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To maintain the required temperature level in heating systems, electrical devices called thermostats are used. All devices with electric heating elements are equipped with electric thermostats.

The need and features of thermostats

The thermostat is electrical device necessary for automatic temperature control in cooling and heating equipment. They are installed in heating systems, artificial climate, cooling or freezing systems. Widely used in household in the arrangement of greenhouses.

The purpose of the thermostat is determined by turning on or off the heating elements of any device when the temperature is lower or higher than indicated, respectively. Thanks to the operation of thermostatic devices, indoor air, water, instrument surfaces, etc. I have a stable temperature.

All thermostats work, no matter what device they are in, according to the same principle. The automatic regulator receives data on the temperature from its environment, due to the fact that it is equipped with a built-in or remote temperature sensor. Based on the information received, the thermostat determines when to turn on and off. In order to exclude malfunctions in the operation of the device, the temperature sensor should be installed in a room away from the direct influence of various heating equipment, otherwise, distortion of indicators may occur and, naturally, the regulator will work erroneously.

Classification of thermostats

The principle of operation of all devices that regulate the temperature is the same, but there are a lot of types of thermostats, and they differ in:

• Appointment:
  - indoor;
  - weather.
• Installation method:
  - wall;
  - wall-mounted;
  - mounted on a DIN rail.
• Functional capabilities:
  - central regulation;
  - wireless regulation.
• Control method:
  - mechanical;
  - electromechanical;
  - digital (electronic).

Also, thermostats differ in technical properties:

• Temperature measurement range. Different models of thermostats, depending on the modification, maintain temperatures from -60 to 1200 ° C.
• Number of channels:
  - single-channel. They are used to automatically adjust and maintain the temperature of an object at a specified level. They differ in size and weight from multichannel devices;
  - multichannel. A series of standard temperature sensors are available for recording temperatures. They are used in industries, laboratories, as well as in the national economy.
• Dimensions:
  - compact;
  - large;
  - large.

Application of temperature controllers and sensors

Thermostats can be installed in residential and industrial premises. In general, the following can be distinguished:

• And they control the air temperature in a specific area of ​​the room. These devices belong to the category of room regulators. There are analog and digital.
• And those that maintain the temperature of certain objects are regulators for underfloor heating.
• Outside air temperature - weather thermostats.

Regulators that are used in industrial premises are of two types:

• Industrial spatial ... These devices include analogue wall regulators with increased protection.
• Industrial with separate sensors ... it analog instruments with external sensors that can be wall-mounted or mounted on a special rail.
  The sensors can be installed on walls or in the floor of the house, depending on their type and purpose. Built-in devices are mounted in a back box directly into the wall, and surface-mounted devices are simply attached to the wall.

There are also several types of sensors for their intended purpose:

• Floor temperature sensor.
• Air temperature sensor.
• Infrared sensor for floor and air.

A sensor that measures the air temperature is often placed on the body of the thermostat. Thermostats with infrared sensors can be used to control the entire heating system. These sensors are perfect for installation in bathrooms, showers, saunas and other areas with high humidity. The temperature controller itself must be placed in a dry place, it can be damaged from an excess of moisture. True, there are models with increased tightness, and their installation in the bathroom is not dangerous for them.

Regulators for underfloor heating differ in their internal device, this is:

• Digital.
• Analog.

Digital devices have good resistance to different types interference, therefore eliminates data distortion and guarantees greater accuracy than analog.

Peculiarities functionality electrical temperature controllers:

• Wireless regulation (remote) ... It is recommended to use it for additional installation of heating elements and for reconstructions, when it is impossible or rather difficult to carry out the classical adjustment. Remote control excludes additional construction and repair work during electrical installation (for example, installation of cable wiring).
• Programming devices ... The central (classical) device allows the temperature control of an entire large object from one point. A computer or control devices are used to program the regulator. Also, control is carried out using a telephone modem.

Principle of operation, pros and cons

Mechanical temperature controller is considered a simple and practical device. It is used for heating and cooling purposes. Most often it is an external wiring product intended for internal installation in living quarters in heating systems. Appearance similar to a standard stopcock.

