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Few people, easily solving a simple children's riddle "in winter and summer in one color", wondered: why is it really happening in the natural world, what coniferous trees- spruce and pine - evergreen? No, why green is understandable. Everyone remembers from school biology lessons about such a natural green pigment as chlorophyll, which is one of the main participants in the process of photosynthesis, or, as they say, the "respiration" of a plant.

How photosynthesis works

Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air, water and mineral salts enter them through the root system. Chlorophyll, under the influence of light, converts the ingredients obtained from the outside into glucose, which is the main food of the plant. Only a small amount of water supplied by the root system is used to produce food for the plant, while the bulk of it evaporates through the same leaves.

In the cold season, when the ground freezes, the tree can no longer receive a sufficient amount of water, and in order to avoid excessive evaporation of moisture through the surface of the foliage, it is forced to dump the latter.

Spruce and pine do not feel such a need. Indeed, in essence, the needles of these trees are leaves. They are quite thin, covered with a dense waxy shell, which minimizes the percentage of moisture they evaporate. The shape of a leaf of a tree in the form of a needle allows you to maximally balance the process of intake and evaporation of moisture in a tree in winter. The process of photosynthesis in this case becomes constant.

Needles are an amazing variety of leaves

It would be wrong to assume that the needles on a pine or spruce do not fall off. It is enough to walk through the forest or park to be convinced of the erroneousness of such assumptions. The trick is that the needles that have outlived their life, falling off, are simultaneously replaced with new ones. As a result, the tree has a permanent, stable green color of its leaves-needles. It is worth noting that replacing needles on a tree does not occur immediately on all branches at the same time. This process is underway gradually and measuredly.

Falling needles can occur in different types pine or spruce at different intervals. The minimum life span of a needle is considered to be twelve months. More frequent dropping of needles indicates that not everything is in order with the tree. The needles of most types of spruce do not fall for several years, and the so-called spinous pine can be considered the record holder, the needles of which are kept on the tree for up to 43-45 years.

Deciduous plants of temperate climates shed their foliage for the winter. In the fall, maples, ash trees, birches turn yellow or red, the leaves rapidly change their color to die and fall off. But coniferous evergreens do not fit into the general routine.

Only larch sheds its needles, while the rest of the conifers - spruce, pine, cedar and others, remain green throughout the year. Why does the general law have no power over them? It turns out that there are legitimate reasons for this. Nature leaves the fir trees green color not by chance.

Deciduous plants and the changing seasons

Plants with wide leaves remain green in summer and shed their leaves completely in winter. They will still be useless in the frosty period, since they do not have resistance to cold, they will wither at the first frost. Therefore, it is easier to get rid of them by falling into a kind of hibernation during the cold season in order to grow fresh greens in the spring.

All young leaves are green, which is provided by chlorophyll. Due to this substance, photosynthesis occurs - a process that provides plants with nutrition. It occurs in the presence of a sunny color, and its "side" effect is the release of oxygen into the atmosphere. At night, when, due to darkness, plants are unable to produce photosynthesis, they breathe like ordinary earthly creatures, breathing in oxygen and emitting carbon dioxide. Only the presence of good lighting allows them to act differently.

In hot countries, where there are no frosts that are harmful to foliage, and there is enough sunlight all year round, native plants remain evergreen. Among conifers, only cypress and some pines, mainly mountain ones, are recognized as southern. Mostly conifers are typical northern plants. In harsh latitudes, summer is short, there is less sun. It is more profitable for deciduous foliage to get rid of foliage every year in order to survive the winter - with it excess moisture is dumped, which could pose a threat of trunk cracking in the frost. Chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, they acquire bright shades then fall off. But conifers there is no need to hibernate.

Why does the tree need needles?

Thin, long needles are able to withstand cold weather, they are not threatened by the usual winter risks. They are modified leaves, which are distinguished by a minimal surface, compactness. This reduces useful area, on which photosynthesis can take place, however, it also reduces the risk of damage from cold and winds. Problems with a small area of a separate photosynthesis needle are easily solved by the density of the needles.

