What can be cooked from squid: quick and tasty

Common quince is an ornamental, medicinal and fruit plant with unique properties. Of course, the fruits of the quince are not nearly as tasty in their raw form as their apple sisters, but they have no less advantages. Growing quince will provide you with a storehouse of pectin substances, will give you delicious raw materials for jams, marmalades, compotes and sauces, and quince looks much more interesting than banal apple-pears.

Therefore, we propose to talk about what is the use of quince, how is quince planting, caring for common quince, pruning quince.

Common quince: benefits, properties, features

So, common quince (Cydronia oblonga Mill) belongs to the rosanaceae family, the apple subfamily. In culture, it is widespread in North America, Western Europe, the Mediterranean, as well as in Moldova, Ukraine, Crimea, Central Asia and the Caucasus.

Often, whole gardens of common quince are planted in cities (or near cities) living in heavy or extractive industries, on the territories of industrial enterprises, and in plantations in forest shelter belts. Due to its gas and dust resistance, quince feels good even in urban conditions, easily tolerates shaping and pruning. The resistance of this plant against dust and gas is explained by the peculiarities of its morphological structure, which impede the penetration of gases into the tissues. In addition, the fruits and leaves are covered with fluff, which protects them from hail damage.

Also common quince - the best dwarf rootstock for a pear. Gardeners often use these rootstocks for planting palmetto gardens.

Quince fruits they are practically not consumed in raw form. Their main purpose is processing into canned food. This is jelly, and jam, and candied fruits, and preserves, and compotes, and much more. Quince fruits are rich not only in organic acids and pectins, but also in tannins, due to which they are stored for a long time under normal conditions. It is during storage that the fruits of the quince acquire their characteristic rich aroma and taste.

Quince: useful properties

- Quince fruits are a storehouse of vitamins. They are rich in vitamins A, P, B 1, B 2, C; contain many catechins, which have P-vitamin activity, macro- and microelements (iron and potassium - 35-50 mg%, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus - 8-12 mg%). Vitamin P contributes to the accumulation of vitamin C, excretion from the body oxalic acid, has a diuretic effect, strengthens the walls of blood vessels. In terms of the content of chlorogenic acid, which causes a diuretic effect, quince is close to a pear.

Regular consumption of quince products is prevention of some intestinal diseases and increases the rate of blood clotting.

The skin and subcutaneous layer of the fruit contains a significant amount vitamins, catechins, tannides, dyes, as well as pelargon-ethyl and enanth-ethyl esters, giving a specific smell to the fruit.

- Quince seeds are rich in glycoside amygdalin, mucus and fatty oils , due to which they can be used as an enveloping agent, wearable, expectorant and emollient in case of diseases of the respiratory tract.

The seeds and fruits of quince are used in the textile and medical industries. The beautiful, easily polished quince wood is especially appreciated.

Common quince: biological characteristics

Quince is a bush or tree 2-7 meters high, with a thin scaly bark that constantly flakes off. The bark is black-gray or gray. The shoots are pubescent at first, bare over time. Quince blooms with white-pink, single flowers. Fruits are yellow-orange or lemon-colored, covered with a tomentose bloom that disappears on ripe fruits. In shape, quince fruits are smooth or ribbed, pear-shaped or apple-shaped, 6-12 cm long, weighing 200 grams.

Quince pulp is tart, juicy, sweet and sour, less often sweet. Many stony cells are formed near the seed chamber, although such cells are not typical for some varieties.

Depending on the region, the beginning of the growing season of quince falls in the middle or end of April, flowering - in the middle or end of May. The buds begin to bloom when the temperature reaches 9-10 degrees. Quince is characterized by two periods of shoot growth: 1st - late April - early May; 2nd - late July - early August.

Two or three weeks pass between the opening of vegetative buds and flowering. In general, quince blooms a little later than the rest of the fruit trees, since the formation of flowers in it occurs on the shoots of this year.

The first few years, the growth of quince is very active. The kidneys on the growths of the previous year do not develop in the same way. With an increase in shoot length, their activity decreases (long shoots have few buds on the lower part). Therefore, the shoots must be shortened - this prevents exposure of the lower part of the shoot and helps to regulate fruiting.

With the maturation of the quince tree, the nature of fruiting also changes. In young plants, it is concentrated mainly on annual shoots. With age, the growth decreases, fruiting shifts to fruit branches - these are formations consisting of a shoot that has borne fruit, multiple annual shortened shoots and a fruit bag.

At the age of twelve to fifteen years, in the tree-like forms of this culture, the laying of fruit buds is observed on fruit and annual branches, giving an equivalent yield. Thus, the quince bears fruit for up to thirty-thirty-five years, after which the fruiting moves mainly to the fruit twigs.

Since the quince crown is systematically renewed, mainly annual shoots bear fruit. In more northern regions, it is better to grow quince in the form of a bush. , since when the trunk is damaged by frost, crown restoration occurs due to new shoots from the growth. If the plant is grafted, such shoots from the overgrowth are removed above the grafting site. Quince bears fruit up to forty-five, and sometimes up to sixty years.

For the development of the root system of quince, loamy, heavy-loamy soils, structural, with good aeration and level groundwater not closer than 1-1.2 meters. Almost all roots are located at a depth of 1-1.2 m, and within a radius of up to five meters.

This culture is common in warm regions with an average annual temperature of about 8 degrees, although there are varieties that can withstand temperatures as low as minus 35 degrees.

Quince is a light-demanding, drought-resistant, moisture-loving crop. With a moisture deficit, its fruits become smaller, many stony cells are formed in them. Grows well on wet, clayey soil with an admixture of sand. On saline soils, light loams and light soils, it lives less and bears fruit worse. On heavy fertile soils, the quince begins to bear fruit rather late, but bears fruit more abundantly than on the lungs, the fruits grow of better quality, and the tree itself lives longer.

Quince: planting and care. Growing quince

Choosing a plot for quince

If it comes about laying a whole quince garden, it is better to choose a site with a flat relief and a slope to the southwest or southeast. You can not plant quince on open areas, not protected from the wind, as well as lowlands where the air stagnates.

When planting quince it should be borne in mind that this is a rather vigorous fruit crop, and a sufficient feeding area must be allocated for it. Between trees, a distance of at least 4x4 meters, or even 6x8 meters, must be observed.

Approximately in the sixth to eighth year after planting the common quince, the trees grow and shade the feeding area allocated to them.

How and when to plant common quince?