The specificity of mechanical thermostats is the absence of an electrical component. The apparatus works according to a special principle, which consists in the properties of certain substances and materials to change their mechanical properties from temperature changes.

When the temperature changes to a specified one, an electrical circuit breaks or closes, which causes the devices to be turned off or on for heating. The required temperature indicator is selected on the scale of the device by rotating a special wheel.

Positive aspects of mechanical thermostats:

• Reliability.
• Resistant to voltage drops.
• Not subject to electronics failures.
• They work at subzero temperatures.
• Can be operated in conditions of sudden temperature changes.
• Simple controls.
• Long service life.

Disadvantages:

• The presence of an error.
• Possibility of small clicks when applying voltage to infrared heaters.
• Low functionality.

Regardless of the disadvantages, they are the most common and are found in the organization of heating systems more often than other thermostats, due to their simple control and low cost.

Operation of electromechanical thermostats

Electromechanical temperature controllers are used in various household electrical appliances. These products are of two modifications:

• With bimetallic plate and contact group ... The plate, heating to a certain temperature, bends and opens the contacts, which stops the supply of electric current to the heating coil or heating element of the device. After cooling, the plate bends back to its original position, the contacts close, the electricity supply returns and the device heats up. Devices with these controls are used in Everyday life almost every person is irons, electric stoves, electric kettles, etc.
• With capillary tube. The product consists of a tube filled with gas and placed in a container with water, as well as contacts. The principle of operation is based on the characteristics of materials to expand at certain temperatures. The substance in the hollow tube begins to expand when the water heats up, which causes a contact closure. After the water has cooled, the contacts open and the appliance starts to warm up. Such regulators are most often equipped with water heaters, oil heaters, boilers.

• Automatic heating switch-on.
• Tightness.
• Low price.

Cons of these devices:

• Low functionality.
• Difficulty to achieve high control accuracy.

Specificity of electronic thermostats

Electronic devices are very common, they are used with many electric heaters. They are usually used for general heating and air conditioning systems, as well as underfloor heating.

Main constituent parts:

• External thermal sensor.
• A controller is a device that sets a specific temperature level in the house, as well as generates commands for turning on and off the heater.
• Electronic key - contact group.

The sensor of the device sends data about the temperature to the controller, which processes the received signal and decides whether it is necessary to decrease or increase the temperature.

Types of electronic thermostats:

• Conventional thermostats ... In these devices, you can set the desired temperature limits or the exact temperature that will be maintained. The devices are equipped with an electronic display.
• Digital thermostats:
  - With closed logic. The devices have an unchanged operation algorithm. Regulation is carried out by transmitting commands according to the specified parameters to specific devices that have been installed in advance. The parameters are set in advance depending on the needs of the devices used for a certain temperature. Correction of the program of these regulators is practically impracticable, you can only change the basic parameters. But it is these thermostats that are most often used in everyday life.
  - With open logic. These devices control the precise process of heating the premises. They have advanced settings, so you can change their algorithm of work. Operated by buttons or touch panel. Through these devices, you can turn on or off the heating systems at a strictly specified time. But their reprogramming should be done by specialists. These regulators are used more often in manufacturing and industry than in everyday life.

Programmable thermostats are convenient to operate, they open up ample opportunities for fine-tuning devices to the desired temperature indicators, depending on the requirements of individual areas of the premises.

Advantages:

• Wide range of adjustments.
• Variety of design solutions.
• Energy saving.
• High accuracy.
• Efficiency.
• Operational safety.

Also, thermostats are easy to operate and have a low cost, only these two advantages do not apply to open logic regulators. Electronic controllers are often part of a smart home system.

Oil radiators are in great demand, so you can find them in almost every home. And this is not surprising, because the oil heater is compact and very easy to use.

However, despite all its advantages, there is one obvious drawback in the operation of the oil cooler: high energy consumption. To electrical energy less consumed, the thermostat is intended. It monitors the operation of the heater, turning off the heated one to the desired temperature and turning it on when it has cooled down.

