What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

To survive in the Arctic, people had to repulse the main enemy of man in these latitudes - a terrible cold penetrating to the bones. But human ingenuity and resourcefulness made it possible to tame the cold, cruel North. And in this article you will find out how the equipment of polar explorers has changed over the years.
Traditional Eskimo outfit
Canada consists of two fur suits worn one on top of the other. The skins of the upper suit are turned with the fur outward, and the lower one - with the fur inward. Each suit consists of a parka with a hood, pants, gloves and boots. Thus, the double layer of fur perfectly protects the whole body from the cold. The Eskimos do not wear belts, so both parkas hang loosely for ventilation. For the manufacture of boots, a deer skin is used, which is sewn with fur outside so that the foot does not slip on the ice.
Reindeer hide clothing not only provides excellent thermal insulation. It can also become the only means of escape in the event that a hunter accidentally falls through the ice. Since the hair of a deer is hollow, this allows a person to stay on the surface for a long time, sometimes up to several hours, which significantly increases the chances of salvation.


It was for all these qualities that the first polar explorers fell in love with the traditional clothes of the peoples of the North and took it as a basis for making polar explorers' suits until the 40s of the last century. This is how the Arctic explorer Nikolai Urvantsev describes a typical polar suit of the 1930s: “I dressed warmly enough and at the same time lightly. I was wearing simple jersey and woolen underwear, a woolen sweater, a fur shirt from a fawn with fur inside; fur pants with a bodice, where the shirt was tucked in; on the legs - simple and woolen socks, long stockings up to the waist with fur inside and, finally, fur boots, also up to the waist, “bakari” boots. The boots contained a thick felt insole. For protection from the wind, a "wind" shirt with a hood and pants made of dense parachute silk were worn over everything. I wore the kukhlyanka only during a particularly strong blizzard. "


But since the occupation and life of the participants in high-latitude expeditions often differed greatly from the traditional way of life of the Eskimos, the clothes of local residents did not always meet their needs. The challenge was maintaining a balance between seemingly two mutually exclusive qualities - high thermal insulation and good ventilation.
Therefore, until the mid-60s, polar explorers experimented with suits, for which the fur of various animals was used. Quilted clothes with eider down or cotton wool were also in use. The set of clothes for the polar explorer of those times included silk and woolen underwear, trousers with eider down or camel hair, a woolen diving sweater and a quilted short jacket. A woolen comforter protected the head from frost, a hat with a leather top and a fur hood on top. This outfit was completed with a woolen scarf and woolen gloves and shoes, whose assortment has not changed until now: high fur boots, felt boots and rubber boots. Outerwear was sewn from thick windproof fabric.


With the start of work in the more severe physical and geographical conditions of the Antarctic highlands and with the change of activities in the Arctic from expeditionary to mainly industrial, the polar explorer's suit required serious modifications. Thus began the search for new materials and work on the study of the thermal state of a person in various conditions. This is how the best-proven model of polar workwear - the KAE suit - appeared in the USSR. The suit consisted of a jacket with a hood and a windproof flap covering the lower part of the face, and a jumpsuit. Camel wool, laid between two layers of gauze, and a nylon windproof film served as insulation. Cotton fabric was used as an upper material for a long time, until it was abandoned due to numerous shortcomings.


In the 80s, instead of cotton fabrics, fabrics made of polyester textured threads, which retain elasticity at low temperatures, are soft and wear-resistant, began to be used as upper materials. In Europe and the USA, attempts were made to create polar workwear from synthetic materials: nitron, polyvinylchloride, polyester and others. However, clothing made from these materials did not provide a satisfactory heat-shielding effect.


A new impetus in the production of equipment for polar expeditions was given by the invention of membrane fabrics and materials. Due to their structure (their pores pass moist warm air from the inside and prevent the penetration of moisture from the outside), membrane or "breathing" materials combine excellent wind and moisture protection properties with good ventilation and thermal insulation.


