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Still an unusual decoration country cottages- flat roof. It is believed that flat roofs are intended only for urban areas or industrial buildings. But this is not the case. Roofs of houses in historic districts are often pitched. And for a private house, you can make the roof flat.

Now we will look at what it is, what are the advantages / disadvantages and how to make a flat roof with our own hands.

Flat roof types

Structurally, flat roofs are divided into two main types: on beams and those with concrete slab.

Flat roofs are never completely flat, there is still a small angle (within a few degrees). This is necessary to drain the water. Otherwise, it will stagnate on the roof.

Most often, internal gutters are arranged on flat roofs: funnels are mounted in the roof, the risers from them pass through the internal rooms. The funnels are placed on the lowered part of the roof, at the rate of one riser for 150-200 squares.

Waterproofing around the funnels is reinforced; cable heating is also recommended (so that the water in the riser does not freeze). If a flat roof without a parapet, and a decent angle (from 6 degrees), the gutter system can be standard external, as for pitched roofs: gutters and pipes.

Roofs are subdivided by functionality, roofing pie arrangement and type of coverage. Here are some of the main varieties:

• The unexploited roof is flat. Built solely for the sake of originality and material savings. The structure does not need reinforcement.

• Operated flat roof. It can be used for any purpose, from the placement of an outdoor pool to the arrangement of a car park.

The type of overlap depends on the intended purpose: it is obvious that at high expected loads, the base should be a concrete slab. But this does not mean that the entire building must be brick or concrete. For example, a flat roof in wooden house can also be exploited. Of course, it cannot be used as a helipad, but arranging a solarium, setting up a garden or putting up a gazebo for tea drinking is quite. Of course, you cannot make a sparse crate, only a solid one.

• Traditional roofing. The classic version of the roofing cake: a waterproofing layer on top of the insulation, the base is concrete, for the outflow of water - expanded clay concrete (inclined screed).

• Inverted roof. Here, the insulation lies on top of the waterproofing and protects it from damage. The floor can be finished with sidewalk or ceramic tiles, you can also plant a lawn here. A mandatory requirement for an inversion design is an angle of 3-5 degrees.

Roofs are attic and attic. Both types have their advantages: the presence of an attic allows you to place all the necessary communications on it (ventilation pipes, an expansion tank for heating, etc.), the attic roof can be made exploitable.

One of the options for an attic design is a flat combined roof: attic floor combined with the roof, the lower side is the ceiling in the living area.

note

With a house height of ten meters and above, as well as on the operated roofs, a parapet is mandatory installed. For the operated - not less than 1.2 meters.

If the roof is not in use, and the cottage is not high, you can make a flat roof without a parapet, or install fencing gratings instead, or even do without them.

General flat roof device

Obviously, the structure of the operated roofs for different purposes will differ:

The most common coating is flat roofing. This is cheapness, simplicity and high speed of installation, excellent waterproofing. Most cheap stuff, which can be covered with a flat roof - roofing felt.

The disadvantages of rolled materials (and roofing material in particular) are low durability, low mechanical strength. For exploited roofs "with high traffic", tiles are preferable.

A flat roof made of corrugated board and a flat roof made of corrugated board can only be made in an unexploited version and in the presence of the necessary slope. When choosing a material, you need to read the instructions for the model: some types of profiled sheets and metal tiles can be laid on roofs with a slope of less than 11 degrees.

Some grades of profiled sheet can also be used as a base for an unexploited roof, instead of plywood or concrete slab.

There are other coating materials for unexploited roofs:

• Polycarbonate;

Pros and cons of flat roofs

Advantages:

• Original look. Flat roofs are not common in cottages.
• Possibility of exploitation.
• Flat roof - easy installation and material savings. But it depends on how you plan to use the roof. And then the construction will cost even more than expensive pitched roof from ceramic tiles.
• Laying, maintenance, repairs on a flat roof is easier to perform than on a slope.
• Flat roofs wind-resistant, pitched ones have windage.

Minuses:

• A flat roof leaks more often than a pitched roof. Constant monitoring of the condition of the waterproofing layer is required.
• The need to clean the roof from snow.
• Flat roll roofing requires more frequent repairs and changing of the coating than metal-profile, tile and other pitched roofs.

So which roof is better, flat or pitched? It is exclusively a matter of taste.

Building a flat roof

Consider the option when the profiled sheet is used as the base of the roof:

1. Sheets are laid on the beams (rafters). The step between the rafters depends on the profile. For example, for bearing profiles with a corrugation height of 6-7.5 centimeters (H60, H75), the step between the beams is 3-4 meters.

2. Laying a vapor barrier film. The film is laid with an overlap, the joints must be sealed with mounting tape.

3. Thermal insulation. For this purpose, mineral wool slabs are usually used. Please note that the lowering of the corrugation also needs to be filled with insulation.

4. Waterproofing. A polymer film is suitable for this purpose. If the insulation is mineral wool, you can also use overlaid waterproofing, because cotton wool is a non-combustible material.

5. Topcoat. You can also use hardfacing. A roll is slowly rolled along the roof, heating it with a burner along its entire length. The weld coating is pressed against the roof and smoothed out.

6. On flat roofs it is possible to lay the weld-on roof in several layers.

In other cases, a flat roof wooden beams settles down more traditionally: beams are nailed solid crate from plywood or OSB, lay a roofing cake (vapor barrier + basalt wool), direct the waterproofing layer and roll roof.

If you are interested in a flat roof with a more complex device, please contact us: we will perform a roof of any complexity quickly and at an affordable price.

Flat roofs in our time are undeservedly forgotten and not spoiled by the attention of developers. In private housing construction, they are found mainly in the southern regions, where heavy rains and snowfalls are rare. In contrast, hipped roofs have become firmly established in the designs and minds of homeowners.

This state of affairs can be easily explained: until recently, the builders did not have reliable and durable waterproofing.

Standard roofing material - cardboard impregnated with bitumen, cannot resist moisture and temperature extremes for a long time. Even a thick 4-layer coating of it has to be changed after 6-8 years.

Today, interest in flat roofs is starting to grow.

There are several reasons for this:

• Economic benefit. The cost of the arrangement is lower than that of the tent (more simple construction and smaller area);
• Additional usable area. There is a possibility of its rational use (flower garden, playground, recreation area, swimming pool);
• Availability in service and operation (cleaning of gutters, installation of air conditioners, antennas, inspection of the coating, ventilation and smoke channels);
• The snow layer acts as additional thermal insulation, reducing heating costs.
• Original appearance building.