Oil cooler thermostat KST401 16A / 250V / 70 ° C

The thermostat is designed for automatic temperature control. A heater without a thermostat is inconvenient to use, because turning on and off the device, depending on the room temperature, will have to be done manually. If you want the room to warm up during your absence, then by hand this cannot be done. Moreover, heaters that are not equipped with thermostats are fire hazardous if they are not turned off for a long time.

There are 3 types of thermostats for oil coolers:

• mechanical;
• electromechanical;
• electronic.

The main difference lies in the design of the thermal relay for the oil cooler. In other words, the way in which the temperature sensor detects the temperature and opens the circuit is different for each species.

Consider the characteristics of each of the types.

Electronic thermostat is based on three main components:

• temperature sensor;
• a microprocessor that processes and transmits information;
• thermal relay.

Electronic controllers are characterized by high accuracy in determining the room temperature, and they are also easy to operate.

Electromechanical thermostats are subdivided into several groups:

1. The first group includes contacts and a double metal plate. When the device heats up, the plate bends and opens the group of contacts. As a result, electricity stops being supplied to the heating plate. When the radiator cools down, the plate returns to its original point and begins to function as before.
2. The second group is devices equipped with relays. The relay is represented by a cylindrical tube containing a heat-sensitive substance. The pipe is placed in a container with water. When the temperature of the oil heater rises, the substance expands. When the temperature reaches the desired level, the expanded substance acts on the electrical circuit through a drive. As a result, the contacts are closed or opened and overheating of the device is excluded.

Mechanical thermostats look like ordinary shut-off valves... The device is constructed from a cylinder with a stem containing a sensitive substance. When heated, the substance expands, the stem blocks the flow of the coolant in the system.

When choosing a thermostat, give preference to proven brands that have positive user reviews.

The thermostat is a device for automatic control temperature regime installed on heating equipment. Using a heater without a thermostat is inconvenient, since you have to constantly manually turn on the device, depending on whether it is cold or hot in the room. In addition, it will not be possible to preheat the room manually, for example, before returning home from work.

It should also be noted that the fire hazard of devices not equipped with regulators if left on for a long time. And finally, the thermostat allows you to optimize the energy consumption in the room, since the automation turns on the equipment only when it is really needed.

Varieties of thermostats

There are three types of regulators:

• electronic;
• electromechanical;
• mechanical.

Below we will briefly understand the characteristics of each of them.

Electronic regulators

The thermostat with electronic filling consists of three components:

• temperature sensor;
• microprocessor responsible for processing and transmitting information;
• thermal relay, thanks to which control switching is carried out.

The main advantage of electronic controllers is the high accuracy with which the room temperature is determined, effective and simple temperature control.

Electronic thermostats are used not only in oil heaters, but also for organizing the control of larger-scale heating systems (for example, "smart home").

Electromechanical regulators

Electromechanical devices based on relays are much simpler than electronic devices. There are several types of electromechanical regulators:

1. Devices of the first group include a group of contacts and a double metal plate. When the equipment heats up, the plate bends and, thus, opens the group of contacts. Opening will result in stopping the supply of electricity to the heating plate. When the heater cools down, the plate returns to its original point, and the electrical circuit begins to work in the same mode, since the contacts are closed again. Cyclic operation allows maintaining the temperature level at approximately the same level.
2. Devices equipped with a relay work on the principle of expansion of its elements as a result of heating. The relay is a cylindrical tube containing a heat-sensitive substance. The pipe is in a container with water. When the temperature of the heater rises, the substance in the pipe expands. When the temperature reaches a certain value, the expanded content acts on the electrical circuit with the help of the actuator, as a result of which the contacts are closed or opened. In this way, it is possible to avoid overheating of the equipment.

Mechanical

The simplest are mechanical type regulators. These thermostats are conventional shut-off valves. The design of the device includes a cylinder with a stem, which is filled with a thermally sensitive substance. As a result of the expansion of the substance during heating, the rod partially or completely blocks the flow of the coolant in the system.