The modern polar workwear set has three layers: thermal underwear, wool or fleece, down jumpsuit or jacket. The main function of each layer is to retain heat and transport moisture to the overlying layer and then remove it outside. To achieve these goals, the latest membrane materials are used.
As a filler in a down overalls or jacket, not only down (duck or goose) is used, but also synthetic materials such as Thinsulate, Thermolite, Daune and Quallofil. They compete with natural insulation and provide reliable thermal protection combined with good ventilation.

When choosing a coat for the winter, it is worth remembering that such clothes are suitable for wearing at temperatures no colder than -15 ° C. If in your area the temperature drops lower in winter, then you should not choose an insulated coat as an option for everyday wear. A straight black, brown or dark gray coat with a one-cut sleeve, not decorated with intricate decorative elements, is perfect as an ideal option for a business woman with a private car. Such a coat can be combined not only with business suits and dresses, but also with jeans, dresses in a free style, as well as with festive cocktail dresses.

A versatile knee-length insulated coat is the basis of any winter wardrobe.

When choosing a warm down jacket for the winter, you should not be tempted by cheap models from China. Of course, the price of 5-7 thousand is very attractive, but such a thing will not last more than one season, and artificial fillers will not warm you even at a temperature of -5 ° C. Try to opt for well-known brands such as Italian Woolrich or Canada Goose. Modern materials of such down jackets not only withstand severe frosts, but also, for example, have dirt-repellent properties.

Buying a down jacket in the summer, you save from 30 to 70% of the amount.

To keep your look not too sporty, wear a down jacket with leather flat boots or biker boots, as well as roomy leather bags. Such accessories, unlike backpacks and uggs, allow you to wear a down jacket or

With the onset of winter, it is necessary to warm up. This is especially important if you live in regions where winter frosts are very harsh. In addition, warm clothing is essential for working in the North. In order not to freeze in the cold, it is necessary to choose the right clothes of the following categories: outerwear, shoes, overalls, warm pants, sweaters and sweaters.

How to choose

When choosing clothes for winter weather, be sure to pay attention to their quality. It is best to buy clothes from well-known brands, as they usually produce high quality clothes that will keep you warm in winter. For example, you can give preference to such warm clothing manufacturer as Norfin and other brands, with Canadians being considered the best manufacturers of such clothing.

When buying winter clothes, pay attention to the seams: in no case should they be through, threads should not stick out of them. It is important to check all buttons, zippers and other fasteners to ensure that they close tightly and do not jam. For women and girls, it is better not to buy warm clothes, the size of which will be back to back, since such clothes will interfere and hinder movement. It is preferable to choose loose clothing in which it will be comfortable when raising your arms up and to the sides.

Outerwear

There are many types of women's winter clothing in the world, both very warm and quite light. For girls who are interested not only in being warm, but also always looking good, an insulated coat will be an excellent option for outerwear. In such clothes, you will look feminine and elegant, many styles even emphasize the figure favorably, and a stylish, correctly selected warm scarf will perfectly complement the image. It is best to opt for a coat made from natural materials such as cashmere or wool. Moreover, it is important that this item of clothing is insulated with a lining, which is usually made of wool or synthetic winterizer.

Parka

In the world of fashion, a parka is considered a mixture of a fur coat and a down jacket, but this model is more sporty, perfect for creating a casual look. I took fur from the parka's fur coat, and from the jacket - a windproof and waterproof material, which is made of cotton and nylon. Parkas have very warm hoods, so many do not wear hats with them. To create an urban look, you can complement the park with jeans and oversized boots in a masculine style.

Sheepskin coat

Sheepskin coats are very popular among both women and girls. And this is no wonder, because they are very versatile: combine this item of clothing with any style of clothing. Another advantage of a sheepskin coat is that it is lighter than a fur coat and warmer than a coat. In addition, now there is a huge number of stylish design solutions: from sheepskin coats with oblique zippers, with rivets and straps in the style of rock and roll to classic elongated models in a wide variety of both dark and light shades.