Planting common quince It is carried out either in the spring, in the 1-3 decade of April, or already in the fall, a couple of weeks before the arrival of stable frosts.

A hole 0.7-1 m wide and deep is prepared for the seedling. In general, the preparation for planting and the planting itself do not differ from other fruit crops (for example, pears).

Common quince pruning

Quince formation consists in creating a well-lit crown. The main skeletal branches are evenly spaced along the trunk. In three to five years, a tree skeleton is created, consisting of eight to ten lateral, evenly spaced branches.

Quince shaping begins with measuring a stem 0.5-0.6 m high from the soil in annual seedlings - seven to eight buds are counted above it and cut off. On the first tier, there should be four to five branches left through the bud (distance - 10-15 cm). After that, a second tier of branches is formed, placed every 30-40 cm. They should depart from the trunk at an angle of at least 45 degrees. On the second tier, located after 30-40 cm, the branches should move away from the trunk at an angle of at least 45 degrees. After formation, the quince tree has six to seven branches of the 1st order of branching. Branches of the 2nd order of branching should be located 30-40 cm apart.

When pruning a two-year-old tree, first cut the lower skeletal branch of the first order, shortening it to 0.5-0.6 m.Other skeletal branches are pruned at the same level, and the conductor should be about 20 cm higher than the skeletal branches.

In the third year, the formation of the crown of the quince, in general, ends. Well-growing young fruit-bearing quince plants are poorly pruned. The main thing during this period is living, removing interfering shoots (rubbing, competing, intertwining, growing inside the crown), which will make the crown well lit.

The formation of quince fruits occurs mainly on the tops of powerful annual shoots, while dormant buds remain on the lower part of them, which leads to "baldness" of part of the crown. To avoid this, vigorous shoots should be cut to 25-30% of their length, and annually.

During active fruiting, plants greatly slow down growth. To stimulate the resumption of growth on such trees, half-skeletal and skeletal branches are shortened to old wood (d up to 1 cm).

Resident pruning of quince, which gives good growth, should be carried out every year.

With age, the growth of the tree slows down, tops appear. In this case, pruning is carried out based on the state of the tree.

Quince has a high regenerative capacity. In the spring, many dormant buds begin to sprout on perennial wood and roots. Crohn is able to fully recover at their expense.

When to prune quince? Best of all, before the start of sap flow, that is in early spring... After pruning the quince, it is mandatory to clean the wounds with a sharp knife, as well as putty with garden pitch.

Top dressing of quince

For normal nutrition of quince, it is necessary to apply fertilizers - in autumn and spring. In autumn - in large doses to create the main stock in the soil nutrients... Nitrogen fertilizers for quince are applied in the first half of summer, in the second - potassium-phosphorus fertilizers.

How to propagate quince?

Reproduction of quince can be carried out either by seeds or vegetatively:

- vaccination

- jigging

- sprouts

- by cuttings

Varietal characteristics of the culture are preserved only in the case of vegetative propagation.

Reproduction of quince by grafting

To begin with, seedlings are grown - rootstocks. On these rootstocks, cultivars are either grafted in the spring, or in the summer they are inoculated. For the cultivation of rootstocks, seeds are taken from either local or cultural winter-hardy varieties, often hawthorn is used as a stock.

After preliminary stratification, seeds are sown from the 2nd decade of April to the 1st decade of May. The germination rate of quince seeds is high - 90-95%.

Budding seedlings is carried out in the second year. Budding is best done in early August. At the age of one to two years, the seedlings are ready for digging and planting.

Propagation of quince cuttings

Propagate quince woody cuttings in early spring in greenhouses, hotbeds and open ground. Quince cuttings will root well if there is high humidity in the greenhouse.

Shoots for cuttings are harvested in the fall, but it is permissible to do this in winter period... Annual shoots are divided into cuttings 25-30 cm in size and deepened into the ground so that one bud is above the surface. A distance of about 10 cm is observed between cuttings in a row, row spacing is 40 cm.

With proper care (watering, mulching, weed control), quince cuttings will take root by autumn. In open ground, as a rule, about a third of the cuttings rooted, in greenhouses - about 2/3.

Reproduction of quince by jigging

The best way to reproduce quince is after budding. The most popular breeding methods are horizontal and arcuate jigs.

- Horizontal jigging are obtained in the following way: in early spring, well-developed annual shoots are deflected from a bush or tree trunk, placed in grooves 10 centimeters deep and fixed every 15-20 cm. On such shoots, lateral buds will grow into vertical shoots. Upon reaching a height of about 20 cm, the vertical shoots are covered with earth at half the height. Throughout the summer they are looked after - weeds are weeded, watered. And in the fall, after the fall of leaves, the jigs are detached from the mother plant and dug up. Well-developed seedlings are obtained from such jigging.

- Arcuate jigging get this: in the spring, 70-80 cm from the trunk of the mother plant, grooves are dug, shoots are placed in them and pinned. Sprinkle the shoot in the groove, tamp the soil slightly, and remove the upper part of the shoot vertically.

Reproduction of quince shoots

Throughout the growing season with growth, young shoots are spud at least twice: for the first time - when the shoots reach 15-20 cm; the second time - after 15-20 days so. In the fall, they are separated from the parent plant, added in drops for the winter period, and with the arrival of spring, they are grown to get strong root-own seedlings.

When to collect quince? How to store quince?

Quince fruits are harvested when they reach the characteristic size of the variety, lemon or yellow-orange color, pronounced aroma, in clear dry weather. Quince fruits cannot be thrown, crushed, squeezed, since over time they will appear dark spots... Usually, quince is harvested from the end of September and throughout October. Quince is not whimsical to storage conditions. Ideal conditions for her: temperature - 0-1 degrees, air humidity - 90-92%.

Decorating the garden and house plot with cultivated plants helps to transform the landscape design, and when choosing fruit-bearing shrubs and trees for decoration, you can get an excellent harvest of fruits or berries.

Japanese quince, surprising in its beauty, planting and caring for which in the open field requires an attentive approach, refers to enough exotic plants, during the flowering period, it is magnificently covered with magnificent, large flowers, pleasing the eyes of the owners.

Famous and cultivated varieties of Chaenomeles

Blooming profusely from May to June, ornamental quince is distinguished by smooth leaves and small thorns on the branches, fruiting is carried out by the formation of round or oval medium-sized fruits.

Varietal variety makes it possible to choose exactly the kind that will become magnificent and original decoration adjoining territory suburban area or garden, most often gardeners prefer varieties such as Crimson and Simony, Jet Trail and Pink Lady.