What helps a needle to survive the winter?

Resinous sap helps the needles not freeze, do not die off at low temperatures in winter, but they contain less water than the leaves of ordinary trees, this makes them less vulnerable to frost. In addition, each needle has a thin but dense waxy film, which also plays a protective function. In severe frosts, part of the needles can really die off, but these will be exclusively young shoots that have not yet managed to create sufficient protection from the vagaries of nature.

Why are conifers always green?

Ate does not hibernate, although growth in winter slows down, actually stops. New shoots appear in spring, cones bloom and form in summer, when it is warm. In winter, the plant simply continues its very slow existence. Chlorophyll does not leave the needles, they remain green. That is why conifers are always green. To maintain them, very few nutrients are needed, a thorny crown is not burdensome for a tree, there is no point in dumping it.

Are the needles falling off?

The needles are replaced annually, like the leaves of other plants, up to 70-80 percent of needles change per year... The process is not noticeable, it occurs gradually - therefore, the spruce constantly looks green and lush. If a coniferous plant massively drops needles, the process speaks of its severe illness. Massively yellowed, brown needles also speaks of this. Normally, spruce, fir and pine trees remain green all the time.

Interesting fact: larch is the only exception - in autumn its needles turn yellow, then fall off. New ones appear only in the spring.

Even a felled tree remains green for several weeks. Only then the needles begin to crumble, the needles no longer look so attractive. A deciduous plant withers much faster.

Thus, the green color of the needles is provided by chlorophyll, which is contained in them, providing photosynthesis and normal plant life. Greens are present all year round, since conifers are not associated with the need to shed the crown for the winter, the needles tolerate frosts well, and do not require serious expenditure of nutrients from the plant for its maintenance. Pines and spruces can afford the luxury of being evergreen even in the harsh northern climate, which is probably why they are such a favorite New Year's decoration.

If you compare any coniferous tree with any deciduous tree, then first of all such a difference will be striking - one has needles on the branches, and the other has leaves. However, despite their differences, even these parts of the plant are similar to each other. After all, those and others have a green color. They have the same biological function - they produce sap that is vital for the tree.

This juice is called sucrose or sap. It nourishes both the tree itself and the fruits ripening on it. Without it, no tree could live.

Why these organs are green, everyone knows from school biology courses. Probably no other botanical word is repeated in school as often as the name of the process "photosynthesis". In another way, this process can be called the "respiration" of the plant. As a result of the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by leaves or needles, chlorophyll is formed in their organic cells, and oxygen is released into the air.

Chlorophyll is green, so the plant organs where it is present also acquire the corresponding color. Everything is very simple, but a new question arises with the onset of autumn. If the previous comparison of needles and leaves was carried out in the summer, then the next one should be carried out during the "lush wilting nature".

Everyone knows very well that the foliage falls off before the onset of winter, having previously turned yellow or taking on some other color, for example, red or crimson. If you compare autumn leaf with autumn needles, there will be more differences between them than in summer. Now they will differ not only in shape, but also in color. The leaves turned yellow, and the needles remained green as they were. Moreover, they will have the same color in winter and spring, and next summer, etc.

But how can this be if both organs and others have the same biological function? It's all about the shape of these organs. The leaves are too large to withstand the harsh conditions. If the foliage on the tree remained by the onset of winter, the plant would die from a lack of moisture, since with large area a lot of water evaporates. The needles of pine and spruce are very thin, their area is small, so such trees can withstand prolonged drought, and in winter period they will not be left without the required amount of water.

Also, due to its small area, the needles are protected from snow adhesion. If they had the same area as the leaves, a lot of snow would stick to them, and the branches would break under its weight. In general, nothing prevents pines and spruces, even in winter, to remain as green as they are in summer.

Chlorophyll still remains in them and performs its main function. And deciduous trees are forced to shed their foliage and fall into a kind of hibernation in order to safely survive the harsh conditions and, with the onset of spring, begin to enrich our atmosphere with oxygen again.
(Oldykh A.A.)