Sheepskin jackets

Designers jokingly call such clothes a sheepskin coat turned inside out, since sheep fur in such models is outside. Moreover, its length can be very diverse: there are models with a long sheepskin, that is, with fluffy fur, and there are models with a sheared sheepskin, which even somewhat resemble a fur coat. Combined sheepskin coats, which combine long and short fur, are now at the height of fashion, such models are often decorated with ethnic or geometric patterns. Such outerwear is very comfortable and, moreover, looks very stylish.

Down jacket

Now designers offer a variety of stylish solutions, "puffy" down jackets are a thing of the past. In modern models of down jackets, you want to always stay, they are not only warm and practical, but also fashionable. Fashion houses offer collections of down jackets, trench coats, as well as down jackets, trimmed with fur or decorated in Japanese style. There is an original and stylish down jacket for every taste.

Sports jackets are also very popular. They are usually made by fashionable sports brands that use membrane technology in their manufacture. The membranes keep the warmth inside the jacket and help wick away excess moisture. Such a model of clothing is necessary for outdoor activities or work. There are many models that have a high neckline, a detachable hood and comfortable, tight cuffs.

Winter is the time of the year when you want to warm up, and fashion and style fade into the background. Who said that in cold weather it is impossible to look beautiful and profitable? Modern winter clothing allows all family members to be at the height of fashion and at the same time to experience the cold season warm and with pleasure.

Winter clothing comes in many different types and styles. You can be convinced of this by seeing tens of thousands of photos on the Internet, but first of all, it differs in age and gender. Not only women, but also men and children can dress fashionably and beautifully. Before making a choice in favor of this or that winter outfit, it is worth understanding in more detail which types of clothes are the warmest.

For men

For a man, not only style and warmth are important, but also comfort - fashion designers take these key points as a basis, creating beautiful and warm models of winter clothes for men. Practical and comfortable clothing options for winter holidays and walks combine the following models:

• Pilot - the option of short-cut warm jackets is back in fashion. Among stylists, this model is called "Bomber". Once the former winter uniform of pilots became the basis of this option. The product is made of high quality leather, with a high collar, wide shoulders and hip length. The winter version is sewn on fur, which makes it warm, windproof and comfortable.
• Parka - the model is also based on military uniforms. At the moment, the model is in trend and is very popular due to its comfort in wear and its thermal qualities. A simple cut and elongated style, always with fur trim and natural down filling, will become an indispensable assistant even in the most fierce winter.
• Snowmobiles - a practical, comfortable and warm model have been in demand for several years. The sporty style and quality materials used in tailoring are suitable for extreme temperatures. In the manufacture, moisture and windproof materials are used. A membrane is used as the upper material, its main advantage is the preservation of body heat, due to which it is able to warm in the most severe frosts. The filler in this version is a synthetic winterizer. A lightweight and comfortable jacket is great outdoor wear.
• The down jacket is a classic winter clothing that is one of the most favorite options among men. Light weight and easy maintenance make the model practical. The filler for winter clothes of this option is natural down, most often goose or swan down is used.
• Quilted short coats - recently a new trend has come into winter fashion - oversize. The length of such a product is approximately knee-deep. The clothes are made of durable fabrics, the color scheme is calm. Quilted coats are more of an office uniform; they are combined with business suits.

Fashionable menswear models are used for jogging in winter and for going to the office. It is worth choosing models based on your preferences and some tips from stylists:

• Leather - leather practically does not go out of fashion, appearing on the catwalk in different versions. To date, current models are made of dense or patent leather. Both synthetics and fur are used as insulation. For young people, there are many options for winter leather jackets, mature men are offered to purchase elongated styles, vintage sheepskin coats;
• With fur, decorative fur trims are back in fashion. It is common to see fur trim in the collar or front trims, however, designers offer wide inserts with a long pile on the back, front shelves;
• Long - down short coats with knee-length offered by designers this season. Stylish and comfortable options on down will perfectly cope with their main task - to warm in winter. In addition, they will emphasize the style and efficiency of a man at any age;
• Short ones are ideal for young people with an active lifestyle, as well as for those who spend most of their life behind the wheel. Cropped cut jackets with artificial or natural fillings are in great demand among young people. Color solutions are bright shades, ornament and patterns, as well as color combinations. Short models are ideal for winter outdoor activities and winter tourism.

