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Introduction ................................................. .......................... 3

1. Theoretical foundations of implementation

deposit operations ................................................ ....... 6

1.1. The essence of deposit operations. Classification

deposit sources of raising funds ........................... 6

1.2. Features of demand deposits ................................. 12

1.3. Characteristics of time and savings deposits ............... 16

2. Organization and procedure for accounting for deposit operations ............. 21

2.1. Accounting for operations on deposits of citizens ........................................ 21

2.2. Accounting for deposits of legal entities ........................................... 26

2.3. Accounting for interest on deposit operations ............................... 29

3. Ways to improve deposit operations ..................... 33

Conclusion................................................. ...................... 36

List of used literature ..................................... 38

Introduction

Nowhere in the world have bank deposits ever been a tool for making money and served rather to protect against inflation. Even in Russia, when deposit rates rose to sky-high heights, they rarely outstripped inflation. And only now, when inflation is steadily declining, Russians have a rare opportunity to earn some money on bank deposits. Today, the situation on the financial market is such that interest rates will decrease with a slowdown in inflation and a stable dollar exchange rate. This trend is confirmed, in particular, by the recent reduction of the refinancing rate by the Bank of Russia and the fall in the yield of government bonds. Accordingly, the rates on deposits in commercial banks will also decrease. Until recently, the rates on ruble deposits of most banks were 28 - 33% per annum, while the forecasted inflation this year will not exceed 20%. Therefore, today, while rates have not dropped, it is high time to open long-term ruble deposits. With a stable dollar exchange rate, such deposits can bring 10-15% per annum in foreign currency, taking into account inflation.

True, banking specialists advise cautious investors to keep funds in foreign currency deposits for a period of 3 - 9 months. Currently, their yield reaches 11 - 12% per annum. According to Alexey Osemnuk, head of Rosbank's customer service department, opening deposits for more than nine months is risky, since "it is simply impossible to guarantee the stable operation of any credit institution for such a long period in modern Russian conditions."

The bank's deposit policy is associated with inflationary processes, since they reduce the interest of farms and the population in accumulating funds, and on the other, they increase the required reserves for the bank and lead to a sharp reduction in the volume of the bank's credit resources. This circumstance forces to change the deposit policy on the means of their diversification.

The deposit is mandatory, since the amount of the deposit must be made simultaneously with the opening of a current account within the period agreed with the bank. A lot of deposits can create loan capital for the bank, which it will then place on favorable terms in any area of ​​business. An important means of competition for attracting funds in deposits is a variety of interest rate policies. In addition to the high interest paid on deposits, the bank needs high guarantees of the reliability of placing the accumulated resources in this bank.

Along with maintaining deposit accounts, banks use other methods of mobilization - this is attracting deposits from the population. To this end, banks carry out mutual cooperation with Western credit financial resources (joint banks with foreign capital) and, on this basis, form resources for paying interest to the population on deposit operations.

The specificity of a banking institution as one of the types of a commercial enterprise lies in the fact that the overwhelming part of its resources is formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The possibilities of banks in attracting funds are not limitless and are regulated by the central bank in any state.

Beginning in 1996, the Bank of Russia abandoned direct regulation of the ratio between the size of the bank's capital and the amount of funds raised and switched to indirect regulation through a number of mandatory economic standards, such as the capital adequacy ratio, the maximum amount of risk per lender, the maximum amount of attracting cash deposits from the population. and etc.

The main part of the banks' resources is formed by borrowed funds, which cover up to 90% of the total need for funds for carrying out active banking operations. A commercial bank has the ability to attract funds from enterprises, organizations, institutions, individuals and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and open corresponding accounts for them.

Funds attracted by banks are diverse in composition. Their main types are funds attracted by banks in the process of working with clients (deposits), funds accumulated by issuing their own debt obligations (certificates of deposit and savings).

A deposit (deposit) is monetary funds (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency) transferred to the bank by their owner for storage under certain conditions. Operations related to attracting funds into deposits are called deposit operations. For banks, deposits are the main type of their passive operations and, therefore, the main resource for conducting active credit operations.

The relevance of the choice of the topic of work is associated with the vision of banks' problems in the formation of a resource base and their effective placement in the context of a decrease in inflation, stabilization of the Russian currency and tightening of the requirements of bodies regulating the banking sector.

Deposit operations of central banks as an instrument of monetary policy represent the attraction of funds from credit institutions to deposit accounts opened by them for a certain period at a certain interest rate.

