed in the furnace, in the center and on the surface of the sample.

If, after 30 minutes, the temperature balance is not achieved for at least one of the three thermocouples, the test is continued, checking the temperature balance at intervals of 5 minutes.

6.5.7 When the temperature balance is reached for all three thermocouples, the test is stopped and its duration recorded.

6.5.8 Remove the sample holder from the oven, cool the sample in a desiccator and weigh.

Residues (carbonization products, ash, etc.) that have fallen from the sample during or after the test are collected, weighed and included in the weight of the sample after testing.

6.5.9 During the test, record all observations concerning the behavior of the specimen and record the following:

- mass of the sample before testing, g;

is the mass of the sample after testing, g;

- initial furnace temperature, ° С;

- the maximum furnace temperature, ° С;

- final furnace temperature, ° С;

- the maximum temperature in the center of the sample, ° С;

- final temperature in the center of the sample, ° С;

- maximum surface temperature of the sample, ° С;

- final temperature of the sample surface, ° С;

is the duration of stable flame combustion of the sample, s.

6.6 Expression of results

6.6.1 Calculate for each sample the temperature rise in the oven, in the center and on the surface of the sample:

a) temperature rise in the oven

b) temperature rise in the center of the sample

c) increase in temperature on the surface of the sample.

6.6.2 Calculate the arithmetic mean (over five samples) of the temperature rise in the oven, in the center and on the surface of the sample.

6.6.3 Calculate the arithmetic mean (over five samples) of the duration of stable flame combustion.

6.6.4 Calculate the weight loss for each sample (as a percentage of the initial sample weight) and determine the arithmetic mean of the five samples.

6.7 Test report

The test report contains the following data:

- date of testing;

- the name of the customer;



- the name of the material or product;

- the code of the technical documentation for the material or product;

- a description of the material or product with an indication of the composition, manufacturing method and other characteristics;

- the name of each material that is an integral part of the product, indicating the thickness of the layer and the method of fastening (for prefabricated elements);

- method of making a sample;

- test results (indicators determined during testing according to 6.5.9 and calculated flammability parameters according to 6.6.1-6.6.4);

- photographs of samples after testing;

- a conclusion based on the test results indicating what type of material the material belongs to: combustible or non-combustible;

- period of validity of the conclusion.

7 Test method for combustible building materials to determine their flammability groups

Method II

7.1 Scope

The method is used for all homogeneous and layered combustible building materials, including those used as finishing and facing, as well as paint and varnish coatings.

7.2 Test pieces

7.2.1 For each test, 12 samples are made 1000 mm long and 190 mm wide. The thickness of the samples should correspond to the thickness of the material used in the real environment. If the material is more than 70 mm thick, the specimen should be 70 mm thick.

7.2.2 When making samples, the exposed surface should not be processed.

7.2.3 Samples for standard testing of materials used only as finishing and facing, as well as for testing paint and varnish coatings, are made in combination with a non-combustible base. The fastening method should ensure tight contact between the surfaces of the material and the base.

As a non-combustible base, asbestos-cement sheets with a thickness of 10 or 12 mm in accordance with GOST 18124 should be used.

In cases where the conditions for a standard test are not provided in a specific technical documentation, samples should be made with the base and fasteners specified in the technical documentation.

7.2.4 The thickness of paint and varnish coatings must correspond to that adopted in the technical documentation, but have at least four layers.

7.2.5 For materials used both independently (for example, for structures) and as finishing and facing, samples should be made in accordance with 7.2.1 (one set) and 7.2.3 (one set).

In this case, tests should be carried out separately for the material and separately using it as finishes and linings with the definition of flammability groups for all cases.

7.2.6 For asymmetric laminated materials with different surfaces, prepare two sets of samples (according to 7.2.1) in order to expose both surfaces. In this case, the flammability group of the material is set according to worst result.

