What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Removal of surface and ground waters.

The works of this cycle include:

■ construction of upland and drainage ditches, embankment;

■ open and closed drainage;

■ layout of the surface of storage and assembly sites.

Surface and ground waters are formed from atmospheric precipitation (storm and melt water). Distinguish between surface water "alien", coming from elevated neighboring areas, and "own", formed directly on construction site... Depending on the specific hydrogeological conditions, the production of surface water drainage and soil drainage can be carried out in the following ways: open drainage, open and closed drainage and deep dewatering.

Upland and drainage ditches or embankments are arranged along the boundaries of the construction site from the upland side to protect from surface water. The territory of the site must be protected from the influx of "foreign" surface waters, for which they are intercepted and taken off the site. To intercept water, they arrange upland and drainage ditches in its elevated part (Figure 3.5). Drainage ditches must ensure the passage of storm and melt water to lowered points of the terrain outside the construction site.

Rice. 3.5. Protection of the construction site from the inflow of surface waters: 1 - water drainage zone, 2 - upland ditch; 3 - construction site

Depending on the planned water flow rate, drainage ditches are arranged with a depth of at least 0.5 m, a width of 0.5 ... 0.6 m, with a edge height above the design water level of at least 0.1 ... 0.2 m. To protect the trench from erosion, the speed of water movement should not exceed 0.5 ... 0.6 m / s for sand, -1.2 ... 1.4 m / s for loam. The ditch is arranged at a distance of at least 5 m from the permanent excavation and 3 m from the temporary one. To protect against possible silting, the longitudinal profile of the drainage ditch is made at least 0.002. The walls and bottom of the ditch are protected with turf, stones, fascines.

"Own" surface water is diverted by imparting an appropriate slope with the vertical layout of the site and by arranging an open or closed drainage network, as well as by forced discharge through drainage pipelines by means of electric pumps.

Drainage systems of open and closed types are used when the site is heavily flooded with groundwater from high level horizon. Drainage systems are designed to improve general sanitary and construction conditions and provide for a lowering of the groundwater level.

Open drainage is used in soils with a low filtration coefficient if it is necessary to lower the groundwater level to a shallow depth - about 0.3 ... 0.4 m.Drainage is arranged in the form of ditches 0.5 ... 0.7 m deep, to the bottom which is laid a layer of coarse sand, gravel or crushed stone with a thickness of 10 ... 15 cm.

Closed drainage is usually deep trenches (Fig. 3.6) with wells for revision of the system and with a slope towards the discharge of water, filled with drained material (crushed stone, gravel, coarse sand). At the top, the drainage ditch is covered with local soil.

Rice. 3.6. Closed, wall and encircling drainage: a - common decision drainage; b - wall drainage; c - annular enclosing drainage; 1 - local soil; 2 - fine-grained sand; 3 - coarse sand; 4 - gravel; 5 - drainage perforated pipe; 6 - compacted layer of local soil; 7 - the bottom of the pit; 8 - drainage slot; 9 - tubular drainage; 10 - construction; 11 - retaining wall; 12 - concrete base

When arranging more efficient drainages, pipes perforated in the side surfaces are laid on the bottom of such a trench - ceramic, concrete, asbestos-cement with a diameter of 125 ... 300 mm, sometimes just trays. The pipe gaps are not closed, the pipes are covered from above with a well-draining material. The depth of the drainage ditch is -1.5 ... 2.0 m, the width at the top is 0.8 ... 1.0 m. Below, under the pipe, a crushed stone base with a thickness of up to 0.3 m is often laid. Recommended distribution of soil layers: 1) drainage pipe laid in a layer of gravel; 2) a layer of coarse sand; 3) a layer of medium- or fine-grained sand, all layers at least 40 cm; 4) local soil up to 30 cm thick.

Such drains collect water from the adjacent soil layers and drain water better, since the speed of water movement in the pipes is higher than in the drainage material. Closed drains are arranged below the level of soil freezing, they must have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.5%. The drainage device must be carried out before the start of the construction of buildings and structures.

In recent years, pipe filters made of porous concrete and expanded clay glass have been widely used for tubular drainages. The use of pipe filters significantly reduces labor costs and the cost of work. They are pipes with a diameter of 100 and 150 mm with a large number of through holes (pores) in the wall, through which water seeps into the pipeline and is discharged. The design of the pipes allows them to be laid on a pre-leveled base by pipelayers.

Engineering preparation of the construction site.

General Provisions

Any construction (facility or complex) is preceded by site preparation aimed at ensuring necessary conditions high-quality and timely construction of buildings and structures, including engineering training and engineering support.

During engineering preparation, a set of processes (works) is performed, in the general case, the most characteristic of which in the technology of construction production are the creation of a geodetic grid base, clearing and planning of the territory, removal of surface and ground waters.

In each specific case, the composition of these processes and the methods of their implementation are regulated by natural and climatic conditions, the specifics of the construction site, the specifics of the buildings and structures being erected, the features of the facility - new construction, expansion or reconstruction, etc.