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Abstract of GCD for preparatory group

Topic: "Why does the Christmas tree have green needles in winter?"

Target: to introduce children to the tree, which has become a symbol of the New Year, to talk about how the fir tree benefits people. To expand the knowledge of children about the phenomena of animate and inanimate nature: why the leaves turn yellow and fall off, and the needles are always green. To teach to explore the needles, to empirically conclude about the presence of a green substance in the needles, to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Exercise in sound analysis of words, in dividing two-three-syllable words into parts; pronounce every part of the word; understand the consistent sound of syllables in a word. Activate the dictionary on the topic (Chlorophyll). Improve the ability to solve math problems for addition and subtraction. Develop fine motor skills.

Foster curiosity, the ability to interact with each other. To cultivate love for nature and respect for it.

National-regional component... Continue to acquaint children with the genres of oral creativity, sayings, riddles, tongue twister on the topic (Yakut folklore)

Integration: speech development, cognitive development.

Preliminary work: conversations, reading fiction, learning poems, songs, tongue twisters. Observing the trees.

Material and equipment: interactive whiteboard, slides, markers, artificial tree, object pictures with Velcro, pieces of white cloth, wooden cubes, spruce needles for the experiment.

Handout: subject pictures, silhouettes of Christmas trees with dotted lines.

Methods and techniques.

Verbal(conversation, explanations, questions of a cognitive nature, artistic word, solving a problem situation, individual answers of children, riddles, proverbs, puzzles)

Gaming(riddles, "Decorate the Christmas tree", "Solve the puzzles", dynamic game "Christmas tree")

Visual(number cards, slides)

Practical(conducting an experiment, solving a mathematical problem, exercise "Herringbone" (fine motor skills)

Course of the lesson

1 We have an unusual activity today. And what we will talk about in the lesson, you will learn by guessing the rebus. (A series of subject pictures appear on the interactive whiteboard.) To do this, you need to compose a word from the first sounds of the words-names of the objects shown in the pictures. (Children make up the word "Herringbone", which appears under the object pictures).

2 Game "Make up a story." Drawing up a story about eating according to plan. Presentation (slide show)

1 Which tree?

2 What does this tree love?

3 What is the trunk of the spruce?

4 What branches does the spruce have?

5 What are the bumps?

6 What are the benefits of this tree?

3 In Yakut folklore, there are sayings about a bad character. A man like a spruce being dragged to the top. A man like a fir tree that has fallen across the highway. Why was a stubborn person compared to spruce?

And what kind of counting rhymes about spruce are in our folklore. (Children read counting rhymes)

4 - Not a single New Year's holiday is complete without a beautiful green Christmas tree. But why are we dressing this particular tree? This custom has come to us from time immemorial. The spruce aroused special respect from our distant ancestors because it remained green when all the other trees shed their foliage. That is why it was considered a sacred tree.

An experience.

Tasks: To investigate the needles, empirically make a conclusion about the presence of a green substance in the needles.

Problematic question:

Why do leaves turn yellow in autumn? Why do you think the tree is green?

The fact is that the leaves and needles are green due to the green substance. Now we will conduct an experiment, find out why the needles are green? Take the needles and place a piece of white cloth inside a bent in half. Now tap hard with a wooden cube through the fabric. What did you find during the experiment? (Green spots appeared on the fabric.) This green substance is called chlorophyll, and it turns green.

Output: when autumn comes and it gets colder and less sunny, this green substance gradually diminishes until it disappears altogether. The leaves do not tolerate cold and wind, so they fall off. There are fewer chlorophyll grains in each needle than in a leaf, but there are much more needles than there are leaves on the sprawling tree itself. The needles are covered with a special wax, moisture evaporates from its surface very slowly. Therefore, in winter, when water is scarce, only such trees can afford to preserve their leaves and remain green. That is why it was considered a sacred tree and was dressed up for the holiday.

Game "Decorate the Christmas tree". Work on the sound, syllabic structure of the word.