Description and general characteristics of the plant

Henomeles or Japanese quince, planting and caring for which is within the power of both experienced and novice gardeners, according to the generally accepted classification, refers to ornamental and fruit and berry crops and is a thermophilic plant.

It grows well in areas with a mild and favorable climate, while the tree can be up to 3 meters high, and the shrub is no more than 1-2 meters, in the spring the crown is densely covered with lush color, its flowers are large enough, white, pink or orange.

Features of cultivation and reproduction

Exotic quince, planting and caring for a plant in the open field is not difficult to carry out independently, it grows and develops well in sunny areas, it is not demanding on the composition of the soil, and is highly frost-resistant.

Experienced gardeners recommend covering the bush for the winter or planting in advance planting material in lowlands, where sufficient snow accumulates, to form a natural shelter, which will prevent freezing of shoots and branches.

Self landing

The amazing Japanese quince during the flowering period, the cultivation and care of which is within the power of any gardener, requires special attention when planting, it is better to carry it out in the spring, after waiting for the soil to thaw completely.

It is recommended to select two-year-old seedlings for planting, which are characterized by a highly developed root system, which guarantees excellent rooting, if necessary, Chaenomeles can be planted with bushes, which allows you to form a lush and brightly blooming bush next to the house or in the garden.

Garden beauty care

Having seen once how the quince blooms, it is impossible to deny yourself the pleasure of enjoying this splendor every spring, for which it is necessary to take care of the young seedling in a timely manner, providing it optimal conditions for development.

During the first year after rooting in a new place, the planted shoots must be regularly watered, fertilized with nitrogen fertilizers in early spring, and in the fall, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used for this, flowering and fruiting begin at 4-5 years of age.

Reproduction: seeds, cuttings and division

A luxuriantly blooming quince will look great on a personal plot or in a garden, the tree is easy to grow and propagate, for this, methods of grafting and dividing the shrub are used, but the seeds take a long time to germinate.

By dividing an already overgrown bush, it is best to propagate the plant, young shoots fully retain all the properties and characteristics of the mother plant, after planting them in open soil, it is imperative to ensure their mandatory feeding and shelter for the winter.

Pest and disease control

The method of propagation by cuttings also ensures a good preservation of varietal characteristics, while the Japanese quince is cut for harvesting cuttings in early summer, while strictly monitoring the processing of the cut branches.

Pruning in wet weather or in another period will lead to a disease of a shrub or tree, from which mandatory preventive treatment measures are taken, which helps to get rid of fungal diseases and aphids that can destroy a beautiful bush.

Lush bushes can be planted in rows, which will help form a lively and beautiful hedge on the site that decorates the territory, they are suitable for use in the overall composition of landscape design and stylistic decoration.

The fruits of Chaenomeles are very useful and contain a complex of vitamins and useful elements, from which they prepare aromatic jam and marshmallow, various preparations for the winter and add to other dishes to emphasize the taste.

Photo of Japanese Quince

Chaenomeles or Japanese quince - shrub with beautiful flowers and healthy fruits. Previously, the species was grown for the sake of luxurious red-orange buds covering the branches, later breeders bred many varieties with large fruits of an unusual yellowish hue.

The plant is often referred to as the "northern lemon". Japanese quince is often found in the gardens of various regions. Growing a shrub has some features that flower growers and amateur gardeners will learn about from the article.

Japanese quince: types and varieties for open ground

Some useful information about a beautifully flowering and fruit plant:

• family Rosaceae, genus Chaenomeles;
• deciduous shrub, average plant height is about 3 m;
• the homeland of the Japanese quince is the Land of the Rising Sun. The cultivated species have taken root well in different regions China and European countries;
• spatulate or ovoid leaves, size - from 3 to 5 cm;
• young shoots are green at first, darken with age, become almost black;
• some varieties have thorns (especially wild varieties). Breeders have rid many cultivated varieties of sharp thorns on news reports;
• the buds are bright, orange-red, scarlet or deep pink with multiple stamens;
• the fruit resembles an apple with sharper edges, the seeds are brown. In cultivated varieties, the size of quince reaches 8 cm in diameter or more, in wild varieties it is smaller: about 4 cm;
• fruit in fresh tart and tough, but after heat treatment they acquire a pleasant taste, delicate aroma;
• on the backyard, Japanese quince is grown as an ornamental plant and for the sake of obtaining fruits rich in vitamins, minerals, and other valuable substances;
• at proper care henomeles grows in one place for a long time - 30-40 years or more.

Japanese quince, photo, varieties for a summer residence and a garden:

• Nivali.
• Gaiardi.
• Nikolay.
• Vitamin.
• Ellie Mossel.
• Pink Lady.
• Clementine.
• Citrine.
• Likhtar.
• Milardi.
• Umbilicata.
• Krasnoplodny and others.

Landing in open ground

Japanese quince tolerates transplanting well if the soil is properly prepared and a strong seedling is chosen. The timing of placing a new copy on the site is also different: spring and autumn.

How to choose a seedling

It is useful to contact a well-known garden center or nursery, where the selection and breeding of quince has been carried out for more than a year, there is a sufficient basis for growing strong, healthy plants. It is important to find a variety that is suitable for the conditions in a particular region.

• a good option is to buy a plant in a container;
• the root system of the seedling must be well developed;
• the optimal period for buying a decorative look is spring or autumn, before landing on the site. May or June experienced gardeners it is not advised to buy adult bushes on which buds and leaves have formed;
• a thorough examination of the roots is a mandatory step. Elements should be firm, healthy-looking, free from rot, with multiple root hairs;
• many nurseries sell plants in which the underground part is processed with a clay "chatterbox".
• if there are large quantities of damaged, rotten elements on the roots, then you need to pick up another seedling. If there are few low-quality elements, then it is imperative to cut off the problem roots with a sharp knife.

Landing dates

Quince is planted at different times:

• end of March, until the seedlings have blossomed buds and greens. It is important that the snow melts, the soil warms up a little. With the active movement of juices, the beginning of the growing season and flowering, the root system consumes more nutrients, which interferes with rooting. Many gardeners approve of this particular method of planting chaenomeles, in contrast to the second method (autumn);
• in September, with the beginning of leaf fall, so that the bush has time to take root in a new place. Closer to winter, planting a quince is impractical: the seedling will be rather weak and poorly rooted after transplanting, which can lead to freezing of the plant.