The engineering support of the construction site provides for the construction of temporary buildings, roads and networks of water, power supply, etc. building materials, tools, temporary workshops, sheds, etc. It is advisable to use part of the demolished buildings for these structures, if they do not fall within the dimensions of the structure being built and will not interfere with the normal implementation construction works, as well as inventory buildings of the carriage or block type.

For the transportation of goods, the existing road network should be used to the maximum and only if necessary, provide for the construction of temporary roads.

During the preparatory period, temporary water supply lines are laid, including fire-fighting water supply, and power supply lines with energy supply to all cabins and places of installation of electrical mechanisms. The foreman must be provided with telephone and dispatch communications. At the construction site, a place will be equipped for repairs and parking for earthmoving and other machines and vehicles. The site must be fenced off or designated with appropriate signs and inscriptions.

Create a geodetic alignment datum

At the stage of preparing the site for construction, a geodetic alignment base should be created, which serves for planning and high-rise justification when placing the project of buildings and structures to be erected on the ground, as well as (subsequently) for geodetic support at all stages of construction and after its completion.

A geodetic benchmark for determining the position of construction objects in the plan is created mainly in the form of: a construction grid, longitudinal and transverse axes that determine the location of the main buildings and structures on the ground and their dimensions, for the construction of enterprises and groups of buildings and structures; red lines (or other building regulation lines), longitudinal and transverse axes that determine the position on the ground and the dimensions of the building, for the construction of individual buildings in cities and towns.

The construction mesh is made in the form of squares and rectangles, which are subdivided into basic and additional ones (Fig. 1, a). The length of the sides of the main figures of the grid is 100 ... 200 m, and the additional ones are -20 ... 40 m.

Rice. 1 - Construction grid: a - location of grid points; b - removal to the terrain of the construction mesh; 1- vertices of the main figures of the grid; 2 - the main axes of the building; 3 - vertices of additional mesh shapes

When designing a building grid, the following should be provided: maximum convenience is provided for performing the layout work; main erected

buildings and structures are located inside grid shapes; the grid lines are located parallel to the main axes of the buildings being erected and as close to them as possible; direct linear measurements.

Rice. 2 - Permanent geodetic marks: a - from concreted pipe scraps; b - from a steel pin with a concreted head; c - from scrap rails; 1 - planned point; 2 - steel pipe with a cruciform anchor, 3 - concrete head; 4 - steel pipe; 5 - border of freezing

The breakdown of the construction grid on the ground begins with the stakeout of the original direction, for which the geodetic network available on the site (or near it) is used (Fig. 1, b). The coordinates of geodetic points and grid points are used to determine the polar coordinates S1, S2, S3 and the angles along which the initial directions of the grid (AB and AC) are brought out to the terrain. Then, from the initial directions on the entire site, the construction grid is divided and fixed at the intersections with permanent signs (Fig. 2) with the planned point. Signs are made from concreted scraps of pipes, rails, etc. The base of the sign (bottom of the sign, support of the sign) must be at least 1 m below the freezing point of the soil.

The red line is transferred and fixed in the same way.

When transferring the main axes of objects under construction to the terrain, if there is a construction grid as a planned alignment base, the method of rectangular coordinates is used. In this case, the adjacent sides of the construction grid are taken as the coordinate lines, and their intersection is taken as the zero point. The position of point O of the main axes xo - yo will be determined as follows: if it is given that xo = 50 and; yo = 40 m, then this means that it is at a distance of 50 m from the line x towards xo and at a distance of 40 m from the y line towards the yo line.

If there is a red line as a planned alignment base on the construction plan, any data must be provided that determine the position of the future building, the angle between the main axis of the building and the red line and the distance from point A to point O of the intersection of the main axes.

The main axes of the building are fixed behind its contours with the signs of the above structure.

High-altitude justification at the construction site is provided by high-altitude support points - construction benchmarks. Typically, the reference points of the construction grid and the red line are used as construction benchmarks. The elevation of each building benchmark must be obtained from at least two benchmarks of state or local significance of the geodetic network.

During the construction process, it is necessary to monitor the safety and stability of the signs of the geodetic alignment base, which is carried out by the construction organization.

Clearing the territory

When clearing the territory, green spaces are transplanted, if they are used in the future, they protect them from damage, uproot stumps, clear the site of shrubs, remove the fertile soil layer, demolish or disassemble unnecessary structures, shift underground utilities and finally lay out the planning of the construction site.

Green spaces that cannot be cut down or transplanted are fenced off, and the trunks of detached trees are protected from possible damage, protecting them with sawn timber waste. Trees and shrubs that are later suitable for landscaping are dug up and transplanted into the security zone or to a new place.

Trees are felled with power saws or electric saws. Tractors with logging and lifting winches or bulldozers with high dumps are cutting down trees with roots and uprooting stumps. Individual stumps that cannot be uprooted are split by an explosion. With brush cutters, they clear the area from the bushes. For the same operation, bulldozers with ripper teeth on the dump, grubbing-collectors are used. The brush cutter is a replacement equipment for a caterpillar tractor.