7.3 Test equipment

7.3.1 The test setup consists of a combustion chamber, a system for supplying air to the combustion chamber, a gas outlet pipe, and a ventilation system for removing combustion products (Figure B.1).

7.3.2 The design of the walls of the combustion chamber shall ensure the stability of the temperature conditions of the tests established by this standard. For this purpose, it is recommended to use the following materials:

- for the inner and outer surface of the walls - sheet steel with a thickness of 1.5 mm;

- for the heat-insulating layer - mineral wool slabs [density 100 kg / m, thermal conductivity 0.1 W / (m · K), thickness 40 mm].

7.3.3 Install the sample holder, ignition source, diaphragm in the combustion chamber. The front wall of the combustion chamber is equipped with a door with glazed openings. A hole with a plug for introducing thermocouples should be provided in the center of the side wall of the chamber.

7.3.4 The specimen holder consists of four rectangular frames located along the perimeter of the ignition source (Figure B.1), and must ensure the position of the specimen shown in Figure B.2 relative to the ignition source, the stability of the position of each of the four specimens until the end of the test. The sample holder should be mounted on a support frame that allows it to move freely in the horizontal plane. The specimen holder and fixing parts should not overlap the sides of the exposed surface by more than 5 mm.

7.3.5 The ignition source is a gas burner made up of four separate segments. Mixing of gas with air is carried out using holes located on the gas supply pipes at the entrance to the segment. The location of the burner segments relative to the sample and its circuit diagram are shown in Figure B.2.

7.3.6 The air supply system consists of a fan, a rotameter and a diaphragm and must ensure that an air flow uniformly distributed over its cross section is supplied to the lower part of the combustion chamber in an amount of (10 ± 1.0) m / min with a temperature of at least (20 ± 2) ° WITH.

7.3.7 The diaphragm is made of a perforated steel sheet with a thickness of 1.5 mm with holes of diameters (20 ± 0.2) mm and (25 ± 0.2) mm and a metal mesh of wire located above it at a distance of (10 ± 2) mm with a diameter of no more than 1.2 mm with a mesh size of no more than 1.5x1.5 mm. The distance between the diaphragm and the upper plane of the burner must be at least 250 mm.

7.3.8 Flue gas pipe cross section(0.25 ± 0.025) m and a length of at least 750 mm are located in the upper part of the combustion chamber. Four thermocouples are installed in the gas outlet pipe to measure the temperature of the flue gases (Figure B.1).

7.3.9 The ventilation system for the removal of combustion products consists of an umbrella installed above the flue pipe, an air duct and a ventilation pump.

7.3.10 To measure the temperature during testing, use thermocouples with a diameter of not more than 1.5 mm and appropriate recording devices.

7.4 Test preparation

7.4.1 Preparation for the test consists in carrying out a calibration in order to establish the gas flow rate (l / min), which ensures the temperature regime of the test in the combustion chamber established by this standard (table 3).

Table 3 - Test mode

7.4.2 Calibration of the installation is carried out on four steel samples with dimensions of 1000x190x1.5 mm.

Note - To impart rigidity, calibration specimens from sheet steel are recommended to be made with a flange.

7.4.3 Temperature control during calibration is carried out according to the indications of thermocouples (10 pcs.), Installed on the calibration samples (6 pcs.), And thermocouples (4 pcs.), Permanently installed in the gas outlet pipe (7.3.8).

7.4.4 The thermocouples are mounted on the center axis of any two opposite calibration samples at the levels indicated in Table 3. The thermocouple hot junction should be 10 mm from the exposed sample surface. The thermocouples must not come into contact with the calibration sample. It is recommended to use ceramic tubes to isolate thermocouples.

7.4.5 Calibration of the shaft furnace is carried out every 30 tests and when measuring the composition of the gas supplied to the ignition source.

7.4.6 Calibration sequence:

- install the calibration sample in the holder;

- install thermocouples on calibration samples in accordance with 7.4.4;

- insert the holder with the sample into the combustion chamber, turn on measuring instruments, air supply, exhaust ventilation, ignition source, close the door, record the thermocouple readings 10 minutes after turning on the ignition source.

