What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Modern stadiums place high demands on fire protection systems. This is due to the specifics of the facility: a large number of spectators, the need to ensure the evacuation of several thousand people at the same time, the presence of an underground parking lot, a large number of office premises, server rooms, electrical control rooms, etc.

The considered fire protection system consists of the following elements:

1. System fire alarm based on Integral IP MX station manufactured by Schrack Seconet AG, Austria.

2. A warning and evacuation control system of 4 types, including music and speech sounding of premises based on the Praesideo digital system manufactured by Bosch, Germany.

3. Gas fire extinguishing system based on MPA-NVC1230 modules manufactured by Pozhtekhnika Group of Companies, Russia, with safe gas composition FK-5-1-12.

4. Automatic water fire extinguishing system and internal fire water supply.

The fire alarm system is designed for round-the-clock monitoring of the situation in the premises to prevent fire, early detection of fire and smoke in the protected premises, transmission of fire notifications to the premises with round-the-clock presence of duty personnel, control of fire extinguishing, warning and other engineering systems.

The system includes Integral IP MX stations, MTD 533X multisensor smoke detectors with a thermal channel, MCP 535X manual call points, BX-OI3, BX-IM4, BX-REL4 monitoring and control modules.

The highest system reliability is ensured by the following features:

■ full hot backup of all station components (two controllers on each board, dual system bus, two watchdogs);

■ switching to the backup side is carried out automatically, without operator intervention;

■ no station reboot is required - the system is always operational;

The site offers the portal to those who could not take advantage of this opportunity in the magazine, based on the same technical specifications.

For 2019, it is planned to develop a new national standard “Fire alarm systems. Guidelines for design, installation, maintenance and repair. Performance Test Methods ". The article deals with issues of maintenance and repair. It is important that due to incomplete or incorrect wording service organizations did not turn out to be extreme in the end and would not have been forced to eliminate the shortcomings made by them at the design stage. It is imperative to test all systems in the complex at the facilities during scheduled maintenance to check their functioning according to the algorithms set by the project.

Improving the requirements of the modern regulatory framework poses challenges for design organizations to apply new technical means and original solutions. Standard design solutions developed over the years, despite their popularity, cease to meet the high requirements of the supervisory authorities. The design practice sets new tasks that need to be solved urgently, including taking into account the price-quality indicators. The group of companies "Gefest" has developed a block-modular fire control device PPU "Gefest". it flexible system, allowing to solve the assigned tasks by selecting the necessary functional devices. There is a successful experience of using the elements of the block-modular PPU "Gefest" even as part of systems built on the basis of industrial controllers with appropriate certificates.

Influence of non-stationarity of the heat transfer process on the efficiency of extinguishing a fire of subclass A1 with a powder fire extinguishing module / Technological tests of robotic systems ELROB-2018 / Unmanned aerial vehicles in the service of firefighters / Justification of the need to develop requirements for the interface of the databank of the fund of algorithms and programs in the field of support fire safety

WEB-interface in ACS today: the vision of the editor of the industry portal / On special conditions. Overview of complex access control logics / Risk-based approach when creating a fire protection system at an electric power facility / Choosing fire detectors for storage facilities

A fire alarm is a sophisticated system that helps locate the source of a fire. In addition, it provides for a voice warning system, smoke removal and other important functions. The general aspects of the operation of such equipment are represented by many, but not all of them understand how the notification of violations occurs. Because of this, doubts may arise as to whether it is worth installing this system at all, since it may seem that it is not very reliable. To do this, we will take a closer look at the principle by which the fire alarm works.

How the alert works

First, let's recall what a fire alarm consists of:

sensor devices, that is, detectors and sensors;
equipment responsible for collecting and processing information from sensor devices, sensors;
centralized control equipment such as a central computer.

Peripheral devices (have independent design and are connected to the control panel):

message printer: printing of service and alarm messages of the system;
Remote Control;
light annunciator;
sound annunciator;
short circuit isolating module: used to ensure the operability of the loops in the event of a short circuit.

