What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Today farms from shaped pipe are rightfully considered ideal solution for the construction of a garage, a residential building and household buildings. Robust and durable, these structures are inexpensive, quick to build, and can be handled by anyone with a little knowledge of math and cutting and welding skills.

And how to choose the right profile, calculate the truss, make jumpers in it and install, we will now tell you in detail. For this we have prepared for you detailed master classes making such farms, video tutorials and valuable advice from our experts!

So what is a farm? It is a structure that ties the supports together into a single unit. In other words, the truss belongs to simple architectural structures, among the valuable advantages of which we highlight the following: high strength, excellent performance, low cost and good resistance to deformations and external loads.

Due to the fact that such trusses have a high bearing capacity, they are placed under any roofing materials, regardless of their weight.

The use in the construction of metal trusses from new or rectangular closed profiles is considered one of the most rational and constructive solutions... And for good reason:

The main secret is economy thanks to the rational shape of the profile and the connection of all elements of the grille.
Another valuable advantage of profile pipes for use in their truss fabrication is equal stability in two planes, remarkable streamlining and ease of use.
For all their low weight, such trusses can withstand serious loads!

Truss trusses differ in the shape of the belts, the type of cross-section of the rods and the types of lattice. And with the right approach, you can independently weld and install a truss from a profile pipe of any complexity! Even this one:

Stage II. We acquire a high-quality profile

So, before drawing up a project for future farms, you first need to decide on such important points:

contours, size and shape of the future roof;
material for the manufacture of the upper and lower chord of the truss, as well as its lattice;

Remember one simple thing: the frame made of a profile pipe has the so-called balance points, which are important to determine for the stability of the entire truss. And it is very important to choose high-quality material for this load:

Farms are built from a profile pipe of such types of sections: rectangular or square. These are available in different cross-sectional sizes and diameters, with different wall thicknesses:

We recommend those that are specially sold for small-sized buildings: these are up to 4.5 meters long and have a cross-section of 40x20x2 mm.
If you will be making trusses longer than 5 meters, then choose a profile with parameters 40x40x2 mm.
For the full-scale construction of the roof of a residential building, you will need profile pipes with the following parameters: 40x60x3 mm.

The stability of the entire structure is directly proportional to the thickness of the profile, therefore, for the manufacture of trusses, do not use pipes for which are intended only for welding racks and frames - here are other characteristics. Also pay attention to which method the product was made: electrowelded, hot-deformed or cold-deformed.

If you undertake to make such trusses yourself, then take square-section blanks - the easiest way to work with them is. Get a 3-5mm square profile that is strong enough and close to metal bars... But if you are going to make the farm just something for the visor, then you can give preference to a more budgetary option.

Be sure to consider snow and wind loads in your area when designing. After all great importance when choosing a profile (in terms of load on it), it has an angle of inclination of the trusses:

You can more accurately design a truss from a profile pipe using online calculators.

We only note that the most simple construction a truss made of a profile pipe consists of several vertical racks and horizontal levels on which you can attach roof rafters. You can buy such a frame ready-made on your own, even on order in any city in Russia.

Stage III. We calculate the internal stress of trusses

The most important and responsible task is to correctly calculate the truss from the profile pipe and select the desired format for the inner lattice. To do this, we need a calculator or other software similar to it, as well as some tabular data of SNiPs, which for this:

SNiP 2.01.07-85 (impact, load).
SNiP p-23-81 (data on steel structures).

Review these documents if possible.

Roof shape and angle of inclination

What kind of roof is needed for a farm? Mono-pitched, gable, domed, arched or hipped? The easiest option, of course, is to make a standard lean-to canopy. But even quite complex farms, you are also able to calculate and manufacture yourself:

A standard truss consists of such important elements as the upper and lower chords, struts, braces and auxiliary struts, which are also called sprengels. There is a grid system inside the trusses; welded seams, rivets, special paired materials and kerchiefs are used to connect pipes.

And, if you are going to make a roof that is complex in shape, then such trusses will be an ideal option for it. It is very convenient to make them according to a template right on the ground, and only then lift them up.