Site selection and lighting

Japanese deciduous shrub grows well and blooms in open, sunny areas. Light partial shade is acceptable, but in this case the buds will probably be smaller.

Almost any soil is acceptable, with a slightly acidic reaction, with the exception of peat soils. It is important that there are no drafts on the site. The Japanese quince does not like harsh winds and swamps.

The best option is to plant a shrub with luxurious flowers on the south side of the house. The southwest direction is also suitable.

On a note! Chaenomeles, with good care, grows, reaches a height of 2.5-3 m, and enough space is needed in the future, when a large bush with multiple root shoots appears from a small seedling near the building.

Landing rules

A quince seedling take root well on the site after planting, subject to the rules:

• the plant has a closed root system;
• biennial specimens take root better than very young bushes and adult plants;
• at correct fit and with good care, quince has been growing in one place for 40 years or more;
• when planting, it is imperative to fertilize not only the main soil mixture for backfilling the roots, but also place superphosphate, ash, saltpeter and humus in the seedling pit;
• the best option is to make sure that the root collar coincides with the ground level;
• for large seedlings with a developed root system, a large hole is needed so that the ends of the roots do not break off;
• for optimal growth of quince, preservation of the nutrient medium, a distance of at least 50 cm is left between the bushes.

Soil preparation

It is useful to decide when it is planned to plant quince: if in the spring, then the soil is processed in the fall, if the tree appears on the site in September, then the substrate is prepared in the spring. You need to know the main measures, thanks to which the site will become the optimal zone for growing a highly ornamental plant with useful fruits.

Algorithm of action:

• decide on suitable place for planting a bush: with a sufficient level of lighting, not in a draft, on a sod-podzolic or slightly acidic substrate, not in a lowland;
• remove all weeds with roots from the site. Before boarding, make sure that harmful plants did not appear again, if necessary - weed;
• shortly before planting the quince, a large pit is prepared: depth - 50-100 cm, width - 60 cm. It is important that the roots are freely located in the recess, do not bend in a narrow space;
• how to fill the seedling after planting? Of course, with enriched soil. TO garden ground add ingredients: sand (for looseness) - 1 part and leaf humus(to increase fertility) - 2 parts;
• mineral components are added to the soil mixture. For good growth, the formation of large flowers, it is useful to add phosphorus and potassium to the substrate (for 1 square meter - 40 g of mineral fertilizers). Properly prepared soil, loose, good moisture and air permeability, nutritious, with a slightly acidic environment.

Outdoor care

Chaenomeles is an ornamental plant that almost any owner can grow, even without experience in floriculture and horticulture. Care is simple, if you follow the rules, you can not only enjoy the luxurious flowering of quince, but also collect a rich harvest of useful fruits.

Watering

Quince loves a moderately moist substrate. The soil should not dry out too much, but the lakes of water near the bush harm the plant. Water the plant with warm water. To retain liquid in the soil, especially in hot regions, it is useful to mulch the soil and the near-trunk soil area with organic components.

Top dressing and fertilization

On a note:

• Most experienced gardeners advise to introduce a complex of mineral and organic substances directly into the pit, before planting and enrich the substrate with which the roots of the seedling are sprinkled.
• With a competent approach to soil fertilization, the stock of useful ingredients is enough for a long time: the next top dressing can be carried out only in the third year, in early spring, after the snow has melted. During this period, mineral components are scattered or organic matter is introduced in moderation.
• During the period of active vegetation, flowering and fruiting (summer), liquid fertilizers will be needed for plants from the Rosaceae family. Overfeeding the shrub is not worth it: with an excess of nitrogen, spots appear on the leaf plates Brown color or the root system rots.

Care during and after flowering

Everyone who has ever seen the blossoming buds of Japanese quince remembers the fantastic spectacle for a long time. The twigs are covered with scarlet, with a delicate orange or crimson tint, flowers. Large buds (up to 4 cm in diameter) open gradually, unevenly, the flowering period lasts from 2 to 3 weeks. Each shoot contains dozens of large, bright elements. In the absence of rain, bees actively pollinate flowers, and an ovary forms.

During the period of ejection of buds, the bushes are fed with fertilizers, in which the content of potassium and phosphorus is increased. It is important that the plant receives enough light: for this reason, planting chaenomeles in a shaded area is not a suitable option. It is useful to regularly water the bushes, periodically loosen the soil, make sure that weeds do not germinate. If the mulching of the trunk circle was carried out on time (in May), then the drying out of the substrate and the growth of weeds is observed much less often.

Bush formation

Agrotechnical measure is allowed for Japanese quince after reaching the age of 5 years. Pruning is performed annually, then the crown will have a neat, elegant crown.

Important nuances:

• be sure to keep the central shoots horizontally located;
• root shoots and thickened twigs are elements that it is desirable to remove;
• for good growth, one-year, strong shoots are needed (at least three units);
• news growing vertically, broken branches, shoots bending to the ground, it is useful to prune;
• rejuvenation of the bush is performed when the Japanese quince is eight years old. During this period, the growth of branches slows down, and you need to remove old shoots that take up a lot of juices. In the spring, they carry out not only hygienic pruning, but also the removal of shoots that are five years old or more;
• the event is held on a cloudy day, in the absence of rain and harsh wind. Preparations Zircon, Epin, Fitosporin reduce the level of stress, help the active recovery of chaenomeles after pruning the plant. Biostimulants and immunomodulators are used according to the instructions: before or after the procedure.

Mulching

A simple agrotechnical measure maintains optimal soil moisture in the near-trunk circle. Inexpensive, high-quality organic matter is used as mulch: peat, sawdust, pine bark, crushed nut shells.

The thickness of the layer is about 5 cm. Spring mulching is carried out in May, while the soil is well saturated with water, but has already warmed up enough.

In autumn, a layer of mulch is used to prepare plants for winter, at the end of the leaf fall period. Fallen leaves are used to protect the roots from freezing, the layer is about 10 cm.

Loosening

After watering, you need to wait a while so that the soil near the plant dries out a little. Then the soil is loosened by about 10 cm. During the procedure, oxygen access to the root system is activated, the number of weeds is reduced. After watering and loosening, it is useful to mulch the trunk circle, especially in arid regions.