The fertile soil layer to be removed from the built-up areas is cut off and transferred to specially designated places, where it is stored for later use. Sometimes it is taken to other landscaping sites. When working with a fertile layer, it should be protected from mixing with the underlying layer, contamination, erosion and weathering.

Demolition of buildings and structures is carried out by dividing them into parts (for subsequent dismantling) or collapse. Wooden buildings disassemble, rejecting elements for their subsequent use. During disassembly, each detachable prefabricated element must first be unfastened and held in a stable position.

Monolithic reinforced concrete and metal structures are dismantled according to a specially developed demolition scheme, which ensures the stability of the structure as a whole. Division into disassembly blocks begins with the opening of the reinforcement. Then the block is fixed, after which the reinforcement is cut and the block is broken off. Metal elements are cut after loosening. The largest mass of a reinforced concrete disassembly block or a metal element should not exceed half of the lifting capacity of the cranes with the largest outreach of the hook.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings disassembled according to the demolition scheme, the reverse of the installation scheme. Before the start of disassembly, the element is freed from ties. Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that are not amenable to element-wise separation are dismembered as monolithic.

Demolition of buildings and structures by collapse is carried out with hydraulic hammers, jackhammers, and in some cases - excavators with various attachments- ball-babies, wedge-hammers, etc. Vertical parts of the structure should be brought down inward to prevent the scattering of debris over the area. The collapse is also carried out in an explosive manner.

After clearing, a general layout of the construction site is carried out.

Damage caused by melt water and heavy rainfall can be prevented by arranging a surface drainage system. This system serves to collect and remove excess atmospheric precipitation, which often flood the adjacent area, and with it fruit trees(and other plantings), foundations and basements. The article will focus on the surface drainage system.

Benefits of surface drainage

The device of the system does not require serious financial investments, due to the reduction earthworks... As a result, the probability of violation of the structural strength of the soil, that is, subsidence, is reduced.

Due to the organization of an external drainage system of a linear type, the coverage of the territory for the catchment area has been significantly expanded, while such a value as the length of the sewerage line is reduced.

The system can be carried out without violating the entire integrity of the existing road surface... Here, the cut-in is carried out according to the width of the gutters.
The system is suitable for installation on rocky or unstable ground. And also in those places where it is not possible to carry out deep work (architectural monuments, underground communications).

Types of drainage systems

Drains - part storm sewers, which are used in the improvement of both public and private areas. There are 2 types of systems: linear and point.

Linear system consists of gutters, a sand trap, and sometimes a storm water inlet. This design perfectly copes with its task over large areas. When organizing it, earthworks are minimized. Its installation is necessary in areas with clay soil, or the slope of which is more than 3º.

Point system is a locally located storm water inlets, connected underground by pipelines. The system is ideal for collecting water from roof gutters. Also, its installation is advisable in areas with modest areas or when there are any restrictions for arranging a linear drainage system.

Each system is distinguished by its efficient operation, but their combination is the best option when organizing drainage.

Drainage device for drainage

For the organization of linear or point drainage, various elements and devices are used, where each component fulfills its purpose. Their competent combination leads to effective work.

Gutters

Drainage trays - an integral part of the linear system, are used to collect precipitation and melt water. After that, excess moisture is sent to the sewer or, at least, taken away from the site. Channels are made of concrete, polymer concrete and plastic.

Plastic products are lightweight and simple installation... For this purpose, plugs, adapters, fasteners and other elements have been developed to facilitate the assembly and installation of the system. Despite the high specifications(strength and frost resistance) of the material used, they are limited to a load of up to 25 tons. Such gutters are installed in suburban areas, pedestrian areas, cycle paths, where high mechanical stress is not provided.

Concrete trays- undoubtedly strong, durable and affordable. They are able to withstand a very solid load. Their installation is advisable in places where vehicles pass, for example, on access roads or near garages. Steel or cast iron gratings are installed on top. Reliable fastening system does not allow changing position during operation.
Polymer concrete channels combine the best performance of plastic and concrete. With a low weight, the products take on a significant load and are distinguished by higher physical and technical properties. Accordingly, they have a decent value. Thanks to the smooth surface of the gutters, sand, sparse foliage, branches and other street debris pass through without difficulty. Proper installation and periodic cleaning guarantee a long-term drainage service.

Sand receivers

This element of the system is responsible for filtering water from sand, earth and other suspended particles. The trash box is equipped with a basket in which foreign debris is collected. Equipment installed in the immediate vicinity of the drain to the sewer will ensure the most efficient operation.
Trash boxes, like trays, must be suitable for the type of load. Since this element is in the same bundle with other components of the drainage system, it must be of the same material as the rest of the chain links.

Its upper part has the same shape as the gutters. It is also closed by a drainage grate, so the sand receiver is invisible from the outside. It is possible to reduce its location level (below the depth of soil freezing) by installing these elements on top of each other.
The design of the trash box provides for the presence of side outlets for connection to the underground storm sewer pipes. Outlets of standard diameters are located much higher than the bottom, so small particles, settling, remain there.
The sand box can also be made of concrete, polymer concrete and synthetic polymers. The package includes steel, cast iron, plastic grilles. Its choice is carried out depending on the expected volume of drained water and the level of load in the area of its installation.