Most often when building a small country house, garage or change houses, the so-called polonso trusses are used - a special design of triangular trusses connected by puffs, and the lower belt here comes out raised.

In fact, in this case, in order to increase the height of the structure, the lower belt is made broken, and then it is 0.23 of the flight length. It is very convenient for the internal space of the room.

So, in total there are three main options for making a truss, depending on the slope of the roof:

from 6 to 15 °;
from 15 to 20 °;
from 22 to 35 °.

What is the difference you ask? For example, if the angle of the structure is small, only up to 15 °, then it is rational to make the trusses a trapezoidal shape. And at the same time, it is quite possible to reduce the weight of the structure itself, taking in height from 1/7 to 1/9 of the total flight length.

Those. be guided by this rule: the less weight, the more the height of the truss should be. But if we already have a complex geometric shape, then you need to choose a different type of truss and lattices.

Types of trusses and roof shapes

Here is an example of specific trusses for each type of roof (pitched, gable, complex):

Let's take a look at the types of farms:

Triangular trusses are a classic for making a base for steep roof slopes or awnings. The cross-section of pipes for such trusses must be selected taking into account the weight of the roofing materials, as well as the operation of the building itself. Triangular farms are good because they have simple forms, are easy to calculate and execute. They are appreciated for providing natural light under the roof. But we also note the disadvantages: these are additional profiles and long rods in the central segments of the lattice. And also here you will have to face some difficulties when welding sharp seating corners.
The next view is polygonal trusses from a profile pipe. They are indispensable for the construction of large areas. Their welding is already of a more complex shape, and therefore they are not designed for lightweight structures. But such trusses are distinguished by greater metal savings and strength, which is especially good for hangars with large spans.
Strong is also considered parallel chord truss... Such a truss differs from others in that it has all the details - repeating, with the same length of rods, belts and lattices. That is, there are a minimum of joints, and therefore it is easiest to calculate and cook such from a profile pipe.
A separate view is single-slope trapezoidal truss supported by columns. Such a truss is ideal when rigid fixation of the structure is required. It has slopes (braces) on the sides and there are no long bars of the upper sheathing. Suitable for roofs where reliability is especially important.

Here is an example of making trusses from a shaped pipe as universal option suitable for any garden building. It is about triangular farms, and you've probably seen them many times before:

A triangular truss with a crossbar is also quite simple, and is quite suitable for the construction of gazebos and change houses:

And here arched farms in manufacturing are already much more complicated, although they have a number of their valuable advantages:

Your main task is to center the metal truss elements from the center of gravity in all directions, in simple terms, to minimize the load and distribute it correctly.

Therefore, choose the type of farms that are more suitable for this purpose. In addition to those listed above, the scissor truss, asymmetric, U-shaped, double-hinged, parallel chord truss and attic truss with and without supports are also popular. And attic view farms:

Lattice types and point loading

It will be interesting for you to know that a certain design of the internal truss gratings is chosen not at all for aesthetic reasons, but for quite practical ones: for the shape of the roof, the geometry of the ceiling and the calculation of loads.

You need to design your farm in such a way that all forces are concentrated specifically in the nodes. Then there will be no bending moments in the chords, braces and sprengels - they will only work in compression and tension. And then the cross section of such elements is reduced to the required minimum, while significantly saving on material. And the farm itself to everything, you can easily make a hinged one.

Otherwise, a force distributed over the bars will constantly act on the truss, and a bending moment will appear, in addition to the total stress. And here it is then important to correctly calculate the maximum bending value for each individual bar.

Then the cross-section of such rods should be larger than if the truss itself were loaded with point forces. To summarize: trusses, on which the distributed load acts evenly, are made from short elements with hinged nodes.