Types of flat roofs

Strictly speaking, you will not see an absolutely flat roof on a building. Any of them has a minimum slope of 1 to 4%, necessary for the flow of atmospheric precipitation.

There are four types of flat roofs:

• unexploited;
• operated;
• green (lawn);
• combined.

Unexploited roofs are found on industrial buildings.

The exploited roofs have found application in public and private construction. They equip recreation areas, place cafes and restaurants, use them for parking lots and helipads.

Green (lawn) coatings are made to decorate buildings, as well as when there is a lack of space on the site. In addition to the aesthetic function, they perform an important practical task. The turf layer is an excellent heat and sound insulator.

Combined flat roofs are the most common option. Comfortable rest outdoors, surrounded by green grass and flowering plants everyone likes it.

By the way of drainage, houses with a flat roof are divided into two types:

• With internal drain;
• With external water discharge (along the perimeter of the roof).

An internal drainage system is cheaper than an external one, since it does not require a large number of gutters, pipes, funnels and high-altitude work to install them. It is more difficult to perform. Errors when creating a slope, poor-quality sealing of joints lead to leaks and a violation of the integrity of the protective layer of waterproofing.

In operation, flat coatings with internal drainage are more profitable. In winter, icicles do not grow on the overhangs near such a roof. Downpipes pass inside the building and therefore do not freeze. It is easier and easier to clean debris from funnels than hanging gutters.

Features of the device

According to the method of arrangement and the location of structural layers, experts distinguish two types of flat roofs:

• Classic;
• Inversion.

The classic roofing "pie" is equipped with the following technology:

• on reinforced concrete floor slabs, a slope is made from a cement-sand mortar;
• lay a vapor barrier and insulation;
• laying a waterproofing membrane or roofing felt carpet;
• if the coating will be used, then the waterproofing is protected with ceramic tiles.

Constructive of a classic flat roof

The main disadvantage of the traditional design is the vulnerability of the outer insulating layer from solar ultraviolet radiation and temperature extremes.

While working to solve this problem, engineers came up with the idea of ​​inversion coverage. In it, the main structural elements (insulation and waterproof membrane) are reversed. The waterproofing is hidden under the foam, which is protected from external influences by a gravel ballast or tile finish.

Inversion cover design

The technology of work is changing accordingly. A waterproof carpet made of roofing material or EPDM membrane is glued to the slab or spread on it, fixing it at the points of abutment to the parapet.

In this case, the slope is created in one of two ways:

• Mortar screed on the slab;
• Insulation, changing the thickness of its styling.

Installation of thermal insulation on a flat roof

Inlet funnels and pipes are installed at the lowest points of the slope. In addition to them, ventilation is installed to remove water vapor that accumulates in the contact zone of the vapor barrier with the insulation.

When arranging a coating designed for planting plants, the construct is supplemented with a top layer of waterproofing. Drainage layers of gravel are poured over it, geotextiles are laid and a fertile layer of earth is poured.

In addition to roofing, laid on reinforced concrete slabs, projects of houses with a flat roof on wooden beams have been developed.

Construction technology in this case may include the following operations:

• Beams are mounted on the walls with a pitch of 50-100 cm, fixing them to the masonry with anchor pins. The cross-section of the beams depends on the span width, the design load and can range from 10x20 cm to 15x25 cm;
• OSB slabs are laid along the beams, tightly joining them together;
• Spread the waterproofing membrane in 2 layers, gluing the joints of the canvases with high quality.
• They make thermal insulation from durable (extruded) foam, gluing it to the membrane. The slope for water drainage is created by laying the insulation in layers of different thicknesses;
• From above, the heat insulator is protected cement screed reinforced with mesh or tiled.

Examples of private houses

Among the developers there are many supporters of flat roofs. They are attracted by the simplicity of construction, low cost of work and the possibility of placing a site for summer recreation.

A thick layer of snow on a flat roof is not a problem, but additional insulation

The design of buildings with such a roof fits perfectly into the style of minimalism, providing project developers with a wide field for creativity.

Spacious, comfortable and nothing more is the motto of everyone who chooses a house with such a roof. Pitched roof visually makes the building heavier, while flat, on the contrary, makes it light and airy.

The appearance of the facade of a one-story house with a flat roof compares favorably with the rather boring variations of the "terem" character.

On it, most often you will not see gutters and pipes, water from which gets on the walls and spoils the appearance of the finish. Internal drainage is efficient, practical and discreet.

The final and one of the most important stages of construction is the construction of the roof. Pitched structures are considered a classic solution, however, in last years there was a clear trend towards flat roofs. The secret of their popularity lies in the many benefits. Previously, flat, or, as they are also called, combined roofs were erected on buildings for administrative, civil, medical, sports purposes. Today, the scope of their application has expanded significantly and includes residential and suburban construction.

Features of a flat roof

The main difference between this type of roof is the use of sheet and piece materials, which form a continuous carpet during installation. These include materials of bitumen and bitumen-polymer type, mastics. To increase resistance to temperature fluctuations and mechanical deformations, such carpets must have increased elasticity. The function of the base for the carpet is performed by the bearing plates, the surface of the heat-insulating layer and the screed. The layers stacked on top of one another form a roofing cake as a result.

Pros of flat designs

Until recently, many people avoided flat roofs, not being sure of the feasibility of such a solution. However, in reality, these designs have a number of obvious advantages:

• Flat roofs provide additional useful area that can be used as a recreation area, turn it into a pool, garden, etc.
• An important plus is the ability to save on material, since with the same architectural basis in area, the flat coating is much smaller than the pitched one.
• Laying flat roofs is incomparably more convenient than pitched roofs: all materials can be placed side by side and work in a safe position.
• Maintenance of flat roofs and repair work is greatly simplified.
• Additional area is added without increasing or changing the contours of the structure, which is very important in large cities, where the lack of territory and ecology are on the list of the most pressing problems.

disadvantages

• One of the disadvantages of flat, attic roofs is the need to regularly monitor the degree of moisture in the insulation and the maintenance of the tightness of the waterproofing coating.
• With frequent and heavy snowfalls, a large snow mass accumulates on a flat roof, increasing the load on the structure and often leading to leaks.
• There is a certain risk of blockages during internal system drain or its freezing.
• To avoid damage to the roofing, it is necessary to clean the surface from snow accumulations from time to time.