Protection from pests and diseases

Quince rarely gets sick, the main problem, as for others decorative species- the reproduction of the fungus with excessive watering, low air temperatures and rainy weather. If a fungus is detected, the plant is treated with soapy water, copper-containing agents are applied. A good effect is given by spraying and watering with Fundazol. After treatment, it is useful to treat the soil or green mass with biostimulants Epin, Zircon, Fitosporin. The compositions normalize the condition of the plant after applying fungicides, acaricides, insecticides.

Reproduction

Important nuances:

• Cutting is an easy method. Young twigs are cut in early summer, on a hot day without rain. Cuttings are rooted in loose and nutritious soil (sand, 1 part + peat, 3 parts), in a mini-greenhouse. It is useful to treat the lower part of the cuttings with growth stimulants: Kornevin, Zircon. Rooting occurs in a month and a half. The fortified stalk is transplanted to the site. When propagating by shoots, varietal characteristics are preserved.
• Chaenomeles seeds are sown in the soil before winter, for natural stratification. Germination is good - more than 80%. Two-year-old seedlings develop a strong root system.
• The Japanese quince actively grows offspring next to the tree trunk. The root system of the growth is poorly developed, it is necessary to grow mini-shrubs, but in general, the method can be used if there is time for additional care for a fragile plant. The grown seedlings are dug up, young shoots are transplanted to a permanent place. The optimal length of shoots for transplanting is about 15 cm, the trunk is at least 5 mm thick. It is important to water the plants on time, use natural mulch.

Harvesting

Japanese Henomeles is not only luxurious flowers and high decorativeness of the bush, but also healthy fruits... Quince is often called the "northern lemon". Fresh pulp is tart, sour, but after processing (compote, jam, confiture, jam), the quince becomes sweet and very aromatic.

Chaenomeles fruits ripen in October. Fruits of the original, yellow color are harvested unripe. The fruits are stored at room temperature, waiting for the fruits to ripen. For long-term storage, you will need a ventilated room with a low temperature: about +2 degrees.

Nutritious, tasty fruit contains tannins, a rich palette of vitamins, minerals, organic acids and sugars. In any form, chaenomeles fruits have a high content of ascorbic acid.

Autumn care, shelter

Preparation for the onset of cold weather is carried out at the end of October-November, taking into account the period of the onset of frost. It is imperative to mulch the area around the shrub, approximately 1 m in diameter. Use a thick layer of fallen leaves and spruce branches.

It is useful to wrap the shortened twigs with a special agromaterial - spunbond to protect them from frost. If the florist grows a stunted species on the site or the seedlings did not have time to grow, then you can create a shelter from wooden box or a cardboard box.

Wintering

"Northern Lemon" can withstand moderate frosts well, but it is useful to mulch the soil to avoid problems with the root system. Some chaenomeles species tolerate temperatures as low as -20 degrees.

Breeders have bred many frost-resistant varieties for the Central strip and more northern regions. How to grow quince in the suburbs? Does chaenomeles tolerate temperate and harsher climates? Experienced gardeners argue that, subject to the rules, problems rarely arise, the shrub blooms profusely and bears fruit, and actively grows in breadth.

Quince in landscape design

The tall shrub looks great in single plantings. V large garden you can plant several plants (it is important to observe the spacing between adjacent bushes). An interesting version of landscape decor is obtained by combining plantings of Japanese quince with bright, reddish-orange flowers with Forzitia, which has rich yellow inflorescences. Chaenomeles is the central part of the composition, a “self-sufficient” plant, an ideal decor against a background of green grass and a neatly trimmed lawn.

Planting Japanese quince on the site is carried out taking into account the tips set out in the article. With proper care, a complex of simple measures, deciduous shrubs have been pleasing the owners for more than a dozen years with a spectacular flowering and a harvest of vitamin fruits. Quince with multiple root shoots is ideal for planting on slopes that need to be strengthened.

After watching the video, you can find out more useful information about planting a Japanese quince, as well as about the rules for caring for a flowering shrub:

Japanese quince, or chaenomeles ( Chaenomeles) - not only an ornamental, but also a fruit plant. It is a bushy shrub with beautiful glossy leaves. Japanese chaenomeles (Ch. Japonica) can grow up to 2 or even 3 m, and Mauley chaenomeles (Ch. Maulei), also called Japanese low quince, - up to 1 m. In May, the bushes are covered with numerous large bright flowers of scarlet and red-orange colors. There are varieties with a different original color of flowers. For example, Japanese quince varieties such as ‘Nivalis’ are characterized by white petals, while ‘Pink Lady’ are pink.

Varieties of Japanese quince: photo and description of shrubs

Chaenomeles develops better and blooms in an open place, but it also tolerates partial shade. When planting a Japanese quince, you need to take into account the fact that in severe winters, the branches above the snow cover freeze over. Chaenomeles is propagated by green cuttings, offspring and layering, species are propagated by seeds.

Chaenomeles are planted in groups on the lawn

The Japanese quince shrub looks good as a padding to taller plants.

For example, you can cover the exposed stems of the chubushnik with chaenomeles.

Those who decide to breed this plant should pay attention to some very important features in the description of Japanese quince. First of all, chaenomeles is a heat-loving plant, therefore, experts consider regions with a mild climate to be favorable territories for its growth. If it is planned to plant and care for Japanese quince in northern latitudes, where the temperature can drop to -30 ° C, it must be borne in mind that the part of the shrub that will be under the snow will bloom in spring, but the annual shoots or buds that were above the level snow cover are unlikely to give a lush color.

However, even such slightly capricious and demanding characteristics in Japanese quince do not stop skilled gardeners, because the plant differs in a number of other features and advantages:

• for example, chaenomeles has smooth, small juicy green leaves;
• however, in addition to the leaves, the quince also has thorns, reaching up to 2 cm in length;
• fruits that resemble apples or apples are not very large in size - some 3-5 cm - and are located on the surface of the shoots;
• in landscape design, Japanese quince will delight the eye from May until about mid-June (flowering lasts about 20 days), when pink, white or red-orange buds will bloom.

After reading the description, look at the photo of the Japanese quince shrub to understand what shapes and colors this plant has:

Due to the fact that today there are many varieties of Japanese quince, real gardeners and those who simply want to decorate their site can choose the type of plant that they like.

You can see in the photo a variety of Japanese quince, which is distinguished by its beauty and is very popular among connoisseurs - this is "Pink Lady". It is characterized by a wide crown and pink or rich pink flowers. And the height of the shrub is only 1.5 m.

In May and at the end of summer - August - the chaenomeles "Nivalis" is covered with wonderful white buds. It can grow both in width and in height up to 2 m.