Typical breakdowns of oil heaters

Before proceeding with the elimination of the problem, it is necessary to carry out diagnostics. Below are some tips to help you figure out the cause of the problem:

1. Crackling after switching on does not mean breakage. Most likely, it comes about heating the oil inside the radiator. Also, the crackling sound can be the result of tilting or falling of the heater, resulting in the displacement of oil and air. Installing the equipment on a perfectly flat surface will help reduce the noise level.
2. If the radiator does not turn on, you must exclude the outlet from the list of potential problems by connecting the device to a different source of electricity. According to the prevalence of damage, you can build in the following sequence: contact has moved away, problem with the plug, damage to the cord.
3. If the device shows external signs of operation (indicator lamps are on, fans are spinning), but does not heat up, the problem is most likely in the thermal relay. You can replace this part with your own hands.
4. Lack of heating can also indicate a malfunction of the heating element. In this case, it is not recommended to carry out repairs on your own, you will need the help of a qualified specialist.
5. A thermostat malfunction can be said in the case when the heater does not turn off after the required temperature is reached.

Electrician

If the cause of the breakdown is in the electrical, you will need a special device - a multimeter.

Using this device, we check:

• serviceability of the plug and socket;
• lack of short circuit between the elements of the heater.

Often the problem is the burnout of the wires at the points of their connections. We de-energize the equipment and check all the switch keys.

To check, we use a multimeter in the following positions:

• in the "on" position there will be a short circuit;
• in the off position there will be no reaction.

We check the regulator with a multimeter. The resistance level should be negligible if there is no short circuit.

We disassemble the case and assess the condition of the contacts in the control unit: they can be weakened, burned out or oxidized. If the contacts are oxidized, treating them with alcohol will help, as well as cleaning sandpaper and isolation. The best insulator is fiberglass insulating tape capable of withstanding 200-degree temperatures. We tighten the loosened contacts with a screwdriver, replace the burned out ones. After working with the contacts, we once again check the equipment for a short circuit.

Thermal fuses

There can be several fuses. After ringing and detecting a blown fuse, remove it. We install a new fuse, and insulate the wiring.

Bimetal plate

If the plate has undergone deformation, it must be replaced.

Procedure:

1. We disassemble the thermostat.
2. We set the heating temperature to minimum.
3. Remove the thermostat handle from the screw, unscrew the nuts, remove the frame.
4. We change the bimetallic plate to a new one.

Severe damage to the plate will often cause oil to leak.

Oil leak

In this case, the tank will need to be repaired. This is not always justified, as the tank is easier to replace. However, if it is decided to carry out repair work, the following nuances must be taken into account:

Heating element malfunction

This part of the oil cooler is not subject to repair work, it needs to be changed. However, replacing the heating element is possible only if it is removable. The new part is selected based on the required power. Best material, from which a high-quality heating element is made, is copper.

When installing the heating element, pay attention to the joint of this part with the body. The gasket should be treated with a sealant, although re-sealing is likely to be necessary in the future. It is possible to install a new heating element on a non-separable structure, but in this case it will be very difficult to roll an already flared part.

Position sensor

This safety element is a load, when the angle is changed, the device is automatically turned off. To check the operation of this part, you need to put the heater on its side and ring the contacts. If the sensor is defective, it cannot be repaired.

When choosing a thermostat, it is recommended to give preference to well-established manufacturing companies, since this part is part common system and its malfunction may cause emergency in room. It is also necessary to take into account all the features of the correct organization. heating system, including floor space and equipment capacity.

Per last years, in our century high tech, items with minimal indicators of energy consumption for their work are of particular value. Such products are especially ideal for heating devices, effectively regulating their performance. One of these items is a thermostat for an infrared heater, which will be discussed in this article.

Types and characteristics of thermostats

A thermostat is a device that allows you to fix the temperature in a room at a certain time interval and at the same time adjust the device settings to the required values. For example, when the temperature reaches a certain figure, the heating is forced to end the work cycle. And, conversely, with its decrease, the device resumes its work.

The design characteristics and the principle of operation of thermostats can be different. There are two main types of thermostats for heaters:

• mechanical;
• electronic.