When implementing monetary policy, central banks can use deposit operations as follows. First, if necessary, with their help, central banks can reduce the amount of free banking liquidity, temporarily tying up (absorbing) the available surplus funds based on the results of deposit auctions. Second, central banks, by offering standing overnight deposits, can directly control interest rates on transactions in the overnight segment of the interbank market. The Bank of Russia uses both of these options.

To absorb excess liquidity, the Bank of Russia holds deposit auctions. In a structural surplus, regular weekly deposit auctions are the main instrument for managing liquidity.

To form the lower boundary of the interest rate band (to limit fluctuations in market rates “from below”), the Bank of Russia provides banks with the opportunity to place funds in standing overnight deposits.

Basic characteristics of operations

Deposit operations are carried out on the basis of the Agreements on General Conditions for Conducting Deposit Operations and the Conditions for Conducting Deposit Operations by the Bank of Russia concluded by the Bank of Russia and credit institutions. The current versions of the standard form of the Agreement and the specified Terms and Conditions are posted on the Bank of Russia website.

Deposit transactions are carried out only with Russian credit institutions in the currency of the Russian Federation. The Bank of Russia does not establish other criteria for the admission of Russian credit institutions to deposit operations. At the same time, the Bank of Russia reserves the right to make a decision to suspend the participation of a credit institution in deposit operations.

For all types of deposit operations, the Bank of Russia establishes the following conditions for their conduct:

• the date of the transaction,
• date of raising funds,
• the date of return of the deposit and payment of interest,
• term of the deposit,
• interest rate.

This is to attract funds from legal entities and individuals in deposits either for a certain period, or on demand.

As subjects deposit operations are performed by enterprises of all organizational and legal forms and individuals.

Objects deposit operations are deposits, i.e. the amount of funds that the subjects of deposit operations contribute to bank accounts.

The implementation of deposit operations involves the development of each credit institution of its own deposit policy. which should be understood as a set of measures of a commercial bank aimed at defining the forms, tasks, content of banking activities for the formation of banking resources, their planning and regulation.

The ultimate goal of developing and implementing an effective deposit policy of any commercial bank is to increase the volume of the resource base while minimizing the bank's expenses and maintaining the required level of liquidity, taking into account all types of risks.

Since each bank develops a deposit policy, the main question is not only whether the bank has it, but also in its quality. The organization of the bank's deposit relations with clients is determined by many factors, including the size of the bank, the qualifications of bank employees responsible for processing deposit transactions, types of deposits, etc.

Deposits are the main type of resources attracted by commercial banks. Indeed, it is they who reveal the content of a commercial bank's activities as an intermediary in the acquisition of resources on the free market of credit resources.

• legal entities (enterprises, organizations, other banks);
• individuals.

According to the form of withdrawal, deposits are divided into:

• on demand (obligations that do not have a specific term);
• urgent (obligations that have a specific period);
• conditional (funds to be withdrawn upon the occurrence of pre-agreed conditions).

Demand deposits include:

• funds on settlement (current account), current and budget accounts of non-state enterprises that are in federal and state (except for federal) ownership;
• funds on the accounts of individuals - entrepreneurs;
• funds in the accounts of funds for various purposes;
• funds on correspondent accounts of other banks (LORO accounts);
• funds on demand deposit accounts of financial authorities (federal and local), commercial and non-commercial organizations that are in federal and state (except federal) ownership, non-state enterprises;
• funds in settlements (letters of credit, checks) and obligations in settlements for individual operations (factoring, forfeiting, conversion);
• demand deposits of the population.

Despite the high mobility of funds on demand accounts, it is possible to determine their minimum non-decreasing balance and use it as a stable credit resource.

The calculation of the share of "short" money that can be transformed into "long" for a certain period is made according to the formula

• A- the share of "short" money that can be transformed into "long" for a certain period;
• About SR- the average balance of funds on demand accounts for the period;
• About CD- credit turnover on demand accounts for the period.

Time deposits- these are deposits attracted for a certain period. A well-defined shelf life is very important for maintaining the liquidity of a commercial bank's balance sheet.

In accordance with the accounting rules in banks, term deposits are classified according to the following maturities:

• up to 30 days;
• 31-90 days;
• 91 -180 days;
• 181 days - 1 year;
• 1-3 years;
• over 3 years.

Due to the lack of demand for some time deposits, deposits with expired circulation are allocated. The spread of settlements with plastic cards required the allocation of deposits that serve as collateral for this type of settlement.

Opening and servicing all types of deposit accounts provides for the preparation and execution of an appropriate agreement between the bank and the client (bank account or bank deposit).

To increase the interest of depositors in placing their funds, the bank practices, in addition to simple, compound interest.