If the temperature regime in the combustion chamber does not correspond to the requirements of Table 3, repeat the calibration at other gas flow rates.

The gas flow rate set during the calibration should be used for testing until the next calibration.

7.5 Test procedure

7.5.1 Three tests should be performed for each material. Each of the three tests involves the simultaneous testing of four samples of material.

7.5.2 Check the flue gas temperature measuring system by switching on the measuring devices and the air supply. This operation is carried out with the door of the combustion chamber closed and the ignition source inoperative. The deviation of the readings of each of the four thermocouples from their arithmetic mean value should be no more than 5 ° C.

7.5.3 Weigh four samples, place in the holder, insert it into the combustion chamber.

7.5.4 Switch on instrumentation, air supply, exhaust ventilation, ignition source, close the chamber door.

7.5.5 The duration of exposure of the sample to the flame from the ignition source shall be 10 min. After 10 minutes, the ignition source is turned off. In the presence of a flame or signs of smoldering, the duration of self-burning (smoldering) is recorded. The test is considered complete when the samples have cooled to ambient temperature.

7.5.6 After the end of the test, turn off the air supply, exhaust ventilation, measuring instruments, and remove the samples from the combustion chamber.

7.5.7 For each test, the following parameters are determined:

- flue gas temperature;

- duration of self-burning and (or) smoldering;

- length of sample damage;

- the mass of the sample before and after the test.

7.5.8 During the test, the temperature of the flue gases is recorded at least twice a minute according to the readings of all four thermocouples installed in the gas outlet pipe, and the duration of self-combustion of the samples is recorded (in the presence of a flame or signs of smoldering).

7.5.9 The following observations are also recorded during the test:

- time to reach the maximum temperature of flue gases;

- transfer of the flame to the ends and unheated surface of the samples;

- through burning of samples;

- the formation of a burning melt;

- appearance samples after testing: sedimentation of soot, discoloration, melting, sintering, shrinkage, swelling, warping, cracking, etc .;

- the time until the flame spreads along the entire length of the sample;

- duration of burning along the entire length of the sample.

7.6 Expression of test results

7.6.1 After the end of the test, measure the length of the sections of the undamaged part of the samples (according to Figure B3) and determine the residual mass of the samples.

The part of the specimen that is not burnt or charred, either on the surface or inside, is considered intact. Soot deposition, discoloration of the sample, local chips, sintering, melting, swelling, shrinkage, warping, change in surface roughness are not considered damage.

The measurement result is rounded to the nearest 1 cm.

The undamaged portion of the samples remaining on the holder is weighed. The weighing accuracy should be at least 1% of the initial weight of the sample.

7.6.2 Processing the results of one test (four samples)

7.6.2.1 The flue gas temperature is taken equal to the arithmetic mean of the simultaneously recorded maximum temperature readings of all four thermocouples installed in the gas outlet pipe.

7.6.2.2 The damage length of one specimen is determined by the difference between the nominal length before testing (according to 7.2.1) and the arithmetic mean length of the undamaged part of the specimen, determined from the lengths of its segments measured in accordance with Figure B.3.

Measured line lengths should be rounded to the nearest 1 cm.

7.6.2.3 The damage length of the test pieces is determined as the arithmetic mean of the damage lengths of each of the four test pieces.

7.6.2.4 The mass damage of each sample is determined by the difference between the mass of the sample before testing and its residual mass after testing.

7.6.2.5 Damage by mass of samples is determined by the arithmetic mean of this damage for the four tested samples.

7.6.3 Processing of the results of three tests (determination of flammability parameters)

7.6.3.1 When processing the results of three tests, the following parameters of the flammability of the building material are calculated:

- flue gas temperature;

- duration of self-burning;

- the degree of damage along the length;

- the degree of damage by weight.