Let's see what is the advantage of this or that type of grid in terms of load distribution:

Triangular the lattice system is always used in parallel chord trusses and trapezoid trusses. Its main advantage is that it gives the smallest overall lattice length.
Diagonal the system is good for low truss heights. But the consumption of material for it is considerable, because here the entire path of effort goes through the nodes and rods of the lattice. And therefore, when designing, it is important to lay as many rods as possible so that the long elements are stretched, and the struts are compressed.
Another view - truss lattice. It is made in case of loads of the upper chord, as well as when it is necessary to reduce the length of the lattice itself. Here is the advantage of observing optimal distance between the elements of all transverse structures, which, in turn, allows you to maintain a normal distance between the purlins, which will be a practical moment for installing roof elements. But creating such a lattice with your own hands is a rather laborious task with additional metal costs.
Cruciform the lattice allows you to distribute the load on the truss in both directions at once.
Another type of lattice - cross where the braces are attached directly to the truss wall.
And finally half-bevel and rhombic lattice, the most rigid of the listed. Here, two systems of braces interact at once.

We have prepared an illustration for you, where we have collected all types of trusses and their trellises together:

Here's an example of how a triangular truss is made:

Making a truss with a diagonal lattice looks like this:

This is not to say that one of the types of trusses is definitely better or worse than the other - each of them is valuable for less material consumption, lighter weight, load-bearing capacity and method of fastening. The drawing is responsible for which load scheme will act on it. And the selected type of lattice will directly determine what the weight of the farm will be, appearance and the complexity of its manufacture.

We also note such an unusual option for making a farm, when it itself becomes a part or support for another, wooden:

Stage IV. We manufacture and install farms

We will give you a few valuable advice, as an independent, without any special difficulties, to weld such farms right on your site:

Option one: you can contact the plant, and they will make to order according to your drawing all the necessary individual elements that you just have to weld on the spot.
Second option: purchase a ready-made profile. Then you will only have to sheathe the inside of the trusses with boards or plywood, and in between, lay insulation if necessary. But this method will cost, of course, more.

For example, here is a good video tutorial on how to lengthen a pipe by welding and achieve perfect geometry:

Here's also a very helpful video on how to cut a pipe at a 45 ° angle:

So, now we come directly to the assembly of the farms themselves. The following step-by-step instructions will help you cope with this:

Step 1. Prepare the farms first. It is better to weld them in advance directly on the ground.
Step 2. Install vertical supports for future trusses. It is imperative that they are truly vertical, so test them with a plumb line.
Step 3. Now take the longitudinal pipes and weld them to the support legs.
Step 4. Lift the trusses and weld them to the longitudinal pipes. After that, it is important to clean all the joints.
Step 5. Paint the finished frame with a special paint, after cleaning and degreasing it. Pay particular attention to the joints of the profile pipes.

What else do those who make such farms at home face? First, plan in advance the support tables on which you will place the truss. It is far from the best option to throw it on the ground - it will be very inconvenient to work.

Therefore, it is better to install small support bridges that will be slightly wider than the lower and upper truss chord. After all, you will manually measure and insert jumpers between the belts, and it is important that they do not fall to the ground.

Next important point: trusses made of a profile pipe are heavy in weight, and therefore you will need the help of at least one more person. In addition, help will not hurt in such tedious and painstaking work as sanding metal before cooking. Also keep in mind that you will need to cut the trusses a lot, for all elements, and therefore we advise you to either purchase or build homemade machine by the type of what is in our master class. This is how it works:

In this way, step by step, you will draw up a drawing, calculate the truss lattice, make blanks and weld the structure already in place. Moreover, you will also have the remains of shaped pipes in your expense, therefore, nothing will need to be thrown away - all this will be needed for the secondary parts of the canopy or hangar!

Stage V. We clean and paint the finished trusses

After you install the trusses in their permanent place, be sure to treat them with anti-corrosion compounds and paint them with polymer paints. A paint that is durable and UV resistant is ideal for this purpose:

That's all, the profile pipe truss is ready! All that remains is the finishing work on the cladding of the trusses from the inside with finishing and from the outside with roofing material:

Believe me, make metal truss from a profile pipe for you, in fact, will not be difficult. A competently drawn up drawing, high-quality welding of a truss from a shaped pipe and a desire to do everything correctly and accurately play a huge role.

A single-pitched roof type is rarely found in private housing construction. Although, according to some, this is in vain, because the installation of a pitched roof is much easier than installing a gable roof. On the other hand, such a roof structure will not be able to retain heat in the room so well. That is why a pitched roof is most often used for the construction of a garage, country house or barn.