One of the ways to increase the volume of attracted resources is a variety of deposits for different segments of the population, depending on the social level, as well as the amount and storage period of the deposit. At the same time, banks should take into account the requirements and capabilities of various categories of depositors - from pensioners and students to businessmen and people of average income. To achieve this goal, credit organizations offer such types of deposits as pension, investment, student, etc., for which banks offer preferential increased interest rates. Important factors in the process of attracting deposits are the speed and ease of registration of a deposit (conclusion of an agreement, opening an account). Bank deposit agreements can be either of a standard form or individual, depending on the category of the client, the amount and term of the deposit being made.

The intensifying competition in the banking environment forces credit institutions to resort in the process of fighting for a depositor to such methods as providing a full range of services related to servicing the estimate of a particular client. At the same time, it is proposed to carry out additional operations, such as issuing plastic cards, selling traveler's checks, converting at a preferential rate, accelerated client money transfers, making utility payments, etc. The development of a wide range of banking services, along with deposit insurance, significantly increases the attractiveness of a credit institution in the eyes of existing and potential depositors and contributes to the expansion of the resource base of a commercial bank.

A kind of term deposits are deposit and savings certificates.

The rules for issuing and issuing certificates are established by the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 1992 No. 14-3-20 "Regulations on savings and deposit certificates of credit institutions" (as amended on August 31, 1998 and November 29, 2000). The rules for issuing and issuing certificates are the same for all commercial banks.

Certificates are classified according to the following criteria.

By release method:

• issued on a one-off basis;
• produced in series.

By the way of registration:

• registered;
• to bearer.

By date:

• all urgent.

For sale and purchase and redemption:

• non-cash (according to certificates of deposit);
• non-cash and in cash (with savings certificates).

Commercial banks that issue certificates themselves develop the conditions for the issuance and circulation of each type of certificate. Banks can place them after registration of the terms of issue and contacting the Central Bank of Russia.

Certificates are issued only in rubles. They cannot serve as a means of payment or means of payment for goods sold or services rendered.

Interest at the rate initially set upon issuance of the certificate due to the owner upon the expiration of the circulation period (when the owner of the certificate receives the right to claim a deposit or a deposit under the certificate) is paid by the credit institution, regardless of the time of its purchase. In the event of an early presentation of a savings (deposit) certificate for payment, the credit institution pays the amount of the deposit and interest at the rates of demand deposits, unless a different interest rate is established by the terms of the certificate.

If the term for receiving the deposit (deposit) under the certificate is overdue, the credit institution is obliged to pay the deposit and interest amounts indicated in the certificate at the first request of its owner. For the period from the date of claiming the sums under the certificate until the date of the actual presentation of the certificate for payment, no interest is paid.

A credit institution cannot unilaterally change (decrease or increase) the interest rate stipulated in the certificate and set upon issuance of the certificate.

Non-deposit operations of a commercial bank

Non-depositary sources of attracting resources include debt obligations in the form of bonds issued by banks, promissory notes and interbank loans (IBC).

Bond issue is regulated by the same regulatory documents as the issue of shares, in particular, Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 102-I “On the rules for the issue and registration of securities by credit institutions in the Russian Federation” (as amended). A commercial bank must publish the prospectus and register the issue in due course.

A credit institution may issue the following bonds: registered and bearer bonds secured by a pledge of its own property (or property of third parties); unsecured bonds (not earlier than the third year of activity and not exceeding the amount of the authorized captain); interest and discount; convertible into shares; with a one-time maturity or with a maturity by series at a specific date.

The issue of promissory notes is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of March 11, 1997 No. 48-FZ "On a bill of exchange and promissory note", a letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated September 9, 1991 No. 14-3 / 30 "On banking transactions with promissory notes" and an annex to the letter "Recommendations to banks on work with bills ".

In order to raise funds, banks issue simple interest-bearing and discount bills of exchange denominated in rubles and foreign currency.

The basis for the issuance of a promissory note by a bank is a sale and purchase agreement with a visa of the bank's chief accountant, confirming the receipt of funds to the bank's account. When purchasing a bill of exchange, the client pays for an interest bill of exchange its par value, for a discount bill - the selling price. The buyer can use the received bank bill of exchange as a means of accumulating and saving money, provide it as a pledge, transfer it to another holder by means of endorsement (transfer inscription on the back of the bill, meaning the transfer of rights under this document to another person).

Commercial banks can provide resources to each other through the mediation of exchanges and auctions, as well as through the establishment of direct contractual relations. There are several types of interbank loans (interbank loans).