For women

Each woman chooses the winter style of clothing herself. It can be a sports jacket for all occasions or an elegant fur coat. Whatever the choice of a lady, it is important that people in winter clothes do not freeze on frosty days.

We love one thing, and fashion dictates another. How to choose beautiful and stylish options and still feel warm and comfortable? There are several types of winter clothing for women:

• Sheepskin coat - a tanned sheepskin with fur inside for decades has been a success among the fair sex. The high-quality material with excellent thermal properties is also distinguished by its wear resistance. Surely, many remember the Soviet sheepskin coats on the floor, which were able to withstand more than a dozen winters. Modern styles are sheepskin coats. Shortened versions with modern decorative finishes;
• Coat - this model can be made from fur, and from leather or coat fabrics. The spacious model is very comfortable, it does not hinder movement and looks stylish;
• The coat is perhaps the most elegant winter garment. A coat for a cold winter is made of thick woolen fabrics, and synthetic or natural material is used as a filler. Winter coat options often have voluminous fur collars made of polar fox, fox, raccoon;
• Pihora - at the moment, such options for fashionable winter clothing can be called "parka";
• Distinctive feature: the upper part is made of raincoat fabric or leather, the inner part is made of fur. This model is good in that it perfectly withstands wind and moisture;
• Down jacket - a classic version with padding, the warmest is natural down. Often there are options with filling with holofiber or padding polyester. Down jackets are good because they are lightweight, have excellent thermal characteristics and are made in various colors. In stores there are bright monochromatic, Russian folk colors, national themes, animals, geometric shapes or asymmetric patterns can also be depicted. Beautiful and warm down jackets are easy to care for, able to warm during long walks;
• Fur coat. An integral classic of the Russian winter. Fashionable winter clothes made of fur are short auto-lady coats made of short-haired or sheared furs, vest coats made of polar fox or raccoon, as well as fashionable fur coats on the floor.

Every woman's wardrobe should have several options for winter clothing. A down jacket for walking with a child in winter, a fur coat for going out to events or walking to work. After all, in a fur coat you will no longer be able to lie with your baby in the snow, and a down jacket does not go well with an evening dress.

Children

On the shelves of shops you can find many different options for children's clothing. It differs in styles and colors. Every parent wants his child to be fashionable and beautiful, but most importantly, he should be warm and comfortable in any weather. But not everyone knows how to choose the warmest winter clothes for children.

Many parents ask themselves how to choose winter clothes for a child. When choosing, it is worth considering several nuances, including the age of the child.

Clothes for newborns - for the smallest there is such a kind of winter clothes as an envelope. People are used to thinking of an envelope as a product to be discharged from the hospital in winter. Statement envelopes are also different. In winter, you can use a blanket envelope. Or you can purchase a full-fledged jumpsuit made in the form of an envelope. Its main advantage is its transformation into a jumpsuit with legs. The discharge kit from the hospital is a kind of bag with fur. In such a dress, the child is warm and comfortable. Sheepskin is used as fur, it is hypoallergenic and has excellent thermal qualities, which is very important for the first baby.

The envelope for discharge from the hospital in winter is designed to be worn for up to a year. They choose at 1 year and up to this age just such options for winter clothing. When the baby grows up, the envelope turns into a jumpsuit, thanks to the locks on the bottom. The child can sit and move freely in it. Winter discharge from the hospital for the baby will become comfortable and convenient, because this type of clothing does not hinder movement and allows you to move as you like. At the same time, the envelope is warm in any frost. Pictures of such things can be easily found on the Internet. Temperature range from -25 to -35C.