Pay attention to the photo of the Japanese quince "Hollandia": this plant has red-orange flowers, dark green leaves and a wide crown. Chaenomeles can bloom twice - in May and August.

A plant variety like "Vesuvius" is considered very miniature: it does not grow taller than 1 m. Despite this, its fire buds fit delightfully into any garden.

If you look at the photo of a Japanese quince bush called "Crimson and Gold" then also join those people who consider it one of the most beautiful varieties. The color of the flowers of the plant is simply magnificent - rich scarlet buds with yellow stamens. And this beauty is most often used by real gardeners to create hedges, since this variety does not require pruning.

And here is the chaenomeles "Jet Trail", unlike Crimson and Gold, it spreads over the ground and decorates any lawn with wonderful white flowers. Moreover, the variety is completely devoid of thorns.

French breeders tried very hard when they bred the variety "Simone"... This shrub has red-crimson flowers, bears green fruits and is distinguished by lodging shoots of an almost round shape.

And if you want to get a real bonsai tree in your garden, stop the choice on the "Rubra" variety. Just keep in mind that for this you will have to carefully monitor it when caring for a Japanese quince. appearance and prune regularly.

Resistant varieties of Japanese quince for the Moscow region

Taking into account the climatic and soil specifics of the Moscow region, experts advise to carefully approach the choice of one or another variety of this plant. For the Moscow region varieties of Japanese quince should be distinguished, first of all, by resistance. Therefore, attention should be paid to interspecific hybrids of chaenomeles and breeding varieties.

For example, suitable option there will be a Japanese quince called "Zubutlinskaya" for residents in the Moscow region. It bears large fruits, is frost-resistant and resistant to various diseases. In addition, the plant is not afraid of northern winds. And, by the way, very delicious jam and juices.

In addition to the named variety, you can also experiment with the cultivation of Japanese quince, which is called "Nicoline". Since it is very resistant to low temperatures and gives a lush bloom in the form of scarlet flowers, this type of chaenomeles will become interesting decision for your landscape design.

Another frost-resistant variant, which is distinguished by a beautiful pale pink color, is the already known variety "Pink Lady". An adult plant reaches no more than 1.2 m.

Growing and caring for Japanese quince outdoors: how to plant a shrub correctly

To know how to plant Japanese quince, carefully read the following tips from experienced gardeners. In principle, chaenomeles is distinguished by a certain capriciousness and exactingness only at a young age. During this period, the plant needs moderate moisture, which implies the absence of moisture stagnation.

In the future, such difficulties should not arise. True, one must nevertheless take into account that in poor lighting the plant may not bloom so luxuriantly and is unlikely to bear fruit.

How to plant Japanese quince correctly so that it delights you with its delicate flowers? As you may have guessed, you should choose a landing site that is sufficiently lit.

Further, do not forget that the plant should be under snow during the winter period. Therefore, look for a spot where massive snow is forming. And if your snowstorms are very frequent guests, do not forget to also cover the shrub with spruce branches or fallen leaves.

Highly characteristic feature plants is that it is able to thrive and grow well in almost any soil. So if you plant a shrub on wet clay or poor sandy soil, Japanese quince will perfectly accept and give a lush color. But this will only happen if the land is moderately moist, as mentioned earlier, and rich in humus.

Only on such soils as calcareous and saline, chaenomeles will not be able to grow. Note that alkaline soil will cause chlorosis in the leaves.

It is best to plant Japanese quince in the area that is located on the south side of a country house, or in a secluded corner that is well protected from northern winds.

Pay attention to the photo of Japanese quince: if the planting was done correctly, your plant will give a similar fertile color:

You need to remember that if you decide to plant a shrub in the spring, you need to prepare the soil in the fall. To do this, you should completely clear the area of ​​weeds, if any, and keep the selected area under black steam until planting. Be sure to apply such fertilizers to the soil as peat-manure compost in the amount of 10 kg / m2, potash and phosphorus fertilizers in the amount of 40 g / m2. This contributes to the creation of the necessary water and air permeable ball of the earth.

If you want to decorate your garden with a plant with an open root system and plant it in a permanent place, choose a time for planting in the spring, when the soil has already thawed, but the buds have not yet begun to bloom. In autumn, planting of Japanese quince is also possible, but since chaenomeles is thermophilic, it can suffer or even die.

Be sure to take a good look at the photo of the Japanese quince, the care and planting of which assumes that the shrub will be planted in small groups or along the paths so that a low hedge is formed:

In such cases, each plant should be at a distance of one and a half meters from each other if they are collected in a row, and at a distance of up to 1 meter if the quince forms a group.

Planting Japanese quince in the open field is considered incorrect: the root collar of the bush must be located at the level of the soil, but the root should never be exposed! It is also important that the root collar, too deep in the ground, does not contribute to a slowdown in the growth of chaenomeles.

Remember that this plant reacts very badly to transplanting, and an experienced gardener will never disturb him again. It is known that in one place quince can give a lush color up to 60 years.

Well, when chaenomeles is already planted, it's time to think about how to grow Japanese quince healthy and beautiful.

In order for the plant to bloom luxuriantly in summer, the soil around it is carefully loosened at a depth of about 10 cm. This procedure is combined with the destruction of weeds.

For an even more effective result, which you will see if you look at the photo, in caring for Japanese quince, they use a method such as mulching - that is, covering the earth with a layer of mulch (peat, sawdust or crushed bark) to protect the shrub:

To apply this method, it is better to stock up on everything you need in late spring and carry out the procedure while the soil is still wet enough, but already well warmed up. In autumn, mulching is performed only when a constant low temperature has already been established.

In the cultivation and care of Japanese quince, which was planted a year ago, gardeners do not recommend using liquid dressings that can easily injure young roots. And without the use of these funds, the plant will have enough nutrients in the planting hole. But already in the second or third year, when spring comes and the snow melts, experts advise making organic and mineral fertilizers.

They will contribute to the lush color and fruiting, which you can observe in the photo of Japanese quince, which was also grown using fertilizers in the form of liquid dressings:

Reproduction of Japanese quince seeds and cuttings

It is the seeds that are considered the simplest and most proven method of reproduction of Japanese quince by dozens of generations of gardeners. You need to know that when already ripe fruits are sent for processing and the core is cleaned out, large brown seeds can not be disposed of, but left for further sowing. They are sown in the soil in the fall.