Storm water inlets

Thawed and rainwater collected by drainpipes from the roof of the building goes to the blind area. In these zones, storm water inlets are installed, which are square containers. Their installation is also advisable in those places where it is not possible to equip surface drainage linear type.

Since storm water inlets function as a sand trap, they are supplemented with a garbage container, which is regularly cleaned and a siphon, which protects from odorous substances coming from the sewer. They are also equipped with nozzles for connection with underground drainage pipes.
Most often they are made from cast iron or durable plastic. The upper part has a load-bearing grill that prevents large debris from entering and serves as a decorative function. The grill can be plastic, steel or cast iron.

Drainage grates

The grate is part of the surface drainage system. It takes on mechanical stress. It is a visible element and therefore gives the product a decorative look.
The drainage grid is classified according to the operational loads. So for a personal, suburban area, products of class A or C are suitable. For these purposes, plastic, copper or steel gratings are used.

Cast iron products are renowned for their durability. Such gratings are used in the arrangement of areas with a high transport load (up to 90 tons). Although cast iron is prone to corrosion and requires regular painting, there is simply no alternative in terms of strength.
As for the service life of drainage gratings, cast iron products will last at least a quarter of a century, steel ones - about 10 years, plastic gratings will have to be changed after 5 seasons.

Drainage design

The calculation of the system over large areas is carried out according to the hydro project, which takes into account the slightest nuances: the intensity of precipitation, landscape design and much more. On its basis, the length and number of elements of the drainage system is determined.

For suburban or suburban areas, it is enough to draw a plan of the territory on which the location of the drainage system is marked. It also calculates the number of gutters, connecting elements and other components.

The width of the channels is selected depending on the bandwidth. The optimal width of trays for private construction is considered to be 100 mm. In places with increased drainage, gutters with a width of up to 300 mm can be used.
Attention should also be paid to the diameter of the bends. Standard cross-section sewer pipes is equal to 110 mm. Therefore, if the outlet has a different diameter, an adapter must be used.

A rapid outflow of water through the canal will provide a surface with a slope. You can organize the slope in the following ways:

using a natural slope;
by carrying out earthworks, create a slope of the surface (with minimal differences);
pick up trays with different heights, applicable only in small areas;
purchase channels with an inclined inner surface. Typically, these products are made of concrete.

Stages of the linear drainage device

By means of a stretched twine, the boundaries of the drainage system are marked. If the system passes through concrete site marking is carried out with sand or chalk.
Further, the excavation is carried out. A jackhammer is used on an asphalt site.
The width of the trench should be approximately 20 cm larger than the tray (10 cm on each side). The depth under the gutters made of light materials is calculated taking into account the sand cushion (10-15 cm). Under the concrete trays, first a layer of crushed stone is laid, and then sand, 10-15 cm each. It should be noted that the drainage grid after installation should be located 3-4 mm lower than the surface level. The bottom of the trench can also be poured with lean concrete, but such actions are performed if the passage of vehicles is not provided.

A drainage system is being assembled. Trays are placed in the trench and, by means of fasteners, the tongue-groove is fixed to each other. Often, products are marked with an arrow indicating the direction of water movement. If necessary, the joints are sealed with polymer components.
Next, a sand trap is mounted. The drainage line is connected by means of fittings to the sand receiver and sewer pipes.
The empty space between the gutters and the walls of the trench is filled with rubble or earth previously dug out and carefully compacted. It is also possible to fill with sand and gravel mortar.
The installed channels are closed with protective and decorative grilles. It is worth noting that if plastic trays are used when arranging the drainage system, then the lattice is installed and the space is filled with concrete.

Stages of arrangement of a point drainage system

In areas with the greatest accumulation of moisture, a foundation pit is pulled out. The width of the pit should be equal to the size of the gully container. It must be taken into account that the lattice should also be slightly below the surface of the earth.

Also, excavation is carried out in the places where the line is laid for a linear branch or pipes. It is important here to maintain a slope of approximately 1 cm for each linear meter of the surface.
The bottom of the pit is rammed and a sand cushion is set up, with a layer of 10-15 cm. concrete mix about 20 cm thick.
Next, a storm water inlet is installed, to which drainage trays or sewer pipes are connected.
Finally, mount the siphon, insert the waste bin and install the grate.
The design of the gully allows you to stack several containers on top of each other. This makes it possible to deepen the outlet pipe below the freezing of the soil.

Shallow draft channels

Stony soils make it difficult to install standard sized gutters. In this regard, some manufacturers offer products with a shallow depth of installation, where the channel height is 95 mm.

Trays are usually made of plastic with high physical and technical characteristics. The package includes drainage grates made of galvanized steel with an abrasion-resistant polymer coating.
Such channels are widely used in areas with a small amount of waste water. With their help, it will be possible to organize effective surface drainage with minimal excavation.