Clothing for children of the younger and middle group - winter clothing for babies is very diverse. Among the options presented, you can choose:

• One-piece jumpsuit - recently this particular type of clothing for children is very popular. The point is its convenience, lightness and excellent technical characteristics. The main advantages of such overalls are: membrane fabric, wind and water resistance, dirt-repellent properties, a signal strip made of reflective material. Solid overalls are excellent clothing for winter hikes, its temperature range ranges from -20 to -40C;
• Separate jumpsuit - these options are more suitable for older children. Companies from Norway offer membrane options for separate overalls, consisting of semi-overalls and a jacket with a temperature regime of up to -40C. It is important that when developing clothes for winter walks, all the nuances are taken into account so that the baby is warm and comfortable in any weather conditions;
• Down jackets are the most common type of children's winter clothing. Manufacturers offer short, medium and long versions with different temperature settings. Down jackets have a wide selection of all kinds of color schemes, prints with animals, as well as showing the image of cartoon heroes. There are down jackets with applique. In the middle group, the choice of models is simply huge. This will allow you to choose a warm thing that will please not only the parents, but also the child. Cards for children's clothing can be viewed in any online store, when buying, carefully study the information in them;
• Children's fur coats are beautiful products that are more suitable for a winter photo shoot than for daily wear.

Clothing for children of the older group - in the older group, many sports activities take place on the street. To keep the child warm and comfortable, it is worth choosing things by size. Excess clothing will create discomfort during active activities. If it is smaller, it will hinder the movement of the child. Pants should have a thick layer of padding, but not bulky. It is better to choose loose-fitting semi-overalls with an average amount of filler; in such clothes, outdoor activities will only be a pleasure.

The jacket should also not be long or very bulky. Medium length should be preferred. It is recommended to choose models with a membrane. These jackets are thin, but have excellent technical characteristics. The membrane is a material that retains the heat of the human body. Thanks to its breathability and waterproofness, this warmth is retained and warms up the baby. Thin membrane suits have a temperature range from -15 to -40C. It is worth choosing a temperature regime depending on the climatic conditions of the area.

What winter clothes to choose for a child, each parent decides for himself, based on his requests for the product. It also depends for what purpose it is purchased: for cycling in winter or for short walks. Top producers with great options are Norway and Canada. It is these manufacturing countries that you should pay attention to when choosing a winter kit for your baby.

Outerwear

The warmest clothing for winter is considered to be a natural fur coat. However, this opinion is controversial. Modern technologies and materials, even artificial ones, can compete for the right to be the warmest clothing for the winter period. Most often they choose in winter:

• Jackets;
• Coat;
• Fur coats;
• Sheepskin coats.

Each of these species has several more subspecies.

Jackets

Jackets include parkas, down jackets, quilted coats, and so on. These winter wardrobe items are mainly used as clothing for travel, outdoor activities, long walks. Jackets are for women, men, children, teenagers. They can be of different lengths and styles. Average temperature range up to -25C.

Coat

Winter coats can also be women, men and children. Various materials are used for the coat - natural and synthetic fabrics. The difference between winter and demi-season options is in the lining. An insulated lining with synthetic fiber padding adds extra warmth. Average temperature range up to -20C.

Fur coats

The winter collection of fur clothes is striking in its variety. Nowadays designers don't get by with 2-3 types of furs. Various types are used in the development of models. Also, the choice of models is very wide from autolady fur coats to transforming fur coats. A fur coat is still considered a purely women's clothing, but fashion designers break the boundaries and offer a wide selection of men's and children's styles.

Sheepskin coats

Sheepskin coats are considered the most comfortable and warm item of winter wardrobe. Fashion catwalks offer a variety of designs for men, women and children. The main difference between sheepskin coats is their high wear resistance with proper care.

Fabrics and fillers

The fabrics for winter clothing are different. For coats, the following are mainly used:

• Cashmere - is characterized by wear resistance, durability, pleasant to the touch;
• Tweed is a warm material with excellent technical qualities;
• Cloth - woolen or semi-woolen fabric, practical and wearable;
• Suede is fastidious, beautiful, requiring special care, keeps warm well.