V general principle There is nothing complicated to work: through special sensors, the information is amenable to the processing program, and then it is output to the monitoring center responsible for safety. Here, special attention should be paid to the sensors themselves, which are divided into two types.

Active sensors. They generate a constant signal belonging to the protected area. If it changes, they start to react.
Passive sensors. Their action is based on a direct change in the environment, which is caused by fire.

In addition, sensors may differ in their mechanism of action:

work due to the infrared mechanism;
due to the magnetic red mechanism;
due to the combined mechanism;
response to glass breakage;
the use of perimeter active switches.

Algorithm of actions

After the sensors have detected the source of the ignition, the fire alarm begins to execute the sequence of actions. If the circuit diagram is done correctly, then the whole algorithm will work correctly.

In order for people to know about the start of the fire, the warning system must be activated. It can be light and sound or ordinary, that is, sound. The composition and type of notification is determined at the design stage. It depends on the area of the building, its height, and so on. The warning system necessarily includes light signs with the inscription "exit", which help to find a way out in a smoky space.
Liberation of all ways of evacuating people. This is possible if there is an access control system (ACS). The fire alarm sends a signal to it and it, that is, the ACS, allows people in the building to leave the dangerous place without obstacles.
Turning on the system automatic fire extinguishing... Three options are possible here: water fire extinguishing, foam, powder or gas fire extinguishing. The type is determined by the NBP, as well as the property that is located at the facility. Take the library as an example. Let's imagine that extinguishing a fire in it will be carried out with foam or water. In this case, the losses from this will be the same as from the fire itself.
Switching on the smoke exhaust system. This is important to ensure that people are not poisoned by the harmful substances contained in the smoke from the fire. Also, the supply of air from the street should stop from the supply ventilation system, since it contributes to fanning the flame. All these commands are also issued by an automatic fire alarm.
If the building has elevators, it should go down to the level of the first floor and lock, but before that the doors should open.
Disconnection of current consumers. Life support systems go into emergency mode. The security system itself is powered by a power supply unit, that is, uninterruptible power supplies.

Alarm connection diagram

In order for all these points to be performed efficiently, it is important to correctly draw up a schematic diagram of the alarm connection. With the help of it, the operation of the system will be efficient and safe.

Recall that the schematic diagram differs in two important points:

shows how to reproduce the circuit;
provides information on the composition of the circuit and the principles of operation, which is also useful when modifying or repairing equipment.

Usually a wiring diagram is given together with an alarm kit. Ensure compliance with all aspects of the installation of the equipment. The correct scheme and strict adherence to it will help to quickly respond to the source of fire and take all the necessary actions that are aimed at saving people.

As you can see, the principle by which the fire alarm works is quite simple. The main thing is that all the actions laid down in it are performed on time, since it comes about life. This is also the main reason why it is necessary to install fire alarms in a timely and careful manner, which serves the benefit of all people.

Fire alarm is a whole complex technical devices different types, created for processing signals and timely warning of the outbreak of fire in the form specified by the scheme, usually this is the issuance of information in a specialized form and / or in giving a signal to turn on automatic fire extinguishing installations and other technical circuits and devices.

The main meaning and purpose of placing such a complex lies in the implementation of a set of measures designed to save human lives and preserve property. Timely detection of fire allows you to identify, respond and localize the fire site in time, thus preserving many human lives and minimizing damage.

Areas of use

Fire alarm systems are installed with the aim of early detection of fire and signaling so that the necessary measures are taken, which include:

Conclusion of people;
Calling the rescue service and firemen's vehicles;
Performing actions to remove smoke;
Launching the cooling circuit;
Fire extinguishing;
Regulation of the operation of fire dampers in the ventilation system;
Locking doors;
Disabling the work of other systems, etc.

The development and location of such complexes in non-residential and office buildings is regulated at the legislative level.

But the installation in a case not described in the law is given to the choice of the owner of the premises or the whole building.

The principle of operation of sensors

A detector is a specialized technical device that is required to detect and prevent fires. Detectors are often referred to as sensors, but a sensor is only one of the elements of a device.

Based on the principle of a digital signal issued by a detector, they can be divided into:

Active. Such devices send a signal to the protected area and react in case of changes;
Passive. Such devices detect changes in the environment, accompanied by a flame.