A timely installed and well-organized drainage system will protect the foundation and green spaces from seasonal flooding, and will give the landscape a well-groomed look. The cost of the arrangement will pay off quickly. The system will extend the life of the building, reduce the cost of repairs and additional maintenance. The time-consuming and costly fight against mold in the basement due to high humidity will be bypassed.

LECTURE 3

SURFACE (ATMOSPHERIC) WATER DRAINAGE

The organization of the runoff of surface rain and melt waters in the territories of residential areas, microdistricts and quarters is carried out using an open or closed drainage system.

On city streets of residential areas, drainage is usually carried out using a closed system, i.e. urban drainage network (storm sewer). Installation of drainage networks is a citywide event.

On the territories of microdistricts and quarters, drainage is carried out by an open system and consists in organizing the flow of surface water from building sites, sites for various purposes and territories of green spaces into the trays of passages along which water is directed to the trays of the carriageways of adjacent city streets. Such organization of drainage is carried out with the help of a vertical layout of the entire territory, which ensures the flow of created longitudinal and transverse slopes on all passages, sites and territories of the microdistrict or quarter.

If the network of passages does not represent a system of interconnected passages or if the capacity of the trays on the passages is insufficient in case of heavy rains, a more or less developed network of open trays, ditches and ditches is provided on the territory of the microdistricts.

An open drainage system is the simplest system that does not require complex and expensive structures. In operation, this system requires constant supervision and cleaning.

The open system is used in micro-districts and quarters of a relatively small area with a relief favorable for water drainage, which does not have underestimated internal drainage places. In large microdistricts, an open system does not always provide a runoff of surface water without overfilling the trays and flooding the driveways, so then a closed system is used.

The closed drainage system provides for the development of an underground network of drainpipes - collectors on the territory of the microdistrict, with the intake of surface water by water intake wells and the direction of the collected water into the city drainage network.

As a possible option, use combined system, when an open network of trays, ditches and ditches is created on the territory of the microdistrict, supplemented by an underground network of drainage collectors. Underground drainage is a very important element of the engineering improvement of residential areas and neighborhoods; it meets the high requirements for comfort and general improvement of residential areas.

Surface drainage on the territory of the microdistrict must be provided to such an extent that from any point of the territory the water runoff freely reaches the trays of the carriageway of the adjacent streets.

From buildings, as a rule, water is diverted towards the driveways, and when adjacent to green spaces - to trays or ditches along the buildings.

On dead-end driveways, with the direction of the longitudinal slope towards the dead end, drainless places are formed, from which water has no outlet; sometimes such points are formed on the passages. Water discharge from such places is carried out using bypass trays, in the direction to the passages located at lower elevations (Fig. 3.1).

Trays are also used to drain surface water from buildings, from sites for various purposes, in areas of green spaces.

The transfer chutes can be triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal. The slopes of the trays are taken depending on the soil and the method of strengthening them within the range of 1: 1 to 1: 1.5. The depth of the tray is not less, and most often not more than 15-20 cm. The longitudinal slope of the tray is taken at least 0.5%.

Earthen trays are unstable, they are easily washed away by rain, while they lose their shape and longitudinal slope. Therefore, it is most advisable to use trays with reinforced walls or prefabricated ones made of some kind of stable material.

With a significant drainage of water, the trays are insufficient for the entire throughput and they are replaced with cuvettes. Typically, the cuvettes have a trapezoidal shape with a bottom width of at least 0.4 m and a depth of 0.5 m; the side slopes have a slope of 1: 1.5. Reinforce the slopes with concrete, paving or sodding. With significant sizes, at a depth of 0.7-0.8 m and more, the cuvettes turn into ditches.

It should be borne in mind that ditches and ditches at intersections with driveways and sidewalks should be enclosed in pipes or arranged over them with bridges. It is difficult and difficult to release water from the ditches and ditches into the passages due to different depths and differences in elevations.

Therefore, the use of open ditches and ditches is permissible only in exceptional cases, especially since ditches and ditches generally disrupt the improvement of modern neighborhoods. Trays, with their usually shallow depth, are acceptable if they do not create great inconvenience for movement.

With relatively small areas of green spaces, drainage can be successfully carried out open way along trays of paths and alleys.

When the paths and driveways are located among green plantings over a relatively short distance, surface water can be run off without arranging trays or ditches, directly to the planting areas. In such cases, fences with bumpers for paths and driveways are not suitable. At the same time, the formation of stagnant waters and swampiness should be excluded. Such a runoff is especially advisable when artificial irrigation of areas of green spaces is required.

When designing an underground drainage network, special attention should be paid to the drainage of surface water from main roads and pedestrian walkways, as well as from places of mass gathering of visitors (main squares of the park; squares in front of theaters, restaurants, etc.).

In places where surface water is discharged from the territory of microdistricts to city streets, a water intake well is installed behind the red line, while its sewage branch is connected to the collector of the city drainage network.

With a closed drainage system, surface water is directed to the water intake wells of the drainage network and enters them through the water intake grates.

Water intake wells on the territory of microdistricts are located at all low points that do not have free flow, on straight sections of passages, depending on the longitudinal slope, with an interval of 50-100 m, at the intersections of passages from the side of the water inflow.