True, if the work on thermal insulation is done correctly, then the structure may well be warm. In this case, a living room is made under the pitched roof. Let's look at what are the advantages of a pitched roof, what types of rafter systems exist, how the design is calculated. In addition, we will consider how to install this type of roof.

Pros and cons of a shed roof for a house

Newbies in the construction business will be delighted that such a single-slope construction is quite simple and can be done by hand. True, the work cannot be called the simplest, but with detailed instructions a pitched roof will be created. But before considering design features roof, you need to find out its features and benefits. They characterize given type roofs.

Advantages of a pitched roof:

Profitability. For the device of the roof, you do not need a lot of building materials, on which the bulk of the funds are spent.
The simplicity of the rafter system and the shed structure as a whole. Most for beginners. Installation will be easier than with a gable roof.
The building will be lightweight. This means that there is less stress on the walls and foundation.
Thanks to this shape, the pitched roof perfectly resists wind load, as well as the weight of snow that accumulates on the surface.
The angle of inclination is very different, depending on the needs. It ranges from 5 ° to 45 °.
If you make the angle of the pitched roof small, then it can be used for various purposes. For example, if it is a shed, then install a tank to heat the liquid. If this is a living space, then on a pitched roof you can equip a wonderful place to relax. Alternatively, installation solar panels as an alternative power source.
The versatility of a lean-to construction. It can be coated with almost any material commercially available. It all depends on the operating conditions and the selected angle of inclination.

Despite all its advantages, a pitched roof also has disadvantages. This is not surprising, since nothing is perfect, but it is better to know about the cons and use it profitably.

Minuses shed roof:

the first concerns insulation. There is no under construction more space with an air gap, therefore, the issue of insulation should be approached more seriously. If you do not insulate the structure, then in the summer the attic will heat up too much, and in the winter, on the contrary, it will overcool. In any case, the temperature (high or low) will be transmitted to the house. Correct calculations and high-quality insulation will help to eliminate this;
when creating a floor immediately under the roof, made at a slight angle, the house will not have an upper air gap and attic... And in this case, living space cannot be organized;
due to the slight slope, which reaches from 5 to 10 °, snow and moisture will accumulate on the shed surface.

Despite all the obvious disadvantages, a pitched roof is an ideal option for creating a garage and other buildings on the site.

Calculation of the roof structure of a single-pitched type

This is the first step before installing the rafter system. It is recommended to draw up a detailed plan or drawing, which will be guided by when working. To create this schema, you need to select the following data:

the total width of the roof structure, as well as the length of the spans that forms between the load-bearing walls;
the angle of the slope, desired or obtained;
roof length single-slope type;
selected roofing material;
what height and width the load-bearing walls have.

Note! When a shed roof is being created for a shed, garage or country house, you can simply raise the front wall of the structure higher than the back one.

As a result, the angle of the slope will depend on the height of the rise. The second option provides for the creation of supports, on which the run will fit. The second method saves building materials.

For drawings, you need to know the following nuances:

The drawing of the future pitched roof must have all the necessary information about the elements. The dimensions, distances between them, fastening features, etc. are indicated. An example of a similar drawing of a pitched roof is shown below.

Choosing the angle of a pitched roof

The angle of the slope is selected taking into account the fact that the resulting roof forms a triangle, one angle of which will always be right. The legs are the floor beams and the pediment part of the building, and the rafters serve as the hypotenuse. This can be clearly seen in this diagram.

The designations are as follows:

Lс - the length of the used rafter;
Lbс - our leg, indicating the height of the pediment from the floor beam to the plane of the roof;
Lsd - the width of the building;
A - the selected or the desired angle of the pitched roof.

Taking into account the basic values, it is possible to calculate all the parameters of a shed structure. There is a formula for that. The first is used when the width of the building and the planned height of the pediment are taken as a basis. In this case, the formula is as follows:

When you have decided on the angle of the pitched roof, then you need to calculate the future height of the pediment. For this, the formula is as follows:

In this case, the length rafter legs the roof is calculated as follows:

Note! This rafter length does not include a canopy on the rear or front of the room.