1. Interbank loans received from other commercial banks. Obtaining a loan is accompanied by the conclusion of an agreement, which reflects all the necessary conditions for such transactions: term, loan amount, availability of collateral, interest rates. MBK is a rather expensive resource, therefore it is considered that the level of MBK in the volume of resources should not be more than 20%.

2. Lending by supporting a correspondent account. The loan is issued in the form of replenishing the correspondent account of one bank in another on the basis of an agreement on correspondent relations. At the same time, a direct agreement on the provision of interbank credit is not drawn up, interest for the use of resources is not paid, and the remuneration is the payment for the balance on the correspondent account. This type of redistribution of resources is used mainly by friendly or otherwise related commercial banks.

3. Credit resources received from other branches(within the same commercial bank). The resources provided by other branches are convenient in that they do not require a pledge to attract them, the execution and exchange of contracts takes place after the transaction, transactions are carried out day in and day out. To purchase resources, a phone call is enough, and a confirmation sent by e-mail or fax serves as a guarantee of one-talk. All of the above makes this tool the most mobile and convenient, allowing you to attract the required amount of funds with minimal costs for any period from one day to a month and at the lowest price.

4. Head bank overdraft(for branches of a commercial bank). This type of resources can also be attributed to interbank loans with the only difference that the interest rate for the type of source of borrowed funds is not a compromise between the two parties reached in the negotiation process, but is set by the head bank by directive.

5. Loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Until 1995, the bulk of loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation was provided for lending to priority sectors of the economy: certain industries, pre-sowing costs in agriculture, etc. Centralized lending was essentially an administrative method in the arsenal of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Since 1994, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation began to practice resource auctions, and since 1995 market-based refinancing instruments have become predominant. Among them, it should be noted a lombard loan for up to 30 days secured by government securities and a one-day overdraft loan in case of insufficient funds on the correspondent accounts of commercial banks to make payments.

conclusions

Passive operations are operations through which banking resources are generated.

Own resources are formed through the following main passive operations: issue of ordinary and preferred shares that form the authorized capital of joint-stock banks; contribution of shares by participants for the formation of the authorized capital of unit banks; profit creation, etc.

The formation of passive operations and an increase in the resources of commercial banks are guaranteed by a number of factors: their stable work, the growth of confidence in banks on the part of potential investors, a variety of types of deposits, the expansion of banking services, and an effective interest rate policy.

Deposit operations are understood as actions of financial institutions, the purpose of which is to attract funds from customers. Both individuals and entire enterprises act as subjects. And their object is the savings deposited in bank accounts.

: main types

Different categories of clients determine the division of deposits into FL and organizations. Based on the form of withdrawal, operations are urgent, on demand and conditional. Time deposits are issued for a specific period.

Demand deposits can be closed at any time. And to conditional deposits include operations in which the issue of withdrawal of funds is associated with the occurrence of certain conditions.

Demand deposits have a large number of varieties. These include:

• funds in settlement, budget or current accounts;
• private entrepreneurs;
• monetary funds of various funds;
• demand deposits of organizations and the population;
• funds placed in letters of credit, checks, obligations and other types of financial instruments.

Features of deposit operations

The implementation of these operations involves the development of a deposit policy by each banking institution, that is, a set of measures that determine the tasks, forms and content of actions to form the resources of a credit institution. Planning of follow-up activities is also carried out as part of this procedure. The ultimate goal of this policy is to increase the bank's assets, as well as to support them at an acceptable level of liquidity and minimize various risks.

The main task of deposit operations is to attract clients' finances and place them in bank accounts. In the future, the bank will use these resources for lending to the population and investing them in other types of assets.

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The current state of the market of deposit (deposit) transactions in the Republic of Belarus

Polesie State University

Banking

Academic Supervisor: Davydova Natalya Leontievna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Banking, Polesie State University

Annotation:

This article examines the current state of the market for deposit operations of banks in the Republic of Belarus. The structure and dynamics of household deposits are considered. The reasons and trends in the development of the country's deposit market have been identified.

The article considers the current state of the deposit operations market of the banks of the Republic of Belarus. The structure and dynamics of the population deposits are considered. The reasons and tendencies of development of the deposit market of the country are revealed.

Keywords:

Deposit operations; demand deposits; term deposits.

Deposit operations; demand deposits; term deposits.

UDC 336.717.3

Introduction. The banking system is the most important sphere of the national economy of any developed state. Since the Republic of Belarus is a country with a market economy, improving the banking system is one of the main components of its development.

Relevance This work is due to the fact that the development of the deposit market in the country is the basis for the reliable functioning of the entire banking sector and benefits not only the economy as a whole, but also the population, which places its temporarily free funds in deposits.