Roofing units

For reliable protection of the roofing cake from external influences, it is necessary to carry out the areas of its abutment to such building structures like parapets, walls, pipes, external parts of ventilation systems, etc.

The main units of a flat roof are:

• junction node;
• overhang node;
• node of passage through the roof.

The assemblies are installed on a reinforced concrete base in those areas where the cut of the roofing cake is adjacent to the vertical structures. Often, manufacturers of roofing materials develop their own systems: each of them may have certain design features.

The main requirement for the nodes is to ensure the tightness of the joint and its thermal protection.

The main components of flat roofs of different types

Operated and unexploited roofs

The device of roofs of the exploited type is justified on buildings that provide for the periodic exit of people to the roof or the location of heavy objects on it.

The design feature of such roofs is the need to create a rigid base or a special screed over the waterproofing layer. Such a measure is necessary to increase the strength of the structure and evenly distribute the load over it. The increased rigidity of the base will preserve the integrity of the waterproofing layer and prevent it from being pushed through.

A distinctive feature of unexploited roofs is that there is no need to lay a rigid base over the waterproofing. In this case, a soft insulation is used. The creation of this type of roof is advisable in the case when there is no need for maintenance of the structure, since there is no pressure on the roofing surface. In cases where there is a need to care for such a roof or to carry out certain work, the issue is resolved by installing special transition bridges or ladders, due to which there is a uniform distribution of pressure over the surface.

By arranging an unexploited roof, you can spend a lot less money than with an exploited one, but it should be borne in mind that it will last much less.

Other types of flat roofs

The design features of flat roofs formed the basis for their division into the following types:

• classic;
• inversion;
• ventilated.

The traditional solution is classic variety flat structures... In another way, they are called soft.

In the classic version, the base plate is used as a base. Thermal insulation material is laid on its vapor barrier coating - in many cases, plates based on mineral wool... Since the layer of thermal insulation also needs protection (in particular, from the effects of atmospheric precipitation), a waterproofing carpet is arranged, the basis for which is bitumen-containing roll materials.

The structure of flat inverted roofs is fundamentally different from the classical type: in this case, the insulation layer is located above the waterproofing membrane, and not under it. This specificity allows you to protect the waterproofing from the negative effects of ultraviolet rays, from the loss of quality characteristics as a result of freezing and subsequent thawing, with a sharp change in temperature. Such an arrangement also prevents mechanical damage to the waterproofing membrane, thereby significantly increasing the duration of the roof's service life.

Inversion structures are very convenient to use as exploited ones. You can plant plants, grass, light furniture, etc. on them.

The device of ventilated roofs allows you to solve the problem of moisture accumulation in the insulation slabs and floors, which often becomes the cause of the formation of bubbles, leading to subsequent leaks and rupture of the roofing carpet. The specificity of ventilated type flat roof assemblies consists in partial fixing of the first layer of carpet with glue to the roof or laying on mechanical clamps. This feature allows you to create an air gap between the roof and the base, eliminating significant water vapor pressure. Communication with external air is carried out through abutments along the roof contour or by means of special exhaust deflectors.

The base is one of the significant components of flat structures

To obtain a high-quality, functional and durable roof, it is necessary to carefully consider the plan of a flat structure in advance. Such a measure will greatly simplify the installation process itself. In many cases, the main units of a flat roof are:

• load-bearing structure - its functions can be performed by a monolith, a profiled sheet overlap or a load-bearing concrete slab;
• thermal insulation layer;
• waterproofing layer;
• slope-forming layer, the function of which is to drain water;

The initial step in creating a flat structure is to prepare the base. The load-bearing coating of such a roof is in most cases profiled steel sheets or solid wood-based coverings.

In the case of an uneven surface of a reinforced concrete base, it is required to create a leveling screed from sand-cement mortar or sandy asphalt concrete. The thickness of the screed is determined by the type of base:

• on a concrete base - from 10 to 15 mm;
• on rigid insulation plates - from 15 to 25 mm;
• on soft insulation boards - from 25 to 30 mm.

When the slope of the roof is less than 15%, the screed is first located on the gutters, then on the slopes.

With an indicator of more than 15%, the actions must be carried out in the reverse order: first of all, level the slopes, and then proceed to work with valleys and gutters.

All elements protruding above the roofing surface (parapet walls, chimneys, etc.) are treated with plaster to a height of at least 25 cm. Special slats are installed above the plastered surface. Their function is to secure the roll type of carpet.

To improve the quality of adhesion between the base and the roll carpet, the roof screed is primed with roof mastics. Before starting work, the surface is thoroughly cleaned.

Soft roofing materials

When installing flat roofs, at the initial stage, it is necessary to prepare all roofing materials for further use.

If roll materials are used, they are carefully inspected for availability. different types defects: cracks, irregularities, oil stains. After that, they are rolled out and kept in this form or turned inside out for 24 hours.

Roofing mastic performs two functions at the same time:

• It is used as an independent material to provide a seamless coating and for repair work.
• It is used as an adhesive for bonding roll-type materials to the base. Bituminous mastics are used both cold and hot.

Mastic as an independent roofing material

The composition of flat structures does not always include roll materials: they can be arranged using only mastic.

Mastic is essentially liquid material, made on the basis of pure elastic hydrophobic polyurethane resins. After application to the surface of a flat roof, under the influence of moisture contained in the air, the process of its polymerization begins, as a result of which the material is transformed into a rubber-like continuous membrane with excellent waterproofing and protective properties.

Due to a number of features, mastic is an almost ideal material for the device of flat structures. Its main advantages:

• reliability;
• security;
• resistance to ultraviolet radiation;
• resistance to atmospheric precipitation and the development of microorganisms;
• excellent adhesion to any type of construction surface;
• preservation of the original volume (it does not change even as a result of polymerization);
• ease of use: liquid mastic can be applied by hand- using a roller or brush, or using a special airless spray method.

Roll materials for roofing

An important part of a flat roof is itself roofing material... Roll materials are most suitable for flat structures. They are laid over the surface with an overlap. If the slope of the roof is more than 5%, the overlap should be 70 mm in the inner carpet layers, and 100 mm in the outer ones. With a slope of less than 5%, the overlap width in all layers is 100 millimeters or more. Roll strips are stacked in a certain (one) direction.