Such devices are used to detect fires in structures and buildings of various types, the flame of which is accompanied by the release of corrosive and dangerous smoke.

When smoke appears in the area controlled by the device, it generates a corresponding electronic pulse and transmits it to the heart of the complex to the control panel. Devices of this type do not in any way reflect such changes in the external environment as:

Temperature increase;
Lighting changes;
Changes in humidity levels.

The principle of the implementation of the functioning of the device is the analysis of an electrical pulse proportional to the density indicators of the medium reporting to the device. The sensor circuit is endowed with a threshold value, in accordance with which a pulse from the device is supplied.

The LED included in the sensor device sends minimal pulses to the receiver. If there is no smoke in the environment, the amount of light returned to the receiver is much lower than a predetermined level, which keeps the input switch in the closed position.

If smoke is present in the medium, then a stream enriched from smoke particles is directed to the receiver and the value exceeds the threshold of the device. If the threshold of the device is exceeded more than 5 times, then the key opens and the signal from the sensor indicates a fire. The sensor can be returned to normal operation only by sending a “Reset” signal from the remote control.

Due to the fact that smoke is different and it can be characterized by different parameters, there are several types of devices that determine smoke:

Ionization;
Optical;
Linear;
Combined.

Although combined types devices today are not the most common, due to their complex design and high price, but they are recognized as the most reliable and versatile.

No one is able to predict what the cause of the fire will be, and what kind of smoke the smoke will have, therefore, combined devices are able to give a signal about the occurrence of fire in time.

This type of device is intended for signaling to the remote control by shorting the wires in the event that the temperature environment has reached the threshold level.

The device measures the air temperature by sending short measuring pulses every few seconds. Each measuring pulse is accompanied by a flash of the LED. When the threshold value is reached, the system key is switched to the closed position, which leads to a continuous glow of the LED and a "Fire" signal to the remote control.

Such devices are of two types:

IR (infrared);
UV (ultraviolet).

Flame detectors

A device that allows you to detect a fire that is accompanied by an open flame. Such a device contains a built-in high-sensitivity element with a window located in the upper part of the device body.

The device is triggered when an infrared signal, converted by a flame, enters the sensitive window on the photodetector. The sensor is returned to normal operation by disconnecting it from the power supply for at least 2 seconds.

A device designed to manually transfer such an alarm into an alarm state. Such a sensor is a small device, the use of which signals a fire, that is, when a button is pressed. Signaling in this case can be done in three main ways:

An increase in the resistance indicator in the system loop;
Reducing the parameters of the internal resistance of the sensor;
Operation of the optical indicator of the device.

System procedure in case of fire

After one of the sensors or several detects a fire at once, the fire alarm system must implement an algorithm of actions that allows you to save people and localize the fire. If the schematic diagram of the device is assembled and drawn up correctly, then it should work as follows.

Alert

In order for everyone in the room to know that a fire has started, the warning system must be turned on. This type of alarm can be light, speech or light and sound. The type of warning system is laid down at the stage of developing a fire alarm project. Moreover, such a choice directly depends on the area of the building, the height of its ceilings, etc.

The fire alarm system must certainly include "Exit" signs, which will allow people to find a way out even in case of strong smoke in the room.

Disable access control system for smooth evacuation

In order to release all bullets for the unimpeded evacuation of people, such an alarm must be equipped with an access control and management system. In the event of a fire, the alarm panel sends a signal to this system to open all turnstiles and other restrictive devices located in the building.

Fire extinguishing activation

In this area of operation of the fire alarm system, it is possible to use three types of fire extinguishing systems:

Water-filled;
Powder;
Gas.

The type of this system is determined by the fire safety standards for buildings and structures, as well as the property that is located at the protected facility.

Smoke extraction activation

The operation of the smoke exhaust system is very important so that during a fire, people are not poisoned by harmful substances that can be a combustion product and contained in the smoke.

In the course of a fire in the ventilation system, air circulation from the outside must be stopped. as this will help to inflate and spread the fire. The fire alarm control system also gives the command to the valves of the ventilation system.