This method is so loved by many people, because, thanks to it, it is guaranteed that you can get dense shoots already next spring... But if you did not manage to realize your plans during the mentioned period, you will have to lay the seeds for stratification - long aging (2-3 months) in peat or wet soil at a temperature of + 3 + 5 ° C. In spring, the seeds are naturally transferred to the ground.

You can also resort to another method - propagation of Japanese quince cuttings. However, experts say that this method is considered less effective. In most cases, a grafting procedure is used to preserve the varietal qualities of chaenomeles.

Pay attention to the photo so that growing and caring for Japanese quince does not become a problematic and unloved occupation for you in the future:

Remember, these green cuttings are usually harvested in early June, while the weather is dry, but not hot. Be sure to cut them early in the morning. Gardeners say that the most effective rooting - 80% guarantee - are cuttings cut with a small piece of last year's wood. They are also called "with a heel". To stimulate growth, a solution of indolylbutyric acid with 0.01% is used.

Cuttings must be planted obliquely in a mixture of peat and sand (the required ratio is 1: 3). If the temperature outside is kept within + 20 + 25 ° C, then rooting can easily occur in 40 days.

How to propagate Japanese quince by offspring

Since the plant always produces many root suckers, you can use them as well. Experienced gardeners have long known how to propagate Japanese quince in a similar way. For this, shoots are selected about 10-15 cm long and at least 0.5 cm thick. It is imperative that the offspring have a well-developed rhizome system. Then they are planted vertically and watered regularly so that the soil retains the necessary moisture. Then they resort to the familiar mulching procedure - they cover the soil around the plant with chips, shavings or humus. True, chaenomeles grown in this way has one drawback: it was noticed that the plant produces smaller fruits than its counterparts propagated by seeds or cuttings.

But there is a special plus in this situation: with this method of reproduction, the Japanese quince very often then spreads in different directions and at the age of 20 can occupy an area of ​​up to 2 m2. This is very beneficial if you want to hold the soil on some slopes, for example.

Growing Japanese quince in the Moscow region: planting, care and pruning

A very valuable feature of the Japanese chaenomeles is that he loves to "preen" very much. Truth be told, gardeners are in no hurry to approach the thorns of the plant. They do this only when they are armed with thick garden gloves - leggings.

The Japanese quince is in great need of sanitary pruning in the spring: during this period, all dry shoots that have died from frost should be carefully removed. To do this, you can use ordinary well-sharpened tools - a garden saw and pruning shears. After the procedure, the cut sites must be treated with garden pitch.

But how to cut Japanese quince if it is connected with the formation of a bush, which begins at the age of 4-5 years? First, the procedure is carried out in early spring. Part of the root growth is cut annually.

Only 2-3 offspring are left for further growth. It is desirable that these were exactly horizontal shoots, which are located at a height of up to 40 cm from the ground. Other shoots, creeping along the ground or growing vertically, are safely removed.

Another type of pruning, which is indicated in the description of planting and caring for Japanese quince in the Moscow region, is a rejuvenating procedure. It is used when the plant reaches the age of 8-10 years. Gardeners are realizing that the time has come for this pruning, when the annual growth is reduced to 10 cm.

The procedure is as follows: the shrub is thinned out, all thin and weak branches are removed, and only a dozen strong shoots are left.

• if the plant begins to necrosis and numerous spots appear on the leaves, this is a sure sign that soon the Japanese quince may die;
• in the event that chaenomeles is affected by cercosporosis, all kinds of brown spots appear on it, which fade over time;
• brown spots are a sign of ramulariasis.

What then needs to be done to save the plant? It is urgent to use the most effective remedy - spray the shrub with a solution of fundozol (0.2%) or apply a copper-soap liquid, which is made by adding 100 g of copper sulfate to 10 liters of soapy water.

These funds are considered quite dangerous, so there is another option: you can make a tincture of onions, and for this you need to insist for 24 hours 150 g of husk in 10 liters of water. After filtering the drug, the plant is sprayed with it during the whole summer every 5 days.

Moreover, chaenomeles attracts many avid gardeners because it retains its regal appearance for a long time. Certain varieties can live up to 50 years! Blooms amazing plant in spring, pleasing the eye and bringing pleasure to the inhabitants of a country house, and in summer and autumn it shares its juicy fruits.

Japanese low-growing quince is very often used for landscape design. garden paths... This variety does not grow taller than 1 meter. In addition, in May and early June, chaenomeles begins to become covered with orange-red flowers, which look very beneficial in any garden.

Japanese quince is also perfect for creating hedges. She can be seen both singly seated and gathered in small groups, which very often create the most real artistic compositions.

In the garden, chaenomeles looks great on a trunk - a vertical or inclined letter-shaped element. To get the desired result, the plant should be grafted onto a pear or mountain ash using cuttings.

In fact, there are many options for compositional solutions with the landing of Japanese chaenomeles. Much depends only on the imagination of the gardener himself. So - don't be afraid to experiment!

Botanical name: Quince (Cydonia), a monotypic genus of deciduous trees or shrubs of the Roseae family, fruit and ornamental crop.

Homeland of quince: Caucasus, Asia Minor, Northern Iran.

Lighting: photophilous.

The soil: clay or sandy, the composition is not demanding.

Watering: drought-resistant, at the same time tolerates prolonged waterlogging.

Maximum tree height: 7 m.

Average tree lifespan: 30 - 50 years old

Landing: seeds, cuttings, root shoots and grafting.

General description of the quince plant

The quince plant is a small tree or a large multi-stemmed shrub with a dense spreading crown, growing up to 1.5 - 4, less often 7 m in height.

The trunk, up to 50 cm in diameter, and skeletal branches are covered with thin, constantly flaking dark gray or red-brown bark, young branches are brownish-gray, with dense tomentose pubescence.

Shoots are also densely pubescent, have a gray-green color. The trunk is characterized by oblique growth, which is why in the first years of life the tree requires a garter.

Quince leaves are alternate, ovoid or oval in shape with a pointed or obtuse apex, large, 5 - 12 cm in length and up to 7.5 cm in width, with short, up to 2 cm, petioles. The leaf plates are painted dark green above, grayish below, with white tomentose pubescence.

Blooming quince in the photo

Quince flowering time - May-June, duration - about 3 weeks. Flowers are single, large, up to 5, 5 cm in diameter, pink or white with yellow stamens, with short, downward pedicels.

Unlike other pome crops, they appear on the lateral branches of the generative shoots of the current year, therefore they bloom late, after the leaves appear.