The slope of the drainage branches is taken at least 0.5%, but the optimal slope is 1-2%. The diameter of the drainage branches is taken at least 200 mm.

The trails of drainage collectors on the territory of the microdistrict are laid mainly outside the driveways in strips of green spaces at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the curb or the roadway.

The depth of the drainage network collectors in the microdistrict is taken taking into account the depth of soil freezing.

The intake wells have intake grates, predominantly rectangular in shape. These wells are constructed from prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete elements, and only in the absence of them - from bricks (Fig. 3.2).

Inspection wells are built according to standard designs from prefabricated elements.

When choosing a drainage system in a microdistrict, it should be borne in mind that in modern well-maintained microdistricts, the development of a network of drainage collectors is predetermined not only by the collection and disposal of surface water, but also by the use of the drainage network for other purposes, such as for receiving and discharging water from snow melters and when snow discharge into the network collectors, as well as when water is discharged into the network when washing the carriageways and areas.

It is advisable to arrange an underground drainage network in the microdistrict when equipping buildings with internal drains, as well as when removing water from the roofs of buildings through external pipes with water discharge into the underground drainage network.

In these both cases, the runoff of water from the drainpipes along sidewalks and areas adjacent to buildings is excluded, and it also improves appearance buildings. Based on these considerations, it is considered expedient to develop an underground drainage network on the territory of microdistricts.

An underground drainage network in micro-districts is also justified if there are closed-drainage places on the territory that do not have a free outlet for rain and melt water that collects in them. Such cases are relatively rare, but they are possible in case of difficult rugged terrain and cannot be eliminated by vertical leveling due to large volumes of earthworks.

It is almost always necessary to construct an underground drainage network when great depth the microdistrict and the distance of the watershed from the nearest adjacent street by 150-200 m, as well as in all cases when the capacity of the trays on the driveways is insufficient and the driveways can be flooded with relatively heavy rains; the use of ditches and ditches in neighborhoods is highly undesirable.

With vertical planning and the creation of surface water runoff, the location of individual buildings in relation to the natural relief is very important. So, for example, it is unacceptable to locate buildings across the natural thalweg, thereby creating closed places.

It is possible to avoid unnecessary and unjustified earthworks on bedding in closed places only when water is drained from such places using an underground drainage network collector, with the installation of a water intake well at a low point. However, the direction of the longitudinal slope of such a reservoir will be opposite to the relief. This may lead to the need for excessive deepening of some sections of the microdistrict drainage network.

As unsuccessful examples, one can cite the location of buildings of various configurations in the plan without taking into account the natural relief and water flow from buildings (Fig. 3.3).

A storm sewer device (storm drain) is a system that serves to protect the foundations of houses and territories that surround them from rain and melt water. The main task of the mechanism is to collect rain and melt water in the canal line. One of the main elements is storm water inlets that collect water from drain pipes. In general, the system is able to stop the flooding of foundations, which can lead to destruction. Stormwater is a must-have equipment in engineering country house or garden. Installing a high-quality drain will help you preserve the lawn, flower garden, and most importantly, save the house from destruction.

To do this, we must answer the question, where does the sedimentary liquid go? Part of the water is absorbed by the earth, but in connection with the development of civilization, most of the land plots turned into asphalt. Now she has nowhere to go. Because of this, rains can destroy our yards and contribute to dampness in our homes. To date, the device of storm sewers is struggling with this problem. In most cases, they work on a gravity flow mechanism.

When choosing technologies, pay attention to the following indicators:

Relief of the earth;
The nature of the building
The amount of precipitation in this area.

Benefits of storm drainage

50-100 cubic meters - this is how much water flows annually from under a country house. The storm water system collects all the water and divides it evenly across the sections. If the sedimentary water is left unchecked, it will cause great harm to the owner of the site. The consequence of this can be the destruction of the foundation and rotting of vegetation on the site.

The rain shower has the following advantages:

Installation work is easy and inexpensive;
It is much easier to make slopes for such a system;
90% are located on the surface, which helps to avoid pipe clogging, and facilitates access to repair work;
The land layer is almost not disturbed;
Trays have two functions: they collect and drain water.

What does a storm sewer system consist of?

The drainage structure consists of the following components:

Gutters;
Storm water inlets;
Pipes;
Auxiliary parts.

Now let's take a closer look at the functions and features of each.

Gutters collect water resources in places with huge mechanical stress, for example: parking lots and garages. They are applied from different materials: plastic, concrete and polymer concrete. The package may include special metal nozzles and a decorated mesh that protect them from clogging with large debris.

Storm water inlets work with a point collection of water from the surface and roofs of houses, if a connection is established with drain pipes. They are made of plastic and can withstand being driven over. The package may also include: a waste basket, a special partition and a grate made of cast iron or galvanized.

The pipes that make up the gutters are designed to transport water to the collector and are used for outdoor work. Material - polypropylene. When designing systems, as a rule, two options for laying pipes are used:

Shallow landing... They function mainly in summer. In this case, they most often use thick-walled pipes Brown color.
Deep. They function all year round. In this laying system, preference is given to two-layer corrugated pipes.