Many criteria affect the choice of the slope angle. The main one is the choice of roofing material. Each of them is recommended to buy for a particular angle of inclination. Here are guidelines for popular roofing materials:

For the device of corrugated board, the slope must be at least 8 °.
When using metal tiles, you will need to make a roof with an angle of inclination of 30 °.
For a slate device, indicators from 20 ° to 30 ° are needed.
As for rolled roofing materials (roofing material, bituminous tiles and soft roof), then the angle of inclination should be 5-7 °, not less.

Advice! A roof without a heating system in an area where there is a lot of snow in winter, an ideal solution would be a single-pitched roof with an angle of 40 °, despite the roofing material. So all precipitation will quickly disappear from it.

Varieties of the shed roof truss system

There are three options for creating a rafter system. The choice of design depends on the size of the room and its type.

Now that we have figured out the structure of the rafter system and learned its types, we can consider the process of creating a shed roof itself.

Installation work on the creation of a pitched roof

Having in hand the drawings and the selected type of system, you can get to work. You will also need the appropriate tools and lumber. Installation of the rafter system is as follows:

For safety, the building should be covered with beams. They fit on the wall. To extend their service life, roofing material is glued to the wall. It will protect the beams from moisture and decay. You need to position the floor sticks in the same way as the rafters. Fixing step -500-800 mm.
Mauerlat is laid on top of the beams. This is a massive timber that will serve as a support. It fits on the back bottom wall of the building.
To move safely on the roof, flooring is laid on the floor beams wooden planks... It is temporary.
Now you need to build a pediment wall. It is made of the same material as the building itself. You can use a lighter material. For example, if the walls are brick, then the pediment is raised by means of bars or boards.
The floor beams must be covered with waterproofing and embedded in the wall. The pediment rises to the selected height according to the drawings.
On the finished pediment, you can fix the Mauerlat. It turns out that the two Mauerlats are parallel to each other.
Marking is applied to the lower wall for fastening the rafter legs. The fastening elements themselves are fixed.
To firmly fix the rafter, based on the drawings, grooves are cut out on it. it a good option fastening. The grooves are in two places, above and below, to enter the Mauerlat. There are other methods of fixing the rafter leg, as shown in this photo.
After that, the legs are fixed with special corners and fasteners. From above, at the pediment, the legs are screwed tightly. But the lower part is made depending on the selected roof truss system. It can be rigidly fixed or made sliding.
There is a certain sequence of inserting rafter legs. First, the extreme elements of the rafter system are mounted. A cord is stretched between them, which serves as a guide and level for subsequent rafters. Do not forget that the pitch of the rafters corresponds to the pitch of the floor beams.
The rafters that have already been installed are connected to the floor beams by means of struts, struts and other elements to give them stability. We talked about them above. Fixation is carried out with corners and brackets made of metal.
Advice! If you want to lengthen the rafters and bring them out of the wall, then "filly" is attached to the bars. So you can protect the adjacent part of the structure from precipitation.
When the construction of the pitched roof is ready, you can proceed to the insulation and the creation of the roofing cake.

The photo shows what layers the correct insulated single-pitched roof should consist of.

Insulation material is laid between the rafters. He must hold tight there. After that, a counter-lattice is made on top for ventilation. A waterproofing film is laid on the counter-lattice. It protects the insulation from moisture, which can ruin it.

As for the lathing for laying roofing material, it is selected depending on what kind of roofing material it will be. For example, solid lathing from boards or plywood is needed when installing soft tiles and other roll materials... If metal tiles, corrugated boarding, slate, ondulin and other types of rigid roofing are used, then the lathing is done in a ragged way. The pitch depends on the roofing material.

And to protect the insulation from the inside of the pitched roof, you need to sheathe it with a vapor barrier film. Now we can say that the pitched roof is completely ready.

Note! If a pitched roof is made for a shed or other non-residential structure, then it is not necessary to insulate it. Better to spend them for another purpose.

Conclusion

The creation of a roof, be it a gable or a pitched roof, is a dangerous, laborious and responsible process. That is why caution and strict adherence to the instructions for creating the structure is required. Only then can the best result be achieved.

Today, the creation of a lean-to is affordable and really practical solution... And it doesn't matter what you are going to build - a summer house, a bathhouse, private house or a garage, since such a roof structure has a wide range of applications in residential housing. In addition, this type of roofing will require very modest financial costs from you for installation, as well as subsequent operation.