7.6.3.2 The temperature of the flue gases (, ° C) and the duration of self-combustion (, s) are determined as the arithmetic mean of the results of three tests.

7.6.3.3 The degree of damage along the length (,%) is determined by the percentage of the damage length of the samples to their nominal length and is calculated as the arithmetic mean of this ratio from the results of each test.

7.6.3.4 The degree of damage by mass (,%) is determined by the percentage of the mass of the damaged part of the samples to the initial (based on the results of one test) and is calculated as the arithmetic mean of this ratio from the results of each test.

7.6.3.5 The results obtained are rounded to whole numbers.

7.6.3.6 The material should be classified in the flammability group in accordance with 5.3 (Table 1).

7.7 Test report

7.7.1 The following data shall be given in the test report:

- date of testing;

- the name of the laboratory conducting the test;

- the name of the customer;

- name of the material;

The code of the technical documentation for the material;

- a description of the material with an indication of the composition, manufacturing method and other characteristics;

- the name of each material that is an integral part of the laminated material, indicating the thickness of the layer;

- a method of making a sample with an indication of the base material and the method of fastening;

- additional observations during the test;

- characteristics of the exposed surface;

- test results (flammability parameters according to 7.6.3);

- a photograph of the sample after testing;

- conclusion on the results of tests on the flammability group of the material.

For materials tested in accordance with 7.2.3 and 7.2.5, indicate the flammability groups for all cases established by these paragraphs;

- period of validity of the conclusion.

APPENDIX A (mandatory). INSTALLATION FOR TESTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS FOR NON-FLAMMABILITY (method I)

APPENDIX A
(required)

1 - bed; 2 - isolation; 3 - refractory pipe; 4 - magnesium oxide powder; 5 - winding; 6 - damper; 7 - steel rod; 8 - limiter; 9 - sample thermocouples; 10 - stainless steel tube; 11 - sample holder; 12 - furnace thermocouple; 13 - isolation; 14 - insulating material; 15 - pipe made of asbestos cement or similar material; 16 - seal; 17 - air flow stabilizer; 18 - Sheet steel; 19 - draft protection device

Figure A.1 - General view of the installation

1 - refractory pipe; 2 - nichrome tape

Figure A.2 - Oven winding

Thermocouple in the center of the sample; - thermocouple on the sample surface;

1 - stainless steel tube; 2 - mesh (mesh size 0.9 mm, wire diameter 0.4 mm)

Figure A.3 - Sample holder

1 - wooden handle; 2 - welded seam

Furnace thermocouple; - thermocouple in the center of the sample; - thermocouple on the sample surface;

1 - furnace wall; 2 - the middle of the height of the constant temperature zone; 3 - thermocouples in a protective casing; 4 - contact of thermocouples with material

Figure A.5 - Mutual arrangement of furnace, sample and thermocouples

1 - stabilizer; 2 - ammeter; 3 - thermocouples; 4 - furnace winding; 5 - potentiometer

Figure A.6 - Electrical diagram installations

1 - fire resistant steel bar; 2 - thermocouple in a protective casing made of alumina porcelain; 3 - silver solder; 4 - steel wire; 5 - ceramic tube; 6 - hot layer

Figure A.7 - Scanning device for thermocouple

Figure A.8 - Furnace wall temperature profiles

APPENDIX B (mandatory). INSTALLATION FOR TESTING BUILDING MATERIALS FOR FLAMMABILITY (method II)

APPENDIX B
(required)

1 - combustion chamber; 2 - sample holder; 3 - sample; 4 - gas-burner; 5 - air supply fan; 6 - the door of the combustion chamber; 7 - diaphragm; 8 - ventilation tube; 9 - gas pipeline; 10 - thermocouples; 11 - exhaust hood; 12 - viewing window

Figure B.1 - General view of the installation

1 - sample; 2 - gas-burner; 3 - holder base (sample support)

Figure B.2 - Gas burner

1 - undamaged surface; 2 - the border of the damaged and undamaged surface; 3 - damaged surface

Figure B.3 - Determination of the sample damage length

Electronic text of the document

prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified by:
official publication
M .: Standartinform, 2008

The fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following properties:

1. Flammability;
2. Flammability;
3. The ability to spread the flame over the surface;
4. Smoke-generating ability;
5. Combustion products toxicity.