Let's also decorate our Christmas tree with toys. First, decorate with toys, the names of which consist of the 1st part (syllable), then with toys, the names of which are divided into 2, 3 parts. Children take turns taking toys and deciding which ones to hang on the tree. Well done, we have decorated the Christmas tree!

Dynamic game "Yes or no". Children walk in circles. "Yes" - clap their hands three times, "No" - squat down and change the direction of movement.

Are there toys on the tree? Funny parsley? Big firecrackers? Dried frog? Colored flags? Meat pies? Bright pictures? Torn shoes? Smoked sausage? etc.

Solving problems " New Year in the forest "(Slides)

1 Look, birds have arrived on our tree. She will shelter them from the blizzard, and shelter them for the night, and treat them with seeds. How many birds have arrived? Three flew back. How much is left?

2 On our Christmas tree in the meadow, not only birds flew in, children also came for the New Year. They brought with them toys - five balls and three crackers. How many toys did the children bring? Make a mathematical expression. And the Christmas tree in response "I don't need toys, I have a snow coat"

Why do you think she doesn't need toys? What is she thinking about?

Christmas tree complaint... “I am sad and lonely in the forest. I was left all alone. But ten beautiful Christmas trees once grew around me. But on New Year's Eve, cruel people with axes appeared in the forest, cut them down to the very spine and took them away. A few days later the bullfinches arrived and said that they put the forest beauties in the rooms, dressed them up, admired them for several days, and threw them into the trash. And slender green Christmas trees turned into unnecessary trash ... and what nice ones they were ... True, I feel sorry for the children too: what a New Year without a Christmas tree. How to be?"

Solving a problem situation: What will you do: cut down a Christmas tree or buy an artificial one, put it at home and decorate with toys ...

Reading the poem "Live, herringbone!"(slide show "Exhibition of Artificial Christmas Trees")

In the forest at the edge, they did not chop it down

And they made a Christmas tree at a good factory

Good uncles, funny aunts ...

And the forest tree remained alive,

Stands at the edge

Nodding with the top of his head ..

Finger gymnastics "Herringbone"

Let's sing about our Christmas tree. To the tune of the song "A Christmas tree was born in the forest," the children repeat the movements behind the teacher.

A Christmas tree was born in the forest (they point the thumb behind the back, "swing the baby", draw three Christmas tree triangles in the air with both hands)

She grew up in the forest (the same actions, raise their hands up)

In winter (trembling, chattering teeth)

And in the summer (wiping sweat from their forehead)

Slender (with both hands draw a thin trunk in the air)

It was green (with both hands draw three Christmas tree triangles in the air)

Exercise "Herringbone" on the development of fine motor skills, the correct position of the hand. Learning to write. It is necessary to trace the silhouette of the Christmas tree without taking your hands off the line. What a beautiful Christmas tree!

Outcome: What new have you learned? What did you like more?

Deciduous plants and the changing seasons

Related materials:

Why do leaves change color in autumn? Why do leaves turn yellow in autumn?

In hot countries, where there are no frosts that are harmful to foliage, and where there is sufficient sunlight all year round, local plants remain evergreen. Among conifers, only cypress and some pines, mainly mountain ones, are recognized as southern. Mostly conifers are typical northern plants. In harsh latitudes, summer is short, there is less sun. It is more profitable for deciduous foliage to get rid of foliage every year in order to survive the winter - with it excess moisture is dumped, which could pose a threat of trunk cracking in the frost. Chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, they acquire bright shades, then fall off. But conifers do not need to hibernate.

Related materials:

Why “September” means the seventh, if in fact it is the ninth?

Why does the tree need needles?

Thin, long needles are able to withstand cold weather, they are not threatened by the usual winter risks. They are modified leaves, which are distinguished by a minimal surface, compactness. This reduces the usable area in which photosynthesis can take place, but also reduces the risk of damage from cold and wind. Problems with a small area of a separate photosynthesis needle are easily solved by the density of the needles.