The smoke exhaust system must implement the following:

Preventing the spread of smoke from the fire source;
Prevention of the spread of smoke along the escape routes, in order to ensure acceptable conditions;
Providing normal conditions for the work of firefighters outside the fire;
Protection of human life;
Preservation of property from damage.

Disabling power consumption devices

If there are elevators in the building in which the fire has occurred, then at the beginning of the fire they must go down to the lower level and the car doors must open and no longer close.

The remaining life-support systems are transferred to the emergency operation mode, and the fire circuit itself is transferred to power supply from the batteries that are part of it.

What should be the device connection diagram

For the algorithm to work fire system was worked out correctly and without errors, it is necessary to correctly draw up and implement a schematic diagram of such an alarm. It is the schematic diagram that guarantees the efficiency and safety of the system.

The fire system diagram should contain two main points:

Demonstrate how to implement the designed circuit;
Provide complete information about what the presented scheme consists of, about the principles of its operation, which can be a good basis for finalizing or repairing equipment.

Often, a connection diagram is attached to a set of devices for its creation. The work must pay special attention to the observance of each aspect described in it.

A competently drawn up scheme and its precise execution allow you to create a system that can instantly respond to a fire source and take all the actions necessary and aimed at saving human lives.

Overview of types of fire systems

According to the principle of action implemented in the fire alarm, they can be divided into the following types:

Threshold type alarm. Point detectors of this type signaling loop are conventional and endowed with a sensitivity level. Each element of the system is included in a common signaling line, in which, when a danger arises from just one device, a common alarm signal is transmitted. Moreover, the control panel of the system does not register the address of the sensor, which could say to a specific room and location of the triggered device. The control panel displays only the number of the line in which the signaling detector is tied. The use of systems of this type is advisable in buildings of a small area.
Addressable system. In alarms of this kind, there are also sensors that are triggered in the presence of appropriate factors, giving a signal to the loop and implementing the appropriate data exchange protocol. Thanks to this protocol, the console not only implements an algorithm for subsequent actions, but can also accurately indicate the location and name of the sensor that sent the signal.
Addressable analog signaling. The most efficient system with the advantages of both types of signaling circuits. The decision about the danger of the territory of the object and the need to implement the fire protocol is made by himself control device or a remote control that receives information about the status of each device.

The algorithm for the functioning of such systems is quite simple and straightforward. It is important that each principle and algorithm laid down in it be executed in due time, because this leads not only to extinguishing a fire, but also to saving people. This also becomes the main reason that you need to correctly and on time to install a fire alarm, which is designed to serve the good.

The master, his assistants and mechanics are obliged to know the entire system of structural fire protection of the vessel. In the areas where the cabins are located, the following are displayed in conspicuous places:

plans (diagrams) of the ship, which show the boundaries of the compartments fenced off with fire-resistant and fire-retarding structures, the location of the opening in them, the means and posts for controlling the closure of these openings are indicated during the evacuation of people;

diagrams (or combined diagram), fire extinguishing systems with the designation of starting devices and the location of the protected premises;

diagrams (or combined diagram) of ventilation, including the place of installation of panels for central or local control of fans, together with data on the location of dampers and numbering of fans serving each group of premises of the vessel.

All changes made on the ship in the course of its operation and repairs must be included in the indicated plans and diagrams.

The ship must be and constantly be corrected project documentation reflecting: the location of fire bulkheads dividing the ship into open fire zones, and other fire-resistant and fire-retardant bulkheads with indication of doors, closures, passages, channels, etc. in these bulkheads; general view of the vessel with indication of escape routes and emergency exits; schematic diagrams fire-fighting systems; location on the ship of fire extinguishing stations, fire stations and control posts for fire protection of the ship; fire alarm circuits; calculations of fire-fighting systems (pumps, fire suppression installations, etc.); detailed description fire protection of the vessel with an indication of the heat-insulating finishing structural materials used on the vessel, the places where they are installed, and the degree of their combustion; comprehensive data on the degree of flammability and fire hazard materials used; list of fire-fighting supplies.