By flammability building materials are divided into combustible (G) and non-combustible (NG).

Building materials are non-combustible with the following values ​​of flammability parameters determined experimentally: temperature increase - no more than 50 degrees Celsius, sample weight loss - no more than 50 percent, duration of stable flame combustion - no more than 10 seconds.

Construction materials that do not meet at least one of the parameter values ​​specified in part 4 of this article are classified as combustible. Combustible building materials are classified into the following groups:

• Low-flammable (G1), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 135 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 65 percent, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 20 percent, the duration of self-combustion is 0 seconds;
• Moderately flammable (G2), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 235 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 85 percent, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50 percent, the duration of self-burning is not more than 30 seconds;
• Normally combustible (GZ), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 450 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85 percent, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50 percent, the duration of self-burning is not more than 300 seconds;
• Highly flammable (G4), having a flue gas temperature of more than 450 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85 percent, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is more than 50 percent, the duration of self-combustion is more than 300 seconds.

For materials belonging to flammability groups G1-GZ, the formation of burning melt drops during testing is not allowed (for materials belonging to flammability groups G1 and G2, the formation of melt drops is not allowed). For non-combustible building materials, other indicators of fire hazard are not defined or standardized.

By flammability combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface density of the heat flux, are divided into the following groups:

• Hardly flammable (B1), having a critical surface heat flux density of more than 35 kilowatts per square meter;
• Moderately flammable (B2), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 20, but not more than 35 kilowatts per square meter;
• Flammable (VZ), having a critical surface heat flux density of less than 20 kilowatts per square meter.

By flame propagation speed on the surface, combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface density of the heat flux, are divided into the following groups:

• Non-propagating (RP1), having a critical surface heat flux density of more than 11 kilowatts per square meter;
• Weakly spreading (RP2), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 8, but not more than 11 kilowatts per square meter;
• Moderately spreading (RPZ), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 5, but not more than 8 kilowatts per square meter;
• Strongly spreading (RP4), having a critical surface heat flux density of less than 5 kilowatts per square meter.

By smoke generating the ability of combustible building materials, depending on the value of the coefficient of smoke generation, are divided into the following groups:

• With low smoke-generating ability (D1), having a smoke production coefficient of less than 50 square meters per kilogram;
• With a moderate smoke-generating ability (D2), having a smoke production coefficient of at least 50, but not more than 500 square meters per kilogram;
• With a high smoke-generating ability (DZ), having a smoke production coefficient of more than 500 square meters per kilogram.

By toxicity combustion products combustible building materials are divided into the following groups in accordance with Table 2 of the Appendix to this Federal Law:

• Low hazard (T1);
• Moderately hazardous (T2);
• Highly hazardous (TK);
• Extremely hazardous (T4).

Depending on the fire hazard groups, building materials are divided into the following Fire hazard classes:

In accordance with the federal law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ, the basis for the fire-technical classification of construction products - buildings, structures and building materials - is based on their assessment:

· by fire hazard, i.e. properties contributing to the occurrence of hazardous factors of fire and its development;

· fire resistance , i.e. the properties of resistance to fire and the spread of its hazardous factors.

Fire hazard analysis consists in determining the amount and fire hazardous properties of substances and materials, the conditions of their ignition, the characteristics of building structures, buildings and structures, the possibility of fire spread and the assessment of the danger to people, etc.

Construction Materials characterized by only fire hazard. It is determined by the following characteristics: flammability, flammability, flame spread over the surface, toxicity, smoke-generating ability.