Important! When choosing a pipe diameter, it is necessary to calculate the expected amount of precipitation. Also, to control storm drains, it is necessary to organize revisions and install inspection wells to clean the wire tubes.

The design of drainage systems may include rain wells, drainage trays, sand traps and underground drains.

For the attention of buyers! The storm drainage scheme is planned for landscape design and proportionally depends on the vertical structure of the site.

Why install inspection chambers?

These structures are placed at the turning points of drainage systems, as well as on pipes that are too long every 25 m. Inspection wells allow us to make an audit and monitor the cleanliness of the drainage system. Previously, they were made by hand from reinforced concrete rings or laid out with bricks. Today it is plastic.

Their advantages include the fact that they:

Sealed;
Not subject to corrosion;
Reliable and durable;
They are lightweight;
Easy to assemble.

Storm sewer classification

Before buying, we need to familiarize ourselves with the classification of gutters. They are divided according to the following criteria: drainage method and drainage type.

It is important to know that drainage and storm system installed in parallel. They should not unite. Moreover, the storm in their parallel is laid higher.

Types of systems by the way of water drainage:

Closed. This is the most complex mechanism. For it to work, it is necessary to carry out a detailed hydraulic calculation for a suitable pipe diameter. The water is collected in special rainwater inlets or trays and then transferred to the pipe system. Further, it follows in the gravity flow, from which it enters the collector, from where it is transferred outside the site. For example, in bodies of water.

Advice! Installation of closed-type systems with large pipes is carried out on city streets or enterprises. But in some cases, it is ideal for a site if it is a large area.

Open. This is the easiest option. In this case, sediment is collected in troughs installed in ditches that follow at an angle to the collector. The trays are covered with bars.
Mixed gutters... This system provides for the installation of a component of both types, which significantly reduces costs. With this choice, pipes with a diameter of 10-15 cm should be installed.

Types by type of drainage systems:

Point collection of water. The principle of operation is the installation of storm water inlets, which are connected by pipes into one network. You need to install in problem areas.
Linear. This installation is used to collect precipitation from large areas, for example, asphalt areas, etc.

PS: You can get acquainted with each type of water drainage by looking at the photos posted on the Internet.

How to choose a suitable place to place the collector?

Positive or favorable. The relief is flat or with a slope of no more than 0.005. In this case, the drainage area can reach 150 hectares or less.
Average. The collector is located at the bottom of the slope. The area is 150 hectares or a little more.
Unfavorable. Sloping relief and steep slopes... The area exceeds 150 hectares, and significantly.

Advice. To properly lay the drainage system, you need to choose the shortest path to the place of descent. Drainage and rainfall should never be combined!

Stages of preparation for the installation of a stormwater system

Work should be started immediately after the completion of the facade planning and landscaping. You need:

Perform vertical dumping of soils on the site and compact them. This is necessary in order to avoid deformation of the equipment.
Installation to drain rainfall from roofs outside the site. This helps keep the foundation from getting wet and destroyed.
Determine the method and place for the drainage of sedimentary liquid. The location should be determined on an individual basis, based on the area. There are two options: drainage ditches and a sewerage system.
Collection of rainwater on tiled floors. Installed only if there is a cont-slope from the adjacent territory or building.

Advice. The system should consist of a linear and point drainage system, and protection devices against dirt may also be included. So before installing, you need to consult with a specialist: after all, any system is selected individually for the area.

Installation procedure

Installation of storm drains plays an important role in its further performance. The correct sequence of actions will ensure proper operation and high efficiency. On the Internet, you can find many various photos explaining installation principles. Below we will try to describe it to you.

So, we install the components in the following sequence:

We fix the local points of water collection under the pipes;
We carry out a linear branch, which is based on trays;
We connect all the components with pipes to the manifold.

Important! Install inspection chambers to avoid clogging. The collector must be installed, lowering it to a great depth, so that it does not freeze during frost, if this is not possible, insulate it!

Basic rules and principles for the installation of drainage systems

Precipitation from raincoats through pipes enters the collector or spillway;
A drainage system must be connected from the same system;
For stormwaters, they mainly use PVC pipes, with a diameter of 11 cm;
May also fit corrugated pipes which have a smooth surface inside;
As a rule, they are installed so that the precipitation descends by gravity. To do this, adhere to a slope of 1 cm per 1 m of the pipe.
So that the system does not freeze in the off-season, pipes must be laid below the freezing point of the soil;
If you cannot place the pipes deep, then it is worth insulating them.

Attention! If possible, avoid pipe bends. If you don't, create 90 degree corners.

Drainage of water from the house is a problem of almost every owner of a country house, which must be solved immediately, without debugging "for later." During rains and downpours, water can compromise the stability of a home, destroying the foundation. Of course, this will not happen from one shower, but if such incidents occur constantly, then the house can simply go underground, that is, "grow" into it. The foundation of the building will be undermined waste water, the ground under the foundation will be soft and under the weight of the house, the foundation will go down.