Advantages of single-pitched structures

If you decide to build a pitched roof yourself, then you will not need any special professional skills and abilities. The main advantages of this type of roof are:

simplicity of design (therefore, installation can be performed without the involvement of specialists);
resistance to climatic influences, but only if you can choose the right angle of inclination of the slope;
availability. The pitched roof has a small space for the attic, so you can significantly save on heating the house;
efficiency of installation. Construction work will not take much time, so you can really implement a roof project in a short time.

Sheathing sections depending on the slope of the roof and the pitch of the rafters

All of the above advantages allow us to conclude that a pitched roof is a worthy and optimal choice. In addition, by giving preference to such a design, you can use the area of the second floor as a place to create an attic, even if the load-bearing walls have different heights. As an addition, you can build a veranda or a covered terrace, because the protruding edge of the ramp does not fit snugly against the structure.

The subtleties of creating a drawing

If you decide to give preference to a pitched roof, then the first thing you need to do is develop a project for the future roof. To do this, you need to determine what the slope of the slope will be. Construction experts advise placing it upwind. This will ensure high degree reliability as well as safety of the flooring. Determine which side the wind often blows at the construction site. Today, the only thing that is required for the construction of a structure is accurate calculations. This is necessary primarily in order to determine the maximum possible load on the supports, as well as to calculate the coefficient of atmospheric precipitation.

When designing the structure, leave a margin of endurance for the rafters in case the amount of snow falls sharply in the cold season.

As we said, the creation of a shed structure needs the right choice angle of inclination. But in this matter, one should not only take into account the area for which wind and snow are characteristic, but also choose the most suitable material for laying work. A pitched roof is a simple type of roof that is used today in various structures. This design requires a minimum consumption of materials and time consumption, since it has only one angle. Since this type of roof is often found in modern buildings, today you can see a huge number of projects of varying complexity on the network.

V construction works all kinds of building and insulating materials can be used. You yourself can determine what angle of inclination the roof of your house will have. But it is best not to give preference to large corners, as the appearance of the structure will not be very attractive. But in this case, you do not need to think about constant cleaning. roofing from snowfall. In order for the roof to be not only practical, but also functional, it is strongly recommended to use a special construction calculator for calculations.

Criteria and subtleties of calculations for the construction of a shed roof

If you think that you cannot accurately carry out all the design calculations, then contact the specialists for help. But in the case when the construction budget is limited, then for such work, you can completely use the calculator of all design parameters. It will allow you to find out not only the angle of inclination, but also the surface area, the optimal weight of consumables, as well as the number of rafters. Now let's take a closer look at all these characteristics.

Insulation materials

Helps to figure out how much insulating material required for roofing. It is known that the length of the roll is 15 m, and the width is 1 m. The design work is carried out taking into account an error of 10 percent for the overlap.

Rafter load level

The indicator will indicate the maximum permissible load on the rafter system of the structure. It will show how much weight the entire roofing structure has, as well as what effect will be on the house, garage or summer cottage in the cold season due to snow deposits and strong winds.

Length and number of rafters

Shed roof slope angle calculation of the number of rafters that will be needed for the installation of the roof, as well as the length of each element, depending on the location of the edges of the slope and ridge of the structure.

Characteristics and cross-section of timber for rafters

To determine these indicators, experts in the construction industry strongly recommend using the table from the regulatory and technical documentation, namely from GOST 24454-80. It gives all the necessary information regarding wood materials that can be used for roofing installation, and also gives a range for calculating the cross-section of the rafters. For the design work, you will need the coverage area data, the selected material, as well as the exact loads that will be applied to the roof during operation.

Of course, these are far from all the parameters that need to be determined before starting roofing work. In addition to the above, you need to determine the number of rows of crate and maximum distance between the boards, find out the volume of each of them, etc. In any case, we strongly recommend that you do not undertake calculations if you do not have experience and even the slightest idea about the specifics of this case. The main requirement is maximum accuracy. In order to play it safe, it is best to entrust the calculation of a pitched roof to professionals.