The following furs are mainly used for fur coats:

• Mink - wear resistant, for medium temperatures;
• Rabbit - light, for medium to high temperatures;
• Sable - high wear resistance, medium temperature conditions;
• Arctic fox - very warm, low wear resistance.

Jackets are mainly made from materials:

• Duspo - windproof, waterproof, excellent air conduction;
• Taslan - waterproof, resistant to organic pollution, without the "greenhouse effect";
• Oxford - windproof, waterproof, windproof;
• Taffetta is practical, resistant to chemical elements, and has low hygroscopicity.

Manufacturers often use down and synthetic fibers as fillers. Down has excellent thermal properties, especially goose and swan down. But duck and chicken can also be used. It is better to give preference to the warmer filler, because winter can be harsh.

Synthetic fillers: sintepon and holofiber. The first is cheaper and less durable. The second is more expensive, but has better technical characteristics and keeps heat well.

The winter collection of clothes is very extensive and it is rather difficult to choose among the variety. However, those walking along the evening streets in the winter season sometimes become out of fashion, since clothes are not able to warm them when the temperature drops. In order not to freeze and maintain your health, it is better to choose practical options. You can see any master class from experts on how to choose the right one, who will tell you what winter clothes are in fashion, and will not allow you to make a mistake when choosing.

The nights are getting colder and colder: the thermometer sometimes drops to -25 ... -30 degrees. “Dress warmly” - this advice we hear literally everywhere lately. And what is "warmer"? And which clothes are the warmest? "Komsomolskaya Pravda" conducted its own experiment, and found out which clothes keep warm better.

The very first thing you need to know: it is not the clothes that keep the heat, but the air. That is why clothes should be multi-layered, but at the same time should not be tight and squeezing - this will impede blood flow, and blood is the main supplier of heat from the inside. The more air there are, the better.

Shoes also should not be tight. If the shoes are tight, then the blood circulation in the legs slows down, and this is a sure way to frostbite. The fingers should move freely. Before leaving the house, you need to polish your shoes with a greasy cream - it will not let the shoes get wet. Put on woolen socks, insert thick insoles - even if they get wet, they will absorb moisture. A prerequisite is gloves: through bare hands you can lose up to 17% of the heat! By the way, mittens will be a more advantageous option - they are warmer in them.

It is better to choose a hat that is loose and not cover your ears. Protect your neck and even your face from frost with a loose knit scarf. It is important to remember: the danger of frostbite is created not only by subzero temperatures, but also by factors such as air humidity and wind strength. The higher the humidity, the stronger the wind, the more chances of getting frostbite.

How did we measure?

For the experiment, we chose four types of winter outerwear: a sheepskin coat, a ski jacket, a down jacket and a fur coat. We put the electronic thermometer probe in an empty plastic bottle. To prevent the sensor from touching the edges of the bottle, we fixed it strictly in the middle of the bottle. And we put the bottle itself into a sleeve, which we tightly twisted with tape on both sides. It was shaped like candy. We put each wardrobe item in frost for 15 minutes, and measured how many degrees during this time the air temperature in the bottle would drop. It was -13 degrees outside the window.

Initial temperature (оС)

Final temperature (оС)

Temperature difference (оС)

Sheepskin coat

Ski jacket

In our experiment, the fur coat won. Sheepskin coat and down jacket turned out to be almost equal and share the second place. Surprisingly, the ski jacket, which seemed to be made from the most modern materials, lost in our test. However, if you look in more detail, it becomes clear why. First, the sleeve of a blazer is much thinner than the main part. Secondly, the warmth is provided not by the material itself, but by special fasteners-valves at the bottom of the jacket, on the sleeves and on the hood. Thirdly, the very famous membranes, which the manufacturers of sportswear are so proud of, were created not at all to retain heat, but to drain moisture from the body into the outer layers of clothing. And the drier inside, the more comfortable and warmer. Finally, we did not take into account the ability of clothes to withstand gusts of wind, and this is also an important fact.