And, for example, if the house has a basement? In this case, this problem should be solved immediately, it cannot be postponed even for a short time. After all, if the basement is constantly flooded, then in a few years it will come to an unsatisfactory state and it will no longer be possible to use it for its intended purpose. Why? Because due to the constant dampness in the basement, mold may soon appear, which in turn is extremely harmful to the health of people and animals.

Also, groundwater can be dangerous for the site. If your house is located near a river, lake or even a swamp, then you can be sure that there are some on the site. The danger of groundwater is that it lies in the depths of the earth. If water from the house during showers and rains flows there, then there is a high probability of imbalance and stability of the house, which can subsequently lead to its collapse. It is because of this reason that it is so important to properly drain rainwater from a residential building.

Drainage of water from the roof: features

The drainage of water from the roof must be mandatory. For example, in winter, a huge amount of snow falls on the roof, which stays on it and can simply break it. There is also another significant danger: during the daytime snow melt, icicles can form in the evening. They, in turn, can fall on someone's head. If you make drainage from the house of thawed snow and rainwater, then you can forever forget about the formation of icicles and the danger of their falling on someone's head.

How to make a diversion system yourself, that is the question. You can immediately answer that this is not a difficult process, you can handle it with your own hands. To do this, you need to buy gutters and downspouts in a building hypermarket or on the market, which will allow you to drain water from the roof. Roof drainage gutters are the less expensive and simplest option. He is also the most popular. Installing gutters to drain water from the house is quite simple and do it yourself.

There are three types of gutters:

semicircular,
rectangular or square
trapezoidal.

How do you decide which one is best for your building? You can only rely on your own taste, and you should also take into account the design of the building. In terms of functionality, these gutters practically do not differ, we can say that they are the same in their properties and characteristics. Therefore, the choice falls entirely on your shoulders.

You can only help with the choice of color: you should not buy light gutters, since in winter the snow on them will melt more slowly than if they were darker. This is due to the fact that dark colors"Attract" more solar energy to themselves. On the contrary, light colors reflect the energy of the sun, so the snow on them will melt more slowly. Also, many experts recommend installing storm gutters that are larger, therefore, they can withstand the loads during heavy rainfall.

There is nothing difficult in installing gutters, you just need to follow the instructions from the attached instructions.

The drainage system for rain and melt water using gutters is as follows:

The water drains from the roof into the attached gutter, it travels along the gutter until downspout, along which flows down to the ground. But the problem remains unresolved, water continues to flow directly under the foundation of the house. To bring the water drainage system from home to mind, you need to make an additional drainage system.

Drainage systems

What is a drainage system? What is it used for? What types is it? When should you use it?

In fact, the drainage system is the system for draining water from the house, only it drains water almost completely, which will have a good effect on the building and extend its life.

Types of drainage systems:

Ground drainage (surface)
Drainage lines
Drainage in specific places (point)
Open drainage system
Closed drainage system
Buried trenches
Deep drainage

When there is an urgent need to install a complex drainage system:

If there are natural water bodies near the house.
The house is located on the low ground.
On clay soils, as the water on such soils leaves rather slowly, especially after showers.
Your area receives a lot of rainfall throughout the calendar year.
Groundwater is close to the surface of the earth's crust.
The presence of concrete or tiled paths on the site, since they do not allow water to pass through.
Low foundation of the house, because the possibility of flooding increases significantly.

The device of a system that will provide rainwater drainage with your own hands will help save money on further building repairs due to possible flooding.

Types of water drainage systems

Surface drainage

Surface drainage will allow the drainage of storm water, it is also called a rainwater drain. It is very easy to equip this type of drainage system that drains storm water. Such a system will help to cope exclusively with the drainage of rain and melt water, but such a system will not be able to cope with groundwater. By itself, surface drainage is subdivided into two more types: linear and point.

The linear drainage of water works as follows: special trenches are pulled out throughout the site, which are merged into one common drainage well. Usually the trenches are covered with bars.

A point drainage of water allows the input from different places of the site to be drained into a common well, while such a system is usually used simultaneously with a linear one. Point drainage is usually installed in places where there is no need for constant mandatory drainage. For example, in outbuildings or baths.

There is also a combined drainage, that is, both linear and point drainage. Most often used in country yards and in country houses exactly this kind of drainage systems.

Drainage systems in private plots will not affect the water supply, as they usually take water from deeper wells or boreholes.

Drainage systems: open and closed type

Open systems are a collection of trenches, canals and gutters that allow water to be diverted from the house to a specially designated place, usually a well.

Closed drainage systems also represent a collection of various drains and channels, but they have a more aesthetic appearance, as they are covered with decorative gratings. The discharge duct in the form of a pipe is often buried underground and is not visible from above in any way.

All experts in construction agree on one general plan when organizing drainage systems on a private site: “It is not so difficult to arrange a drainage system on your site in modern conditions. Before construction, it is advisable to take a site plan and mark all channels and trenches on it, and also determine the best place for a well into which water will be drained. The next important step should be counting necessary materials... This should be done in order not to waste your time on unnecessary shopping. You need to start work from the roof, and only then build surface drainage channels on the ground. "