Purpose of work: study the current state of the market of deposit operations in the Republic of Belarus and determine the trend of its development.

Research objectives:

• Consider the theoretical aspects of deposit operations;
• Analyze the current state of the deposit operations of banks in the Republic of Belarus.

Methods: method of analysis, statistical method.

Bank deposit (deposit) - funds in national or foreign currency placed by individuals and legal entities in a bank or non-bank credit and financial institution in order to store and receive income for a period, either on demand, or before the onset (non-occurrence) specified in the concluded circumstances (events).

Deposits are an important source of formation of the resource potential of commercial banks, since they directly affect its liquidity, and that is why they are among its basic operations.

Deposit operations are divided into two large groups: deposits of individuals and legal entities, represented by demand deposits and time deposits.

Tables 1 and 2 show the structure and volumes of deposits of individuals and legal entities of the Republic of Belarus in national and foreign currencies for 2015-2016.

Table 1 - New bank deposits of individuals in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2015-2016

The data in Table 1 show that in 2016, new bank deposits of individuals decreased significantly in both national and foreign currencies. For the period from January to December 2016 3,319.6 million Belarusian rubles and 8,440.9 million US dollars were attracted. This is 65.9% and 40.2%, respectively, less than it was attracted in 2015.

Time deposits in national currency attracted in 2016 amounted to RUB 3,085.5 million, which is RUB 6,134.9 million. (or 66.4%) less time deposits attracted in 2015; USD 7,921.9 million were attracted in foreign currency, which is almost 2 times less than in 2015.

Consider the volume of deposits of legal entities (table 2).

Table 2- New bank deposits of legal entities in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2015-2016

Note - Source: In-house development based on data and

According to Table 2, it can be seen that new bank deposits of legal entities in 2016 in national currency increased by 1,295.6 million rubles. (5.8%) and for the year amounted to 23,675.5 million rubles. At the same time, deposits in hard currency decreased by 4.3% and amounted to USD 3,972.6 million.

According to banking statistics as a whole, in 2016, time deposits in foreign currency in banks of the Republic of Belarus decreased by almost $ 700 million.

The reasons that influenced the state of the country's deposit market in 2016 include:

1) a constant decrease in rates on foreign currency deposits, which reduces their attractiveness. In 2016, the average rate on foreign currency bank deposits (for up to a year) decreased from 3.6% to 1.9%, that is, almost twice.

2) reduction in real incomes of the population, which forced the population to spend savings to maintain a higher standard of living. It was this factor that became decisive in the situation with a decrease in the volume of deposits of individuals.

In addition, one of the important reasons for the reduction in deposits is the innovations in the field of deposit operations carried out in the banking system of the Republic of Belarus in 2016. According to Presidential Decree No. 7, which entered into force on April 1, 2016, revocable and irrevocable deposits were introduced; the interest paid on short-term deposits became the object of taxation.

The purpose of the adoption of the Decree was to stimulate the growth of the volume of long-term deposits in banking institutions of the republic. However, in this case, short-term deposits have largely lost their attractiveness. This also became one of the reasons for the significant outflow of funds in the banks of Belarus.

To ensure a stable inflow of deposits to banks of the Republic of Belarus, it is necessary to develop a set of measures, which should include a number of such areas as: analysis of the deposit market; identification of target markets to minimize deposit risk; minimization of expenses in the process of raising funds for deposits; optimization of the management of the bank's deposit and loan portfolios; maintaining the bank's liquidity and increasing its stability.

The strategy for maintaining the stability of deposits should include improving the quality of customer service, introducing loyalty programs, expanding the range of deposit products, increasing the list of operations carried out by the bank with deposit accounts on behalf of the client.

In addition to ensuring confidence in commercial banks, important conditions for the development of the deposit operations market are indicators of the functioning of the national economy - the inflation rate, the stability of the Belarusian ruble exchange rate, the level of real disposable income of the population.

Conclusions. Thus, a decrease in interest rates on deposits, a decrease in the real disposable income of the population, an increase in inflation, the entry into force of Decree No. 7 "On attracting funds to deposits (deposits)", in accordance with which there are significant changes in the structure of deposits, led to negative the consequences on the deposit market of the Republic of Belarus for 2016.

Household deposits, along with banking capital, are the most important sources of increasing the resource potential of banks. Deposits create a stable basis for expanding the volume of bank lending and thus contribute to the revitalization and increase in the efficiency of enterprises. In this regard, banks are pursuing an active deposit policy by diversifying the structure of deposit products, improving interest rate policy; intensification of activities to raise capital in foreign financial markets.

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