Fire hazard properties are primarily associated with the flammability of substances and materials, i.e. with their ability to burn, which in turn is characterized by the behavior of the sample of the material in the flame of the heat source and after its removal. In accordance with GOST 30244-94, solid materials are divided into non-combustible (NG) and combustible (G).

Non-flammable substances and materials that are not capable of self-combustion in air, while combustible materials are capable of spontaneously igniting, igniting from an ignition source and supporting the development of combustion.

Combustible materials, depending on the temperature of the flue gases, the intensity of combustion and the duration of independent combustion, are in turn divided into four groups of flammability:

· D1 (slightly flammable);

· G2 (moderately flammable);

· G3 (normally flammable);

· G4 (highly flammable).

Materials of the G1 group are incapable of self-burning, they burn only in the presence of more flammable materials such as, for example, materials of the G4 group, which burn well on their own until complete burnout. Group G4 includes materials of increased fire hazard - polyurethane foams, polystyrene foams and similar organic materials with low density, intensively developing combustion and capable of forming burning melts.

The flammability of building materials is determined by the ignition time at given values ​​of the surface density of the heat flux. Flammability materials are divided (GOST 30402-96) into three groups:

· IN 1 (hardly flammable);

· IN 2 (moderately flammable);

· AT 3 (flammable).

Flame propagation is estimated from the length of the flame propagation over the surface and the critical surface density of the heat flux, as well as the ignition time of the sample. Combustible building materials on the spread of flame over the surface are subdivided (GOST R 51032-97) into four groups:

· RP1 (non-proliferating);

· RP2 (weakly spreading);

· RP3 (moderately spreading);

· RP4 (highly propagating).

Smoke production coefficient is an indicator characterizing the optical density of smoke formed during flame combustion or thermal oxidative destruction (smoldering) of a certain amount of solid matter (material). Combustible building materials by smoke generating ability are subdivided (GOST 12.1.044) into three groups:

· D1 (with low smoke-generating ability);

· D 2 (with moderate smoke-generating ability);

· DZ (with high smoke-generating ability).

The indicator of toxicity of combustion products is the ratio of the amount of material to a unit volume of a closed space in which gaseous products formed during the combustion of the material cause the death of 50% of the experimental animals. Combustible building materials toxicity combustion products are divided according to GOST 12.1.044 into four groups:

· T1 (low-hazard);

· T2 (moderately dangerous);

· TK (highly hazardous);

· T4 (extremely dangerous).

All the above fire hazard properties affect the comprehensive assessment of the material - its fire hazard class

Building construction are characterized by fire resistance and fire hazard. The main characteristic of a building structure is the ability to maintain load-bearing and / or enclosing functions in a fire, which is assessed fire resistance limit.

Fire resistance limit- this is the time during which a building structure resists the effects of fire or high fire temperatures until one or several successive fire resistance limit states occur, taking into account functional purpose constructions. The main limiting states include:

Loss of bearing capacity due to structural collapse or the occurrence of ultimate deformations ( R );

Loss of integrity as a result of formation in structures through cracks or openings through which combustion products or flame ( E );

Loss of heat-insulating ability due to an increase in temperature on an unheated surface of a structure to the maximum values ​​for a given structure ( I );

The fire resistance limit of windows is set only by the time of the onset of the loss of integrity ( E ).

The designation of the fire resistance limit consists of a letter denoting the corresponding limit state ( R , E , I ) and the numbers corresponding to the time of reaching one of these states (the first in time) in minutes.

For example:

· R 120 - limit of fire resistance 120 min - loss of bearing capacity;

· RE 60 - fire resistance limit of 60 minutes - for loss of bearing capacity and loss of integrity, regardless of which of the two limiting states occurs earlier;

· REI 30 - fire resistance limit of 30 minutes - for the loss of bearing capacity, integrity and thermal insulation capacity, regardless of which of the three limiting states occurs earlier.