In the case when in the process of gluing the panel deviated to the side, you must try to move it and not peel it off. If there is no result or if it is insufficient, the glued part is cut off and glued with a 100 mm overlap.

Rolled cloths are laid in layers. When attaching them to cold mastic, a 12-hour interval must be observed between the gluing of layers.

Thermal insulation in soft flat roofs

A layer of heat-insulating material can be mounted in two ways: external or internal.

The external (external) method is easier, as a result of which it has become more widespread. In addition, it can be used when insulating a building both at the construction stage and after its completion, in an exploited state.

Depending on the number of layers to be mounted, flat structures provide two types of thermal insulation:

• single layer;
• two-layer.

The choice of a specific type is determined by the heat engineering calculation and the strength requirements that apply to the roof. When installing thermal insulation boards on the upper part of the supporting structure, the so-called "staggered seams" principle is applied.

In the case of a two-layer coating, the joints of the upper and lower slabs are also "staggered". In the areas where the thermal insulation boards adjoin the walls, lanterns and parapets, transitional heat-insulating bumpers are arranged. Thermal insulation is fixed in the following ways:

• mechanical, in which the fastening of the corrugated board is carried out using self-tapping screws, and the reinforced concrete base - using plastic dowels with a core;
• glue;
• with ballast: it can be used paving slabs or pebbles;
• on the base.

Horizontal ventilation

During the operation of the roof, damage to the vapor barrier layer may occur, as a result of which moisture enters the insulation, which leads to its freezing in the cold season. All this significantly reduces the thermal insulation characteristics of the material. For this reason great importance has a ventilated roof device.

Ventilation of flat structures is a system of aerators (plastic or metal pipes), which are located above the roof membrane. The system emerges on the roof surface in the form of umbrellas protected by nets. They should be located at the highest points of the roof.

Drainage system

The roof slope is very important in the drainage process - it should be at least 2%. Even a slight slope prevents moisture from penetrating inside.

In the case of flat structures, the gutter system is very important.

Its components are receiving funnels, pipes (through them, water goes into the sewer, special storage tanks or into the ground).

Drainage is carried out in two ways:

1. According to the internal system - in this case, the fittings (funnels) located on the roof surface collect water flows, and then they are directed into pipes: they are mounted inside the building and are completely isolated from living quarters.
2. On an external drainage system - pipes are fastened along the outer surface of the walls of the house, so that they can be easily cleaned of accumulated dirt.

The disadvantage of the outdoor system is the frequent freezing of pipes in winter.

The specific number of funnels, the size of their diameter, location areas are calculated taking into account the features of the architecture of the building, the operating conditions of the roof and the maximum amount of precipitation in the region. As a rule, funnels are equipped with filters to prevent leaves, small birds, etc. from entering the system.

The materials for the drainage system are PVC or metal funnels. The former are more popular because they do not corrode.

CONCLUSIONS:

• The main difference between flat roofs is the use of sheet and piece materials.
• The structure of a flat roof resembles a multi-layer cake.
• Such designs allow you to get additional usable area that you can use at your own discretion.
• The main nodes of a flat roof are: an abutment node, an overhang node, a node of passage through the roof.
• The design feature of exploited roofs is the need to create a rigid base or a special screed over the waterproofing layer.
• A distinctive feature of unexploited roofs is that there is no need to lay a rigid base over the waterproofing.
• The design features of flat roofs became the basis for their division into classic, inverted, ventilated.
• The initial step in creating a flat structure is to prepare the base.
• Flat roofs can be arranged using roll materials or just mastic.
• The most suitable roofing material for flat structures is roll-to-roll.
• Thermal insulation is installed in one layer or in two layers.
• Ventilation for flat structures is a system of aerators over the roof membrane.
• Flat roofs can have internal and external drainage systems.

What are the requirements for a flat roof to be covered with roll materials, you can learn from the video.

A flat roof is a common architectural solution in civil, industrial and private construction. A flat roof device has its own characteristics, but main principle consists in the fact that the waterproofing layer must be a continuous carpet with certain technical characteristics. The design of roof structures must be carried out in accordance with the current SNiP.

Roofing cake structure

If you look at the structure in section, this type of roof is a multi-layer structure, which includes:

The base of a flat roof can be a reinforced concrete floor slab, or a metal profile structure. Depending on the type of base, the material for the remaining components of the roofing pie and the methods of its installation are selected.

The vapor barrier layer is made of roll or bituminous materials... It prevents the penetration of moisture from the premises into the thermal insulation layer of the roof structure.

A wide range of materials is used as insulation for a flat roof, including:

• mineral wool;
• expanded clay gravel;
• expanded polystyrene plates;
• cement-sand screed.

The waterproofing layer is traditionally made of bitumen-based roll materials. Special mastics or PVC membranes can also be used.

A waterproofing carpet must have a certain elasticity in order to withstand mechanical deformation of the substrate and temperature changes.

The structure of the pie depends on the functional characteristics of the roof. The following types of roofing are distinguished:

Flat roof slope

According to SNiP, when installing a flat roof structure, it is necessary to provide for its slope of 1-4 °. This design of flat roofs avoids the accumulation of water on the surface of the roof. For waterproofing, not only prolonged stagnation of water in certain areas is dangerous. Severe deformation and destruction of the outer covering of the roof is a consequence of the repeated repetition of the process of freezing and thawing of accumulated moisture. Various materials can be used for roof sloping. The choice depends on their technical characteristics and installation features.

Lightweight concrete with free-flowing polymer filler (in particular, extruded polystyrene) is one of the popular materials. It is quite easy to install, the resulting structure has high strength. But the use of this material for deflection should be foreseen at the design stage of the building, since the significant weight of the concrete used increases the load on the floor, walls and foundation of the building.

Lightweight concrete filled with perlite or expanded clay has similar characteristics. This material is cheaper, but its weight is even greater, while the resulting roofing cake is less durable.

The device of a flat roof can be carried out with the use of monolithic insulation, which allows you to perform the slope. In this case, sheet material (mineral wool, expanded clay sheets, etc.) is mounted on the prepared surface. Fastening can be carried out on a strong, tenacious glue, which prevents the sheets from shifting over time. Dowels with a plastic spacer can also be used - it is advisable to exclude metal contact with the base of the roof so that the roofing cake does not have cold bridges.

The most labor-intensive is the device of the roof with the use of bulk materials for sloping. It is difficult to pour concrete into a layer of loose insulation (expanded clay or perlite), observing the required angle of inclination of the roof plane, since the granules can move.