Due to this feature, quince flowers are usually not affected by recurrent spring frosts, and fruiting occurs annually. Blooming quince (pictured above) is very decorative, in late spring flowers abundantly cover the branches from top to bottom and serve as a real decoration of the garden.

The smell of ripe quince

Fruits ripen in September-October, are round or pear-shaped false apples, often obtuse ribbed, pubescent at first, smooth when mature.

The color is lemon or dark yellow, with some varieties with a slight blush. The pulp contains many stony cells, so even in ripe quince it is tough, not juicy, sweetish-tart to taste, astringent.

In wild representatives of the species, the yield is very low, 2-10 fruits weighing 60-100 g from each plant. Cultivated varieties are much more productive, up to 20-50 tons per hectare, the average weight of one fruit is 100-400 g, in some specimens it can reach 2 kg.

A distinctive feature of the fruits is their special aroma, due to the presence of pelargonium-ethyl and enanth-ethyl esters in the skin. The smell of ripe quince resembles the smell of a sour apple with hints bark, autumn flowers and spices, it remains after heat treatment.

Quince seeds

In the heart of the fruit, there are five central "pockets" lined with parchment and containing a large number of brown bones, obovate.

Quince seeds are covered with a skin, its matte whitish film contains up to 20% mucus, which swells well in water and is used in medicine and the textile industry.

The plant has a widely branched root system. Horizontal roots extend to the sides at a distance that exceeds the projection of the crown by 3-4 times, vertical roots lie no more than 1 m deep into the soil.

Since the main part of the roots is located close to the surface, the tree easily tolerates replanting, but does not respond well to inter-row cultivation and turfing.

The quince tree grows especially actively in the first years of the growing season. After entering the fruiting period, which in culture falls on 3-5 years, growth slows down somewhat. The tree bears fruit actively for about 20 years, and its maximum life span is 50 years.

Homeland of quince: origin and history of use in culture

The plant is one of the oldest fruit crops known to mankind for over 4000 years. The Caucasus is considered the birthplace of quince, from where it came to Asia Minor and further to Ancient Greece and Rome. Already at the beginning of the last millennium BC. these fruit trees grew in abundance on the island of Crete, some historians believe that the name of a kind, Cydonia, quince received from the Cretan city of Sidon.

The first written mentions of the culture appear already in 650 BC, according to the ancient Greek legend, the golden apple presented by Paris to the goddess Aphrodite was the quince fruit.

According to Plutarch, fruits with their sweetness and tartness were considered at that time a symbol of any marriage, and were necessarily used in various rituals associated with the ceremony of marriage.

The ancient Greeks called the plant Melon Kydaion, it is with this name that the second version of the origin of the genus name is associated.

From Greece, quince goes to Italy. A detailed description of it is found in the writings of Pliny, who already in 75 BC. 6 varieties of this fruit tree were known, which was used not only for food, but also for medicinal purposes.

Evidence of the popularity of the fruit in ancient Rome is the first cookbook of the famous Roman glutton Apicius, which describes a recipe for making a dessert from quince. Pictures with images of culture are found on the walls of destroyed Pompeii, the image of a tree is present in the paintings of that period.

Where does quince grow

Quince has long been grown in the East. Unlike ancient Greece and Rome, here the plant has always been considered a symbol of purity and health, even Avicenna in his writings characterized its fruits as a means that improves heart activity and digestion.

Ripe quince in pictures

In Western Europe, the fruit has been known since the XIV century, and since that time it has been widely used in cooking in different countries.

Trees and shrubs of quince are widespread in the wild in the Caucasus, Northern Iran, Central and Asia Minor, grow along the edges of forests, near water bodies and on the slopes of mountains. Cultivars thrive not only in the southern, but also in temperate latitudes on all continents, excluding Antarctica.

Among the places where quince grows, we note not only Europe, where it can be found everywhere from the Caucasus, to Norway, Central and East Asia but also Australia, Oceania, North and South America, north and south of the African continent.

The plant is cultivated as a fruit and ornamental crop. At the same time, on the territory of Russia, quince fruits regularly ripen only in the southern regions (Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory). V middle lane, due to early frosts, ripe fruits can be obtained only at the end of October in extremely favorable years.

Here, as in the countries of Central and Northern Europe, the culture is mainly decorative; therefore, wild-growing forms are more often used, which are less demanding on growing conditions and more resistant to diseases. They lend themselves well to shearing and can be grown in hedges.

Quince is also considered one of the best pear rootstocks. The grafted seedlings are compact, resistant to high temperatures and drought resistance. In addition, the tree is an excellent honey plant.

The advantages of a cultivated quince include its unpretentiousness. It can grow for a long time without irrigation in conditions of a lack of moisture, and at the same time it can withstand flooding for 20-30 days, it is salt-tolerant, it develops well on any soils and in places with a close occurrence of groundwater.

Currently, work is underway to create intergeneric hybrids of quince and apple trees, which will allow using all the positive qualities of the culture, and at the same time increasing frost resistance and resistance to diseases, and improving the taste of fruits.

Diseases and pests of quince

One of the drawbacks that restrain the expansion of the area of ​​growing quince in modern gardens is its tendency to be affected by many common diseases and pests of pome crops. In this regard, it should be avoided planting next to wild apple trees, irga, hawthorn, mountain ash.

Among the common diseases of quince is fruit rot (pome moliniosis), which is combated by pruning and burning affected branches, disinfecting wounds with mercury chloride solutions, prophylactic spraying with foundationazol and dipterex in dosages recommended by the manufacturer, in the period from swelling of the buds to the beginning of flowering.

Subcutaneous spotting of fruits causes significant harm to plantings, which reduces their taste and presentation. To prevent the disease, foliar feeding with microelements (0.2% solution of boric acid or zinc sulfate) is used, varieties resistant to the disease are grown.

The plant is also affected by brown leaf spot caused by fungal spores. During flowering, spores fall on the stigmas of the flower, and subsequently lead to the fall of the ovaries. Control measures are the same as for fruit rot.

Common pests include:

Apple false bark beetle, which is destroyed by hand, collecting insects while examining tree trunks in spring, in April, and in autumn, in September;

Apple moth, from which the fruits are protected by isolating them with paper covers after reaching a diameter of 2.5 cm;

Leaf miner moths whose larvae are extremely insecticide-resistant. From natural remedies, it is recommended to prune and destroy the affected leaves, protect the plant from laying the larvae with non-woven materials, and use the natural enemies of moths - riders.