If, however, for the construction they are standardized various fire resistance limits various signs of the onset of the limit state, the designation may consist of two or more parts. For example, R 120 / EI 60 or R 120 / E90 / I 60 .

By fire hazard in accordance with GOST 30403, building structures are divided into four classes:

· K0(non-flammable);

· K1(low fire hazard);

· K2(moderately fire hazardous);

· KZ(fire hazardous).

The fire hazard of structures is established depending on the consequences of exposure to flame on the structure, including such as:

· The presence of a thermal effect from the combustion of construction materials;

· The presence of fiery combustion of gases released during the thermal decomposition of materials of construction;

· The size of the damage to the structure;

· Fire hazard of materials from which the structure is made.

The fire resistance of structures affects the fire resistance of a building. Particular attention is paid to the load-bearing elements of the building, which ensure the overall stability and geometric invariability of the building in the event of a fire. These include load-bearing walls, frames, columns, beams, crossbars, trusses, floors, etc. These structures are subject to the highest fire resistance requirements, but only in relation to their loss of bearing capacity ... According to the limits of fire resistance of building structures, the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures is assigned. In accordance with SNiP 21-01-97, four degrees are established. I is characterized by the presence of basic building structures with a high fire resistance limit (from R 120, REI 120 to RE 30). The least fire-resistant - IV degree - the limits of fire resistance for it are not even set (for IV they are less than 15 minutes).

An important means of preventing fires and explosions is fire prevention, which is based on an assessment of the explosion and fire hazard of production facilities. This assessment allows you to assign organizational and technical measures. Currently, according to NTB 105-95, production is categorized depending on the premises, buildings and structures in which they are located and on the combustible properties of substances and materials used in production. Explosion-and-fire-hazardous premises are divided into separate categories according to the overpressure of the explosion, because this parameter significantly affects the development of a fire in a building

Similar information.

According to their combustibility, substances and materials are divided into three groups: non-combustible, hardly combustible and combustible.

Non-combustible (hardly combustible) - substances and materials not capable of burning in air. Non-flammable substances can be fire and explosive.

Flame retardant (hardly combustible) - substances and materials that can burn in the air when exposed to an ignition source, but are not able to independently burn after its removal.

Combustible (combustible)- substances and materials that can ignite spontaneously, as well as ignite when exposed to an ignition source and burn independently after removing it.

All combustible substances are divided into the following main groups:

Combustible gases (GG) - substances capable of forming flammable and explosive mixtures with air at temperatures not exceeding 50 ° C. Combustible gases include individual substances: ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, butyl acetate, hydrogen, vinyl chloride, isobutane, isobutylene, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, propylene, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, and vapors of flammable and flammable liquids.

Flammable liquids (FL) - substances that can burn independently after removing the ignition source and have a flash point not higher than 61 ° C (in a closed crucible) or 66 ° (in an open one). Such liquids include individual substances: acetone, benzene, hexane, heptane, dimethylforamide, difluorodichloromethane, isopentane, isopropylbenzene, xylene, methyl alcohol, carbon disulfide, styrene, acetic acid, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene technical products gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, white spirit, solvents.

Flammable liquids (FL) - substances that can burn independently after removing the ignition source and have a flash point above 61 ° (in a closed crucible) or 66 ° C (in an open one). Flammable liquids include the following individual substances: aniline, hexadecane, hexyl alcohol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, as well as mixtures and technical products, for example, oils: transformer, vaseline, castor.

Combustible dust(/77) - solids in a finely dispersed state. Combustible dust in the air (aerosol) is capable of forming explosive

3 Classification of premises for fire safety

In accordance with the "All-Union Standards for Technological Design" (1995), buildings and structures in which production facilities are located are subdivided into five categories (Table 5).

Category A: workshops for the processing and use of metallic sodium and potassium, oil refining and chemical industries, warehouses for gasoline and cylinders for combustible gases, premises for stationary acid and alkaline storage systems, hydrogen stations, etc.