An effective but expensive option for sloping is the laying of aerated concrete followed by a layer of fiber-reinforced concrete. A cake with such an insulating layer is designed for long-term operation. This technology requires the involvement of experienced professionals.

In accordance with SNiP, the slope of the roof is carried out towards the water intake funnels (if there is an internal drain), or towards the water intake gutters of the external drainage system, which must be fixed under the roofing carpet or on outside wall building.

Roofing units

In order for the roofing cake to be reliably protected from external influences, special attention should be paid to the places of its abutment to building structures - parapets, walls, pipes, external parts of ventilation systems, etc. There are various nodes of a flat roof, first of all, this is a node:

• abutment;
• overhang;
• passage through the roof.

The nodes are installed on a reinforced concrete base in places where the roofing cake is cut adjacent to the vertical structure. Manufacturers of roofing materials often develop their own systems, which may have certain design features.

The node must ensure the tightness of the joint and its thermal protection, therefore, the installation of the nodes should be taken with utmost care.

The device of an unexploited flat roof

The most common design is the traditional soft roof... In section, it consists of a base plate, a vapor barrier layer, thermal insulation made of sheet mineral wool and a waterproofing carpet made of rolled bitumen-containing material. The advantages of this design include low cost and easy installation.

More practical unexploited roofs are made using modern materials... Waterproofing made of PVC membrane is very popular. Its installation can be carried out in any season, since the membrane is resistant to low and high temperatures... In addition, if the layer of thermal insulation has managed to accumulate moisture during the installation process, the membrane allows it to evaporate. Moreover, the material has high water-repellent properties. In the process of installing the canvases into a single whole, special welding equipment is used without an open flame.

Covering unexploited flat roofs can be done using mastic. It is a liquid material that is applied over a rigid, even thermal insulation layer. The mastic is made on the basis of elastic, hydrophobic polyurethane resins. In the open air, after a certain time after application in an even layer, it polymerizes, forming a continuous rubber-like membrane. The device of such waterproofing allows you to reliably protect the roofing cake from moisture penetration.

A popular technology is the use of hardfacing waterproofing. This is an affordable option in terms of value for money - the durability of such a roof is from 25 years. A bituminous-polymer material based on a canvas that is not subject to decay creates a super-strong waterproofing layer. Using this material, you can make the device of the operated roofs.

The device of the exploited roof

This design of a flat roof is much more expensive to install, but it allows you to profitably use additional areas. Today this type of roofing is widely demanded for equipping sports grounds, green areas, cafes, parking lots, etc. The installation of a reinforced roof is also necessary if the installation of heavy objects, including equipment, is supposed to be on the roof. In accordance with SNiP, the roof structure must withstand an uneven high load, that is, not deform in limited areas of the area. The section of a flat exploited roof differs from the usual one by the presence in the cake of a rigid base or a special screed over the waterproofing layer. Such a coating excludes the penetration of the waterproofing carpet with its subsequent destruction.

Features of inversion coverage

The structure of an inverted roof is fundamentally different from other types of roofs. When arranging it, first of all, a waterproofing layer is mounted on the base. In the context, the roofing cake looks like this: base plate, waterproofing, insulation, drainage layer, geotextile. This design allows you to protect the waterproofing material from the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation and temperature extremes, mechanical damage. Geotextile, in turn, provides insulation protection. Paving slabs are used as the outer layer. Such a roof is capable of withstanding high loads, including being used as a parking lot.

It is required to approach the installation of the waterproofing layer as carefully as possible, since the ballast layers will have to be opened to correct the errors.

The installation of a traditional roofing structure can be done independently, but for arranging flat roofs using modern materials and technologies, it is recommended to involve specialists with the necessary equipment.

Flat roof device: structure and assemblies

Flat roof device

Many people associate a flat roof with urban high-rise buildings. And very few imagine a country house with a flat roof, which combines the saving of precious space and the possibility of arranging chic places on the roof for recreation.

Flat roof cake.

In the age of modern building materials and new technologies, it is possible to successfully build private houses with a flat roof, without fear of surprises in our unpredictable climate. But you can only feel the full amount of pleasure from a flat roof if the builders and the customer himself will carefully listen to the advice of a specialist in the installation technology and the selection of the necessary components for the roof structure. Only under such conditions will a flat roof serve for a long time to more than one generation of the inhabitants of the house, without needing additional costs.

What are the advantages of flat roof structures

Until recently, various structures and parts for flat roofing were either very expensive, or insufficiently reliable and functional, which did not at all benefit the popularization of this type of roof, especially for private developers.

but life experience proves that, being under the influence of stereotypes, we are too biased towards many problems, as a result of which we do not always judge things objectively. The main thing is to choose the most adequate and correct from the many existing options in order to avoid mistakes.

According to the architects, buildings in the spirit of constructivism, which carries a minimum of details and simplicity of structures, are now becoming fashionable again. As a result, the attitude of customers towards flat roofing is changing for the better. In Europe, flat-roof construction is referred to as a fashionable architectural feature of the project. A house with a roof without slopes looks more modern.

Flat roof installation diagram.

Until recently, the flat roof was a complete taboo for most consumers. According to some, it was simply tasteless, others were afraid of heavy rainfall in the form of snow, while others believed that a flat roof was an event that required prohibitive financial costs. Nevertheless, experts call a lot of obvious advantages for buildings with such a design:

1. In most cases, a flat roof is equipped as a green recreation area.
2. Saving material, because the area of ​​the flat surface is less than the area of ​​the pitched one with the same architectural basis.
3. Laying a flat roof is much more convenient than a pitched roof - it is easier to install the covering under your feet than in an unsafe position at a high altitude.
4. Maintenance of flat roofs is not an extreme mountaineering activity, but an ordinary procedure.
5. Plus, the design of flat roofs makes it possible to obtain additional area without increasing the contour of the structure.

By the way, in developed countries, the possibility of operating a flat roof is most relevant in megacities. Here, more and more often, the problem of ecology has come to the fore, and therefore it has become very popular to raise the elements of gardens, parks, vegetable gardens and lawns from the ground to the clouds. Most importantly, if you want your flat roof to be reliable protection, it must be properly installed using durable modern building materials.

Components of a flat roof

Usually, a flat roof is based on a supporting base (it can be a reinforced concrete slab or profiled a metal sheet), on which the heat-insulating material is laid over a layer of a vapor barrier, which is protected from precipitation by a waterproofing layer.

Inversion flat roof scheme.

It is characteristic that all the components of the roofing “pie” are of the same importance, and if at least one of them is unsuitable, the entire structure will be damaged. The basis of work on the installation of a flat roof is an integrated approach, which consists in determining the type of coating and implementing the best constructive solution when considering all operational and technological properties, such as fire resistance, water resistance, ease of maintenance, labor costs for the arrangement, aesthetic qualities, etc.

Specialists pay special attention to the sealing of seams, the choice of methods and elements of fasteners, the arrangement of technological units of the coating (abutments to parapets and pipes, drains, corners, superstructures, etc.) and the execution of through holes. And it goes without saying that the operation of the roof will not depend on any damaging factors if the various components of the structure are made of shock-resistant and weather-resistant materials that are resistant to corrosion processes and UV rays. The exclusion of at least one detail from the general system is fraught with the most undesirable consequences.

Depending on the type of waterproofing, it can be glued, mechanically fixed or laid loosely. Much attention must be paid to the quality of the fasteners and the method of their installation, especially for materials that are laid to the base of the roof with mechanical fastening.

In case of neglect of the rules for laying the roofing, the following undesirable consequences may occur:

1. Disruption of waterproofing by strong gusts of wind.
2. Loss of bearing capacity of the base due to electrochemical corrosion in the system “wrong screw + profiled sheet”.
3. A blocked or frozen funnel causing the roof to fill up with moisture and leaks.

The roofing "pie" consists of the following layers (from bottom to top):

Insulation of a flat roof

Types of flat roof insulation: one, two and three layers.

The base of a flat roof is a load-bearing slab made of monolith, reinforced concrete or metal profiled sheet. From above, it is covered with a vapor barrier material that protects the insulation from water vapor, thus preventing it from getting wet and ensuring that all properties are preserved. After that, thermal insulation is installed on the roof, which, in turn, is covered with a waterproofing carpet to protect it from atmospheric precipitation.

For a flat roof, a distinction is made between one- and two-layer thermal insulation systems. Now in construction, a two-layer system is more often used. It works like this: the bottom layer, 70-200 mm thick, is assigned the main function of thermal insulation, while the top one, which is 30-50 mm, is responsible for the redistribution of mechanical loads. Despite being thinner, the second layer is stronger and more dense. Such a distribution of the layers of the coating of a flat roof makes it possible to significantly reduce its weight and, thereby, the load on the floors. Insulation must meet the following requirements:

1. Low thermal conductivity and water absorption.
2. Fire safety.
3. High vapor permeability.
4. Compressive strength and peel strength of layers.

Gutter device

Diagram of the gutter device on a flat roof.

In the construction of roofs, it is very important to ensure the free exit of wet vapors from the roofing. Necessary elements modern roofing are ventilation accessories. As a result of human activity, water vapor is continuously generated inside the building. Due to the convective process and diffusion, it rises upward and, when cooled, condenses in the space under the roof. This process is especially intense in winter. It negatively affects the elements of the roof - both wood and metal. If too much condensation accumulates, wet spots form on the ceiling and mold develops. In addition, moisture accumulating in thermal insulation material, reduces its properties, which leads to an increase in the cost of heating the room. To avoid such situations, you need to take care of the correct removal of moisture outside the structure.

This task is best done by the special components of the roof - the roof fan, otherwise it is called the aerator. The aerator is made of plastic or metal pipes of different diameters, which are covered with umbrella-shaped caps.

The operation of the aerator is based on the pressure difference caused by the flow of air masses. Its design allows moisture vapor to be removed from under the roofing without damaging the latter.

On flat roofs, aerators are placed evenly over the entire surface at the highest points of the roof plane at the joints of the insulation boards with each other. It is advisable to install aerators at the same time as the roof itself. Otherwise, the cost of installing ventilation increases significantly.

There are a large number of accessories for the device of a flat roof. The need for their use is due to the construction of the roof. For example, in Western countries, much attention is paid to equipping roofs with natural smoke extraction devices that enable people to safely leave the building in case of fire.

The reliability of the roof also depends on its slope. There are no completely flat roofs, because to drain water you need a very slight slope, albeit a very small one. For a flat roof, it is measured as a percentage.

It is undesirable to equip roofs with a slope of less than 2 percent. The most the best option is a slope of 2.5 percent. In this case, the structure is freed from water in a short time, providing more comfortable conditions for the functioning of the roofing material. With a good slope, even a small defect in the roofing will be insignificant.

Another important element of the roof is the gutters, which “carry away” moisture and snow along a given route. On a flat roof, an internal drainage system is most often made. Special gutters or fittings located on the roof surface effectively drain water in heavy rainstorms, eliminating flooding of the roof. Their location and number must be determined taking into account the rules for the design of these structures and the construction requirements for the design of drains and sewerage of buildings. The required number of roof outlets depends on its operating conditions, architecture and rainfall. The funnel comes with a special filter that protects the drain from foreign objects. To prevent the water in the drain from freezing, the mouths of the funnels are equipped with special thermal cables, which guarantees a quick drainage of water at any time of the year.

As a drainage from a flat roof in private houses, an external drain is more often used, because the internal one is more suitable for installing flat roofs of large industrial buildings. External drain usually performed using overflow windows, which are installed in the parapet along with roof rainwater inlets. Ideally, in this case, self-regulating thermal cables should be used, since the rain inlet and overflow window, by virtue of their design, in winter period subject to icing.

When choosing a drainage system, due attention should be paid to the choice of construction material. For example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) products are less prone to icing than metal products.

Flat roof construction

Arrangement and installation of a typical flat roof: a thorough overview of technological subtleties

The external simplicity of a flat roof is often misleading for novice home builders. The elementary configuration prompts thoughts about the efficiency and low cost of construction. Minimum number structural elements is able to dull the vigilance of independent performers who are ignorant of the intricacies of the roofing business. In reality, the installation of a flat roof requires scrupulous adherence to the rules inherent only to it, which guarantee the flawless operation of the structure and long-term operation.

The specifics of flat roofs

Flat roofs are a separate category of roof structures that do not require the construction of a rafter frame. Purely visually, it is an overlap that rests directly on the walls of the building. Due to the absence of slopes, the flat roof does not upset with windage, which occurs under the influence of gusty winds. However, its configuration is not conducive to the rapid descent of snow deposits from the surface.

The snow load is not transferred to the rafters, as in standard pitched systems, but pushes directly against the walls of the structure. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to equip houses with flat roofs in regions with an insignificant amount of winter precipitation and a high wind load.

In the regions and districts of the fatherland located in middle lane and to the north, flat roofs are mainly used in industrial construction. Private traders set them up over one-story outbuildings, garages, and household structures. For an independent craftsman, a flat roof over a shed or shed is a great option to practice in the field of a roofer.

Briefly about the construction of a flat roof

It is customary to call flat roofs, the only conditional slope of which is located to the horizon at an angle from 0º to 1.5º, or otherwise up to 2.5%. However, a number of technical sources call systems flat with an inclination of up to 5º, a percentage of up to 8.7%. Even roof structures that create a clearly horizontal impression have a slight slope. It is formed to divert wastewater to catchment points or to the overhang.

Regardless of the steepness, the layers of a flat roof are arranged in a strictly defined order:

• Vapor barrier covering the base. It is necessary to protect the insulation from the penetration of household vapors.
• Insulation, stacked in one or two tiers. Required to prevent leakage of heat waves through the upper ceiling, it is used exclusively in insulated systems.
• A screed created with insufficient rigidity of thermal insulation or in the absence of slopes for the drain.
• Waterproofing that protects the insulation and the floor from the destructive work of atmospheric water. It is laid with a continuous waterproof carpet.
• Finishing coating that gives the structure an aesthetic appearance.

The brands of waterproofing materials supplied to the market today successfully perform the functions of a finishing roof. These include numerous roll and mastic bitumen, bitumen-polymer, polymer varieties. Most of them are laid in one layer.

Due to the slight slope of flat roofs, the use of piece materials in the arrangement is contraindicated, because multiple joints between elements pose a risk of leaks. The use of large sheet metal is undesirable due to the harmful effect on the material of water stagnant on a flat surface during the period of heavy rains and snowmelt.

When using old, well-known roofing felt types of roll coatings, the finishing roof is arranged in 4 or more layers, the lower ones of which play the role of waterproofing. In a similar way, a mastic or emulsion bulk roof is constructed: emulsion or mastic is applied in five or more layers, alternating pasty or creamy material with interlayers of fiberglass or polyester.

For laying and fixing the above elements of the roofing pie of a flat roof is not necessary roof structure... They are laid directly on the base, which can be an overlap, a screed created on top of it, or the upper plane of an attic structure. For fastening systems with PVC coating, glue, mechanical or ballast methods are used. Self-leveling roofs are applied according to their name, the descendants of roofing material are fused or glued.

Unlike pitched counterparts in flat systems, there are no laths that create ventilation ducts for washing the insulation with air currents. Therefore, the selection of a constructive solution, materials and their sealed installation should be approached with due respect and focused attention. A ventilated flat roof is only possible when lumber is used in the construction of floors and attic. The latter option is most often used in private construction.

Applied types of floors

The construction of flat roofs is carried out on floors made of reinforced concrete, timber and profiled sheets. The choice of material for the overlapping device depends on the purpose of the roof structure, the size of the span to be covered, possible operation and ease of maintenance.

One of the significant advantages of a flat roof is the likelihood of organizing an exploitable site on it: a place for recreation, a solarium, a green area, a terrace, etc. Of course, the overlap for such objects should be strong enough. In addition, in the flat family there are roofs that do not imply associated use, therefore, do not require a thorough overlap.

Depending on the operational criteria, flat roofs are satisfied with:

• Reinforced concrete floors, if the organization is planned useful space over a large-span brick or concrete box.
• Steel profiled flooring on metal beams, if an unexploited roof is being constructed, covering spans of any size between walls made of brick or other artificial stone.
• Timber board made from boards 40-50mm thick, up to 180mm wide. It is used to cover medium and large spans. wooden buildings in case of planned operation.
• Chipboards and fibreboard on wooden beams, used to cover small spans of wooden and stone buildings. They are used if an unexploited roof is being constructed.

Lumber is the leader in the construction of residential low-rise buildings, because outperform concrete and steel rivals in environmental terms. Note that wood loses in terms of fire resistance. True, the fire hazard in low-rise housing construction is not recognized as a decisive factor. In addition, there are effective means to combat it - fire retardants.

Roll coverings in flat systems with a wooden base then serve only as waterproofing, on top of which a plank or parquet flooring is arranged. If a flat roof is being erected over a brick or concrete box, it is wiser to lay a reinforced concrete floor for an exploited object or a profiled sheet for an unexploited one.

The overlap of a flat roof does not always serve as the basis for its construction. In some cases, an attic structure is erected over the ceiling, which can be either a canopy over the base with a roofing cake, or the base itself. The structure of the roofing pie of attic roofs is similar, but the layers can be located at different levels.

With or without an attic?

The unconditional enrollment of flat roofs in the category of attic structures is fundamentally wrong, although it has strong technical justifications. They may or may not have attics, although they are not formed by installing rafter legs.

Depending on the presence of the attic, flat roofing systems are divided into:

• Attic, the elements of which are structurally combined with the overlap. They are completely devoid of an attic superstructure, due to which the budget allocated for their construction is significantly reduced.
• Attic with an attic superstructure over the ceiling. The minimum superstructure height is 80cm. The construction of attic flat roof structures is more expensive, but the separation of the ceiling from the roof increases the service life of the system by at least three times.

In addition to the budgetary cost, among the pluses of non-attic systems is the ability to exclude mechanical cleaning... The snow will melt due to the heat coming from the room. In view of the spontaneous descent of precipitation, it is inappropriate to equip flat roofs without an attic with parapets. It is enough to install the railing, which further reduces costs. The disadvantage of the absence of an attic will affect the identification of the causes of leaks, because the state of thermal insulation and other layers of the pie cannot be controlled.

The attic is an air chamber between the ceiling and the roof. This is a kind of buffer that compensates for the temperature difference outside and inside the premises. The presence of an attic reduces the likelihood of condensation formation, as a result, prolongs life cycle structural elements. Elements of the attic system are always accessible for observation: the ease of inspection is difficult to overestimate.

The indisputable advantage is the possibility of installing the insulation after construction, which prevents it from getting wet. The disadvantage of flat roofs with attics is the high cost and the need to regularly remove the snow.

Despite the mythical cheapness of non-attic systems, this is a very complex structure that requires experience from the builder, careful selection of materials and adherence to technologies for their tight connection. It is better for an independent master to give preference to roofs with an attic, if their construction is not excluded by a design solution.

Subtleties of water drainage

Flat roofs need to be equipped with drainage systems, which are required to drain water at an operational pace all year round. Systems are of external and internal type.

Optimal type drainage system determine the climatic conditions of the construction area:

• External gutters are constructed when installing flat roofs in the southern regions, where the icing of drains in the outer pipes is excluded. According to the outdoor type, water is diverted to pipes located outside the perimeter of the building or to a gutter attached along the lowest overhang. In the middle lane, only flat roofs of non-residential buildings are equipped with external systems.
• Internal drainage systems for atmospheric water when installing flat roofs are built in the middle lane and to the north. In accordance with the internal scheme, water on slopes or slopes installed pipes transported to water intake points in the center of roofs. Downpipes transporting water to the sewer are laid inside the building, but isolated from the premises.

Despite the impressive cost, the construction of an internal drain is mandatory for temperate and northern latitudes, and in the south, its construction is irrational.

The device of slopes for gutters

If the slope of the flat roof was not provided for during construction old roof and the construction of a new one, it must be created. The roof must be inclined to the water inlet funnels by at least 1-2%, approximately 1º. Those who want to know how to correctly make a slope on a flat roof and what material is better to use to form slopes, you need to adhere to the following recommendations:

• Slopes on reinforced concrete slabs are made mainly with the help of a screed, or they combine a screed with preliminary filling of expanded clay or laying plate thermal insulation. On an unexploited roof, it is enough to lay wedge-shaped slabs of mineral wool, produced specifically for the formation of slopes.
• Slopes along corrugated floors are formed using metal structures or wedge-shaped insulation.
• Slopes on wooden bases are set constructively, but if they are absent in the project, it is possible to use wedge-shaped mineral wool.

Due to the serious weight, screeds are poured only for operated roofs erected over a concrete floor. On a concrete slope the recommended screed thickness is 10-15mm, on rigid insulation panels 15-25mm. On the backfill thermal insulation, the screed is poured with a layer of 25-40 mm and a metal mesh is used for reinforcement.

The nuances of the organization of ventilation

Normal ventilation ducts can be made by the only method - by installing battens on the floor beams, similar methods are dictated to us by the schemes for the construction of pitched structures. It is clear that the specified method is only valid for wooden options, and for roofs on a concrete base or profiled sheet, it is unacceptable.

Ventilation system roofing pies for concrete and corrugated board depends on the type and characteristics of the topcoat. PVC roofing is capable of spontaneously letting in excess moisture from the insulation to the outside, so there is no need to arrange ventilation ducts between it and the insulation.

When using bitumen and bitumen polymer materials, it is mandatory to install weather vane over the entire area of ​​a flat roof. The step of the arrangement of these devices depends on the thickness of the insulation. Vane-aerators provide moisture removal from the under-roof space to the outside.

Algorithm for constructing a flat roof

Consider the common case of building an unexploited flat roof over an extension in a suburban area. It will be equipped with an external drain. Insulation of the structure is not assumed, since climatic conditions and the purpose of the room located below do not require thermal insulation.

The sequence of construction of a cold flat roof on wooden beams:

• We mark the step of installing the floor beams, for which we will use a 40-50mm thick board. Installation step from 50 to 70cm: choose it based on the actual length of the walls. There should be equal gaps between the beams.
• We install the board on the edge, fasten it with nails or corners. The required slope to the lowest overhang is created spontaneously due to the difference in the height of the box walls.
• We lay a continuous flooring of OSB boards, moisture-resistant plywood or other similar material on the beams. There should be a 3-5mm gap between the plates to compensate for thermal expansion. They are fastened with galvanized self-tapping screws or brushed nails.
• We install a wind board along the perimeter of the roof, the edge of which rises 5-7 cm above the plane of the future roof so that a small side is formed.
• We nail a wooden lath with a triangular section or a regular plinth to the sides. These are fillets needed to drain water away from the edges of the roof.
• We treat all wooden elements with antiseptics, fire retardants. After they dry, apply a primer.
• Along the perimeter, over the fillets with a strip, we lay an additional waterproofing carpet. In the case of abutments and pipes passing through the roof, additional waterproofing is installed on the adjacent vertical planes in the same way, i.e. over the fillets.
• We weld the finishing roofing material chosen for the arrangement, heating its back side with a gas burner.

In the case of using thermal insulation on the base, it is first laid out vapor barrier, the edges of which are wound up on the vertical sides. Insulation plates are placed in a kind of pallet formed by the vapor barrier, the thickness of which is calculated in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003. The thermal insulation is attached to the base with self-tapping screws with telescopic attachments.

Then waterproofing is laid with an approach to the sides and abutments. If one of the latest brands of rolled waterproofing material is chosen for the arrangement, then it will also be entrusted with the responsibility of the finishing coating.

An impressive range of new polymer-bitumen and polymer coatings stacks in one layer, which helps to save the efforts of the stacker and construction costs. Among them there are materials highly preferred for home craftsmen, which do not require the use of a gas burner. They are glued to mastics or using the back glue side, mechanically fixed, laid loosely and loaded with ballast.

Video for DIY builders

A video selection will help to consolidate information about the difficult matter of constructing flat roofs:

We hope that the information we have provided will help future roofers who have decided to practice with their own hands in the device of a not so simple design.

There are many conditions for the competent construction of a flat roof, but they must be observed for perfect work and long service. Information about the intricacies and specifics of the construction of a flat roof will help not only decisive craftsmen, but also the owners of country estates who resort to the services of third-party construction organizations.

Some of the materials for writing the article were taken from here:

And for me a flat roof - the best way, it is preferable to use a roof slab made of expanded clay concrete grade 100, also do not forget about heat and waterproofing. Still, a flat roof is more aesthetically pleasing for me. And the fact that in winter it will be necessary to constantly remove the snow, I think that this should be done from any other roof too. But if we consider that the material is concrete and plus protection, then when this necessary measure is taken, there is no risk of damage to the structure.

Flat, but still with an insignificant slope of a couple of degrees, or rather. A flat roof to some extent makes it possible to minimize costs. A flat roof is utilitarian. Thermal insulation and water protection are also excellent. The use of roll materials creates the possibility of savings, ease and speed of installation, a good degree of protection from weather conditions.

Installation of a flat roof: structure, device, installation, layers, elements